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PHARMACOPCEI^-:
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OF THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
NINTH DECENNIAL REVISION
BY AUTHORITY OF THE
UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIAL CONVENTION
HELD AT WASHINGTON, D.C., MAT 10, 1910
PREPARED BY THE COMMITTEE OF REVISION AND
PUBLISHED BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES
OFFICIAL FROM SEPTEMBER 1, 1916
PHILADELPHIA
AGENTS
P. BLAKISTON'S SON & COMPANY
SUB-AGENTS
New York, PAUL B. HOEBER, 67 East 59th Street
Chicago. CHICAGO MEDICAL BOOK CO., Congress and Honore Streets
St. Louis. LEWIS S. MATTHEWS & CO.. 3563 Olive Street
San Francisco, POTTER BROTHERS CO. INC., 571 Market Street
PHARMACOPCEIA
OF TBB
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
NINTH DECENNIAI. mBTISIO.V
OFFICIAL COPY
l-ilOPrBlUHX
P A-'.^A
Entered acpording to Act of Congress, in the year 1916. by
The Board of Trustees
of the
United States Pharmacopoeial Conventics
In the Ofiace of the Librarian of Congress at Washingtoii
All rights reserved
PRINTERS AND BINDERS
J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY
i'nii,ADi:i.ri;iA
CONTENTS
PART I
PAGB
Historical Introduction ▼
Articles of Incorporation xix
Abstract of the Proceedings of the Ninth Decennial Convention, 1910 . . . xxiii
General Principles To Be Followed for the Ninth Revision xxxi
Preface xxxv
Introductory Notices xlv
International Protocol liii
Admissions, Deletions and Changes lix
Articles Added to Part I, U.S. P. IX lix
Articles Dismissed from U.S. P. VIII Ix
Articles Added to Part II, U.S.P. IX Ixiii
Articles Dismissed from Appendix, U.S.P. VIII Ixv
Changes in Official Latin Titles . Ixvi
Changes in Official English Titles Ixvii
Comparative Table Showing the Strength of the More Important Pharmaco-
poeial Substances and Preparations in the Preceding and in the Present
Pharmacopoeia Ixviii
The Pharmacopoeia of the United States of America 1
PART II
Atomic Weights 503
Elements and Pharmacopoeial Chemicals 504
Multiples of Some Atomic and Molecular Weights 520
Reagents 521
Test Solutions 521
Volumetric Solutions 555
Indicators for Acidimetry and Alkalimetry 579
General Tests 584
1. Arsenic Test 584
2. Arsenic Test, Bettendorf s 586
3. Heavy Metals Test 586
4. Electrolytic Determinations 587
5. Assay for Chlorides, Bromides and Iodides 588
6. Assay for AlkaU Salts of Organic Acids ^ 589
7 . Determination of Ash or Non-volatile Matter 589
8. Iodine Absorption Value 590
9. Saponification Value 590
10. Acid Number for Resins 591
11. Determination of Crude Fiber 591
12. Determination of Volatile Extractive, Soluble in Ether 591
iii
IV CONTENTS
13. Determination of Non-volatile Extractive, Soluble in Ether 592
14. Determination of Alcohol in Official Preparations with List of Alco-
holic Percentages 592
15. Proximate Assays (General Directions) 593
16. Melting Points 596
17. Boihng Points 598
18. Congealing Points 599
19. Solubihties 599
20. Gasometric Estimations 600
21. Optical Rotation 602
22. Refractive Index 603
23. Biological Assays 604
Standard Thermometers 610
Powders 612
Percolation 613
Sterilization 616
Diagnostical Reagents and Clinical Tests 618
Tables 628
Thermometric Equivalents 628
Alcoholometric Table 633
Temperature Corrections for Alcoholometric Table 636
Acid and AlkaU Tables 638
Acetic Acid 639
Hydrochloric Acid . 642
Nitric Acid 643
Sulphuric Acid 646
Ammonia 649
Reduction of Apparent to True Specific Gravity 650
Reduction of Apparent Weight in Air to Weight in Vacuum 651
Cahbration of Pycnometers 652
CaUbration of Glass Measuring Apparatus 653
Metric Equivalents 654
Weight and Volume Relations 658
Converting Metric Quantities in Pharmaceutical Processes to Quantities
in the Avoirdupois System 660
Converting Metric Quantities in Pharmaceutical Processes to Quantities
in Apothecaries Measures 661
Converting Metric Quantities in Pharmaceutical Processes to Quantities
in Apothecaries Weights 662
Index 663
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION
IN January, 1817, Dr. Lyman Spalding,* of New York City, sub-
mitted to the Medical Society of the County of New York a project
for the formation of a National Pharmacopoeia, f
Dr. Spalding's plan was as follows: The United States were to be
divided into four districts — Northern, Middle, Southern, and Western;
the New England States to form the Northern District; New York,
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and the District of
Columbia, the Middle District; and the States south and west of these
borders to constitute the other two districts.
The plan provided that a Convention should be called in each of these
districts, to be composed of delegates from all the medical societies and
schools situated within each of them. Each District Convention was to
form a Pharmacopoeia, and appoint delegates to a General Convention,
to be held in Washington. To this General Convention the four District
Pharmacopoeias should be taken, and from the material thus brought
* Born at Cornish, N.H., June 5, 1775; died at Portsmouth, N.H., October 30, 1821.
t While European pharmacopoeias were chiefly relied upon as authorities previous
to the appearance of the first official Pharmacopoeia of the United States of America,
yet a few works had appeared, previous to this time, which deserve to be recorded
here.
In 1778 there was published at Philadelphia a small Pharmacopoeia for the use
of the Mihtary Hospital of the U.S. Army located at Lititz, Lancaster Co., Penn-
sylvania, under the title: "Pharmacopoeia simpliciorum et efficaciorum, in usiun
nosocomii militaris, ad exercitum foederatarum Americce civitatum pertinentis;
hodiernae nostrae inopise rerumque angustiis, feroci hostium ssevitiae, belloque crudeU
ex inopinato patriae nostrae illato debitis, maxime accommodata." A second edition
of this appeared in 1781, on the title-page of which Dr. WiUiam Brown is men-
tioned as author.
On October 3, 1805, the Counsellors of the Massachusetts Medical Society ap-
pointed a Committee to draft a Pharmacopoeia adapted to the special wants of their
section of this country. The Committee, consisting of Dr. James Jackson and Dr.
John C. Warren, endeavored to secure the co-operation of medical institutions in
other States, with the object of making the work national, but without success.
They presented the result of their labors to the Coimsellors on June 5, 1807, and
the work was issued some time in the early part of 1808. It was based upon the
last preceding edition of the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia, but contained much original
matter, among which was a posological and prosodial table.
In 1815 the Physicians and Surgeons of the New York Hospital appointed Dr.
Samuel L. Mitchill and Dr. Valentine Seaman a Committee to prepare a Pharma-
copoeia for the use of that institution. This was issued in 1816, and enjoyed for
some years an authority of more than local character.
V
VI HISTORICAL iNtRODUCtlON
together a National Pharmacopceia should be compiled. Dr. Spalding's
plan was approved by the committee to which it was referred, and sub-
sequently, through the agency of the Medical Society of the State of
New York, it was carried into effect. This society issued circulars re-
questing the co-operation of the several incorporated State Medical
Societies, the several incorporated Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons,
or Medical Schools, or such medical bodies as constituted a faculty in
any incorporated university or college in the United States ; and in any
State or Territory in which there was no incorporated medical society,
college, or school, voluntary associations of physicians and surgeons
were invited to assist in the imdertaking.
The follo^^^ng organizations approved the plan of forming a National
Pharmacopoeia, and appointed delegates to district conventions : Massa-
chusetts Medical Society, June 2, 1818; College of Physicians and Sur-
geons in the City of New York, June 25, 1818; Medical and Chirurgical
Faculty of Maryland, June, 1818; Rhode Island Medical Society, Sep-
tember 1, 1818; Medical Society of South Carolina, September, 1818;
Medical Society of the District of Columbia, October 5, 1818; Cormec-
ticut Medical Society, October 15, 1818; Medical Institution of Yale
College, October 28, 1818; Vermont Medical Society, October, 1818;
Board of Physicians and Surgeons of the First Medical District of the
State of Indiana, November 3, 1818; College of Physicians and Surgeons
of the Western District of the State of New York, January, 1819; Col-
lege of Physicians of Philadelphia, February 2, 1819; Medical Faculty
of Brown University, March 15, 1819; Medical School at Lexington,
Kentucky, April, 1819; New Hampshire Medical Society, May 5,
1819; Medical Society of New Jersey, May 11, 1819; Medical Society
of the State of .Delaware, May, 1819; Medical Society of Georgia, May,
1819.
The Medical College of Ohio and the Medical Society of New Orleans
approved the formation of a National Pharmacopoeia, but they did not
appoint delegates.
The District Convention for the New England States was held in
Boston, June 1, 1819, and a District Pharmacopoeia was adopted.
The District Convention of the Middle States was held in Philadel-
phia, June 1, 1819, and two outlines of Pharmacopoeias, submitted by
the delegates from New York and Philadelphia, were formed into one,
which was adopted as the Pharmacopoeia of the Middle District.
There were no conventions held in the Southern and Western Districts,
but measures were taken, by those concerned, to secure a representation
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION VU
of the Southern District in the General Convention at Washington.
The General Convention for the formation of a National Pharmacopoeia
assembled in the Capitol, at Washington, January 1, 1820, and elected
Samuel L. Mitchill, M.D., President, and Thomas T. Hewson, M.D,,
Secretary.
The two Pharmacopoeias prepared in the Northern and Middle Dis-
tricts were submitted to examination, compared in detail, and their
contents, with such additions as were thought necessary, consolidated
into one work, which, after full revision, was adopted by the General
Convention, and ordered to be published by a committee appointed for
that purpose, of which Dr. Lyman Spalding was chairman. It was
published in Boston, December 15, 1820, in both the Latin and English
languages, a second edition appearing in 1828.
FIRST REVISION
Before adjourning, the General Convention of 1820 made arrange-
ments for the future revision of the work. It instructed its President to
issue, on January 1, 1828, writs of election to the several incorporated
State Medical Societies and incorporated Medical Colleges and Schools
in the Northern District, requiring them to ballot for three delegates to
a General Convention to be held at Washington on January 1, 1830,
for the purpose of revising the American Pharmacopoeia; and that these
several institutions be requested to forward to the President, on or
before April 1, 1829, the names of three persons thus designated by
ballot; and the President of the Convention was requested, on the said
day, to assort and count the said votes, and to notify the three persons,
who should have the greatest number of votes, of their election; and,
in case there should not be three persons who had a greater number of
votes than others, then the said President was desired to put a ballot
into the box for each of those persons who had an equal number of
votes, and draw therefrom such number of ballots as should make the
number of delegates three, and notify as before directed.
This resolution was to apply in like manner to the Middle, Southern,
and Western Districts.
Accordingly, there were to be three delegates from each of the four
districts, the Convention thus to consist of twelve delegates.
Notwithstanding the care thus exercised by the Convention of 1820 to
arrange for a Convention in 1830, a serious misunderstanding occurred,
the result of which was that two Pharmacopoeias were pubUshed in
1830 — one in New York and one in Philadelphia.
Vlll HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION
The President issued, on January 1, 1828, writs of election, as in-
structed by the Convention of 1820; but, on account of a certain am-
biguity of expression in the resolution of the Convention of 1820, and
perhaps, also, in the communication of President Mitchill addressed
to the various societies and colleges, some of the organizations did not
correctly understand what was expected of them, and instead of sending
to President Mitchill the state of the ballot, sent to him merely its result.
It appears to have been the impression in many places that the societies
addressed were to choose delegates, and that the delegates thus chosen
were to proceed to Washington.
President Mitchill received returns from the Northern and Middle
Districts, but none from the Southern and Western Districts. He
counted the ballots returned to him, as he understood that they should
be counted, and notified the three chosen by each of the two districts
of their election, but the appointment of the delegates for the Middle
District was not satisfactory to many of the medical societies of that
region.
The delegates from the Northern and Middle Districts who had been
notified by President Mitchill of their election resolved, by general
concurrence, and for the sake of convenience, to hold the meeting of
the Convention at New York instead of Washington, as directed by
the authority under which they were chosen. Eli Ives, M.D., of Yale
College, Connecticut, was elected President. As they were so few in
number, they adjourned for six months in order to obtain assistance
from the medical fraternity of the country. They issued a circular to
each of the Medical Societies and Medical Institutions in the United
States not represented in the Convention, requesting each to appoint
a delegate to co-operate with this Convention in revising the American
Pharmacopoeia; and, provided no delegate should be appointed, or, if
appointed, be unable to attend, said society or medical institution or
delegates were requested to communicate their ideas, in relation to the
revision of the Pharmacopoeia, to the Convention at their next session
to be held on the first Wednesday of June, 1830, at the College of Phy-
sicians and Surgeons of New York.
The Convention met, according to agreement, in New York, June 2,
1830, ten delegates being present, representing: Connecticut, South
Carolina, New York, Ohio, and Western Massachusetts. They revised
the Pharmacopoeia of 1820, authorized the publication of their revision,
and, before adjourning, provided for a subsequent revision in 1835. The
book was published in New York, November, 1830.
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION IX
In consequence of the dissatisfaction existing in the Middle District,
arrangements were made to hold a Convention at Washington, January,
1830, which should be more fairly representative of the medical societies,
colleges, and schools of the Middle District.
The Convention was held in the Capitol, at Washington, January 4,
1830. It consisted of eight delegates, two from New Jersey, two from
Philadelphia, one from Delaware, one from IVIaryland, and two from the
District of Columbia, all members from the Middle District. Lewis
Condict, M.D., of New Jersey, was elected President.
Since many sections of the United States were not represented at this
Convention, and it appeared desirable that the various medical interests
of the country should have their due representation, it was resolved,
soon after the organization of the Convention, that the Surgeon-General
of the Army, the senior surgeon of the Navy, stationed at Washington,
and those Members of Congress who were practitioners of medicine,
should be invited to participate in the proceedings.
In compliance with this invitation, the Surgeon-General of the Army,
the senior surgeon of the Navy, and three Members of Congress took
their seats in the Convention, thus increasing the number of the dele-
gates to thirteen. The Convention appointed a Committee of Revision
consisting of a Chairman and two members from each of the following
cities, viz.: Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington,
Charleston, Lexington, and Cincinnati.
The Chairman of the Committee was requested to open a correspond-
ence with the several members for the purpose of submitting to their
examination a revised draft of the Pharmacopoeia presented to the Con-
vention by the delegates from Pennsylvania. He was also instructed to
call a meeting of the Committee in Philadelphia. Any three members
were constituted a quorum for the transaction of business, and, after
a careful examination of the several communications that might be
submitted to them, they were to prepare a revised edition of the Phar-
macopoeia, and make the necessary arrangements for its publication.
The Committee performed the duty imposed upon them, and their
revision of the Pharmacopoeia was published in Philadelphia in 1831.
SECOND REVISION
Previous to adjournment, the Convention arranged for a Convention
in 1840, by the following resolution: "Resolved, That the President of
this Convention shall, on the first day of January, 1839, issue a notice,
requesting the different incorporated State Medical Societies, the incor-
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION
porated Medical Colleges, and the incorporated Colleges of Physicians
and Surgeons, throughout the United States, each to elect a number of
delegates, not exceeding three, to attend a General Convention to be
held at Washington, D.C., on the first Monday in January, 1840."
The plan of the New York Convention for a revision of the Pharma-
copoeia in 1835 was abandoned. The plan of the AVashington Conven-
tion for a revision in 1840 was generally recognized as the more feasible
and was fully carried out.
The notices for the choice of delegates to the Convention of 1840
were issued by Lewis Condict, M.D., President of the Washington Con-
vention of 1830, in accordance with the resolution quoted above. The
Convention assembled at Washington. on the first day of January, 1840,
twenty delegates being present, representing the Rhode Island Medical
Society, the New Jersey Medical Society, the College of Phj^sicians of
Philadelphia, the University of Pennsylvania, the Jefferson Medical
College of Philadelphia, the Delaware Med'cal Society, the Washing-
ton University of Baltimore, the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of
Maryland, the Medical Society of the District of Columbia, the Colum-
bian Medical College, the Vincennes Medical Society of Indiana, and
the Medical Society of Georgia.
The credentials of delegates from the Medical Society of Vermont, the
Medical Society of New Hampshire, the Albany Medical College, and
the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Lexington, Kentucky, were
presented, but the delegates did not make their appearance during the
session. Lewis Condict, M.D., of New Jersey, was elected President.
With the view of giving the various medical interests of the country
proper representation in the Convention, the Surgeon-General of the
Army and the senior surgeon of the Navy stationed at Washington
were invited to participate in the proceedings. The Convention ap-
pointed a Committee of Revision and Publication, consisting of seven
members (three to form a quorum), and the meetings of the Committee
to be held at Philadelphia. To this Committee were referred all
communications received by the Convention from the various organiza-
tions represented. The Committee was authorized to request the co-
operation of the colleges of pharmacy in the United States, and to
publish the work after the completion of the revision. Valuable assis-
tance was rendered the Committee by the Colleges of Pharmacy of
Boston and New York; the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy pre-
sented a complete revised copy of the Pharmacopeia, elaborated with
ability and great industry; the Committee accepted, after deliberate
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION Xl
examination, nearly all of the suggestions, and this caused delay in
the issue of the work. The book was not published until early in the
year 1842. In this revision the Latin version was omitted. The proc-
ess of displacement or percolation was introduced for the first time.
THIRD REVISION
Before adjourning, provision was made, by the following resolution,
for a Convention in 1850:
"The President of this Convention shall, on the first day of May,
1849, issue a notice, requesting the several incorporated State Medical
Societies, the incorporated Medical Colleges, the incorporated Colleges
of Physicians and Surgeons, and the incorporated Colleges of Pharmacy,
throughout the United States, each to elect a number of delegates, not
exceeding three, to attend a General Convention to be held at Wash-
ington, on the first Monday in May, 1850."
In accordance with this resolution, the Convention met at Washing-
ton, May 6, 1850, thirty delegates being present, representing: the
Rhode Island Medical Society, the Geneva Medical College, the College
of Pharmacy of the City of New York, the Medical Society of New
Jersey, the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, the University of
Pennsylvania, the Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia, the Medical
Faculty of the Pennsylvania College, the Medico-Chirurgical College
of Philadelphia, the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, the Medical
Society of Delaware, the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland,
the Medical Society of the District of Columbia, the National Medical
College of the District of Colurfibia, the Medical Department of the
National Institute, the Georgetown Medical College, and' the Rush
Medical College of Chicago.
The credentials of delegates from the New Hampshire Medical Insti-
tution, the University of Buffalo, the Medical Department of Hampden-
Sidney College, the Medical Society of South Carolina, the Medical
College of Ohio, the Cincinnati College of Pharmacy, the Missouri
Medical Society, the Wisconsin State Medical Society, and the Medical
Faculty of the University of Iowa were presented, but the delegates did
not make their appearance during the session.
George B, Wood, M.D., of Philadelphia, was chosen President. The
Surgeon-General of the Army and the Chief of the Bureau of Medicine
and Surgery of the Navy Department were invited to participate in the
proceedings.
The Convention appointed a Committee of Revision and Publication.
Xll HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION
consisting of the President of the Convention and three other members,
three to form a quorum; the meetings of the Committee were held in
Philadelphia, and the Committee published the revised work in 1851. A
second edition was issued in 1855.
FOURTH REVISION
Before adjourning, the Convention of 1850 made arrangements for
a Convention to be held on the first Wednesday in May, 1860, by a
resolution similar to the one adopted by the Convention of 1840.
The Convention met in 1860, thirty delegates being present, repre-
senting: the Maine Medical Association, the Massachusetts Medical
Society, the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy, the Connecticut State
Medical Society, the Medical Society of the State of New York, the
New York Academy of Medicine, the College of Pharmacy of the City
of New York, the University of Pennsylvania, the Jefferson Medical
College of Philadelphia, the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, the
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, the Delaware State Medical Society,
the University of Maryland, the Maryland College of Pharmacy, the
National Medical College of Washington, the Medical Society of the
District of Columbia, the United States Army, and the United States
Navy. George B. Wood, M.D., of Philadelphia, was chosen President.
A Committee of Revision and Publication was appointed, consisting
of nine members, including the President of the Convention. To this
Committee were referred all communications relating to the revision of
the Pharmacopoeia. Three members were to form a quorum. The
Committee was to meet in Philadelphia, and was authorized to publish
the work after its revision. The book was published in June, 1863.
Before adjourning, the Convention made arrangements, by a resolution
similar to that adopted by the Convention of 1850, for a Convention in
1870.
FIFTH REVISION
In accordance with this resolution, a Convention met in Washington,
Wednesday, May 4, 1870, sixty delegates being present, representing:
the St. Louis Medical College, the Maryland College of Pharmacy, the
Missouri Medical College, the St. Louis College of Pharmacy, the Chi-
cago College of Pharmacy, the Medical Society of the District of Colum-
bia, the Medical College of Virginia, the Massachusetts College of Phar-
macy, the Medical Society of the State of New York, the College of
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION XllI
Physicians of Philadelphia, the College of Pharmacy of the City of New
York, the National Medical College of Washington, the University of
Pennsylvania, the Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia, the Phila-
delphia College of Pharmacy, the College of Pharmacy of Baldwin
University, the Medico-Chirurgical Society of Louisville, the Baltimore
Medical Association, the Medical Department of Georgetown College,
the Washington University of Baltimore, the Massachusetts Medical
Society, the Maine Medical Association, the University of Buffalo, the
Medical and Chirurgical Society of Maryland, the Baltimore Medical
Association, the University of Nashville, the University of Maryland,
the Pharmaceutical College of Howard University, the University of
Virginia, and the Woman's Medical College of Philadelphia.
Such Members of Congress as were graduates of regular medical
schools, the Surgeon-General of the Army, and the Chief of the
Bureau of Medicine and Surgery of the Navy Department were invited
to take seats in the Convention and participate in its deliberations.
Joseph Carson, M.D., of Philadelphia, was elected President of the
Convention.
A Committee of Revision and Publication, consisting of fifteen mem-
bers, was appointed and given definite instructions as to the general
plan to be followed in revising the Pharmacopoeia.
A resolution was adopted directing "that measures of capacity be
abandoned in the Pharmacopoeia, and that the quantities in all formulas
be expressed in weights and in parts by weight." The Committee of
' Revision by a unanimous vote decided that the adoption of the principle
of parts by weight was impracticable, and definite weights and measures
were used in the Pharmacopoeia.
Before adjourning, it was resolved that the rules adopted by the Con-
vention of 1860, for the meeting of 1870, be adopted for the Convention
of 1880, simply changing the dates.
The fifth revision of the Pharmacopoeia was published in 1873.
SIXTH REVISION
The next Convention assembled on May 5, 1880, at Washington.
There were one hundred and nine delegates accredited from ten Medical
Societies, twenty-three Medical Colleges, eleven Pharmaceutical Col-
leges, and the medical departments of the Army, the Navy, and the
Marine Hospital Service. Seventy-five delegates attended the meeting.
Dr. Robert Amory, of Boston, was elected President of the Convention.
Important changes were directed at this meeting to be made in the
XIV HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION
Pharmacopoeia, the more prominent ones being the following : all articles
were to be arranged in alphabetical order; a new chemical nomencla-
tm"e was to be introduced; quantities were to be stated in "parts by
weight," and descriptions of crude drugs and of chemicals were to be
made more comprehensive and exact. Numerous tables were also
directed to be added to the work. A Committee of Revision was elected,
consisting of twenty-five members, and its powers and duties were
expressly defined.
Regarding the call to be issued for the Convention of 1890, it was
resolved that the President of the Convention of 1880 should, on or
about the first day of May, 1889, issue a notice requesting the several
incorporated Medical Societies, the incorporated Medical Colleges, the
incorporated Colleges of Pharmacy, the incorporated Pharmaceutical
Societies throughout the United States, the American Medical Associa-
tion, and the American Pharmaceutical Association, each to elect a
number of delegates, not exceeding three; the Surgeon-General of the
Army, the Surgeon-General of the Navy, and the Surgeon-General of the
Marine Hospital Service, each to appoint not exceeding three medical
officers, to attend a General Convention for the Revision of the Pharma-
copoeia of the United States, to be held in Washington, D.C., on the
first Wednesday of May, 1890.
It was also resolved that the several bodies, as well as the Medical
Departments of the Army, the Navy, and the Marine Hospital Service,
thus addressed, should also be requested by the President to submit the
Pharmacopoeia to a careful revision and to transmit the result of their*
labors, through their delegates, to the Committee of Revision, at least
three months before the meeting of the Convention.
The several medical and pharmaceutical bodies were further to be
requested to transmit to the President of the Convention of 1880 the
names and residences of their respective delegates, as soon as they had
been appointed ; a list of whom was to be published, under his authority,
for the information of the medical public, in the newspapers and medical
journals, in the month of March, 1890.
Finally, it was resolved that in the event of the death, resignation, or
inability of the President of the Convention to act, these duties should
devolve successively, in the following order of precedence: upon the
Vice-Presidents, the Secretary, the Assistant Secretary, and the Chair-
man of the Committee of Revision and Publication of the Pharmacopoeia.
The sixth revision of the Pharmacopoeia was published at the close
of October, 1882.
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION XV
SEVENTH REVISION
In accordance with the instructions of the Convention of 1880, the
Convention for the Seventh Decennial Revision of the Pharmacopoeia
of the United States of America met on May 7, 1890, in the City of
Washington, one hundred and seventy-five delegates being present,
representing the Medical Departments of the United States Army, the
United States Navy, the United States Marine Hospital Service, and
fifteen Medical Societies or Associations, twenty-three Medical Colleges
and Universities, twenty-five Pharmaceutical Associations, and twenty-
three Colleges of Pharmacy and Universities.
Dr. Horatio C. Wood, of Philadelphia, was elected President.
It was recommended by the Convention that assay processes should
be appended to the United States Pharmacopoeia! description of the
energetic or otherwise important drugs, and to such galenical prepara-
tions as the Committee of Revision of the Pharmacopoeia should deem
wise, especial care being taken that the assay processes for opium and
cinchona should be attended with as little manipulative difficulty
as possible; that the standard of purity for drugs should not be above
the point of practicability; that the strength of official tinctures and
wines should be ten per cent, as far as advisable in the judgment of the
Committee; that no substances protected by proprietary rights, or
produced solely under a patented process, should be introduced into the
Pharmacopoeia.
In regard to weights and measures, the principle of parts by weight
was abandoned, and the Committee of Revision was instructed to direct
soHds to be weighed and liquids to be measured, except in those cases
in which the Committee should find it advisable to use weights only;
also, that the metric system should be employed.
The Committee of Revision, consisting of twenty-six members, which
was elected by the Convention, proceeded to revise the Pharmacopoeia
in accordance with their instructions.
Before its adjournment, the Convention for the Revision of the United
States Pharmacopoeia directed that the President of this Convention
shall, on or about the first day of May, 1899, issue a notice requesting
the several bodies represented in the Conventions of 1880 and 1890, and
also such other incorporated State Medical and Pharmaceutical Associa-
tions, and incorporated Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, as shall
have been in continuous operation for at least five years immediately
preceding, to elect a number of delegates, not exceeding three, and the
Surgeon-General of the Army, the Surgeon-General of the Navy, and
XVI HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION
the Surgeon-General of the Marine Hospital Service, each, to appoint,
not exceeding three, medical officers, to attend a General Convention for
the Revision of the Pharmacopoeia of the United States, to be held in
Washington, D.C., on the first Wednesday of May, 1900.
The seventh revision of the United States Pharmacopoeia was pub-
lished in September, 1893, and became official January 1, 1894.'
EIGHTH REVISION
The Eighth Revision differed from previous revisions in the fact that
the business management was entrusted to a Board of Trustees and the
Committee of Revision was thus afforded more time to devote to the im-
mediate duties of revision. On July 7, 1900, a Charter with articles of
incorporation was issued by the District of Columbia to the United
States Pharmacopoeial Convention, with a view of giving greater stability
to the organization (see page xix).
By far the most important thing in connection with the Pharmacopoeia
was the passage of an Act by the Congress of the United States, entitled
the Food and Drugs Act, June 30, 1906. The standards adopted under
this Act were those of the United States Pharmacopoeia and the National
Formulary, Up to the time of the passage of this Act the standards of
the United States Pharmacopoeia were not compulsory, except in a very
few instances ; in certain States and for Governmental use various States
in the Union followed the action of the Federal Government and passed
laws of similar import. The passage of this legislation at once compelled
official preparations to be made in accordance with the requirements of
the standards of the United States Pharmacopoeia, and a far greater
interest was taken in these standards in all parts of the country.
In September, 1902, there was held in the City of Brussels an impor-
tant conference, entitled "Conference Internationale pour I'Unification
de la Formule des Medicaments Heroiques," which was composed of
delegates from nearly every civilized country. The purpose of this body
was to endeavor to formulate standards for potent remedies which would
be adopted by the various pharmacopoeias of the world, and thus there
would be secured the principal object of an international pharmacopoeia.
The recommendations of this conference were adopted by the Com-
mittee of Revision, except in one or two instances. This has made
necessary a number of changes in the strength of important official prep-
arations (see table, page liii).
The Purity Rubric was first established in the eighth revision, the
object being explained as follows: "The necessity for more accurately
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION XVll
defining the limit of purity permissible in official chemical substances
has been apparent for many years. In the Sixth Decennial Revision
this question was met by inserting more definite descriptions with
qualitative and quantitative tests. In the Seventh Revision will be
found a still greater elaboration of this plan. In the present revision
there has been added what has come to be kno^vn as the purity standard,
or purity 'rubric,' which is placed in large type immediately before the
description, and which defines the percentage of small quantities of per-
missible, innocuous impurities which do not materially affect medicinal
action or interfere with pharmaceutical uses. It is believed that this
plan will enable the reader to ascertain at a glance the standard which
has been adopted, and which represents what the Committee believes to
be obtainable, and which, on the other hand, will not prove burdensome
or impossible for the manufacturer to produce without adding unneces-
sary and excessive cost to the consumer. The Purity Standard require-
ments, which limit the quantity of innocuous impurities, are, unless other-
wise specified, to be understood as applying to chemical substances
which are free from adherent moisture, but an allowance not exceeding
3 per cent, of moisture is permitted in non-hygroscopic crystallized chem-
ical salts. Chemical substances in the form of powder or capillary crys-
tals and all hygroscopic salts are to be dispensed in a condition of sen-
sible dryness. As long as this condition is fulfilled, the moisture present
is not to be regarded as an impurity.
In the case of efflorescent salts, the Purity Standard must be under-
stood as applying only to the uneffloresced crystals, and only such should
be dispensed.
In some cases it \vill doubtless be found that the manufacturer can
slightly exceed the hmit of purity, and if this be the case, no objection
can be made, the language used being usually 'not less than — per cent,
of pure salt.'
Inasmuch as there has existed in the past on the part of the public a
misconception of the purposes of a pharmacopoeia, and penalties have
been imposed upon those who have sold substances bearing pharma-
copoeial names which were to be used in the arts, for manufacturing,
and other purposes, and not as medicines, it became necessary to make
the following declaration:
The standards of purity and strength prescribed in the text of this Phar-
macopoeia are intended to apply to substances which are used solely for
medicinal purposes and when professedly bought, sold, or dispensed as
such."
2
XVlll HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION
An advance was made in the eighth revision in the number of proxi-
mate assays and the processes themselves were made more efficient.
Serum products were introduced because of their growing importance.
The long continued custom of designating United States Pharmaco-
poeias by the decennial periods of their revision was dropped, and they
were designated by the number of revisions; instead of U.S.P. 1900,
which was not issued until 1905, it was called simply the " Eighth Decen-
nial Revision."
Average doses were appended under each article, which were not
intended to be compulsory, but which were to act as a guide in the admin-
istration of medicines.
The eighth revision became official from September 1st, 1905, and
some additions and corrections were necessary, to June 1st, 1907, on
account of the passage of the Food and Drugs Act.
General tests for heavy metals and arsenic which would apply to
many chemical substances throughout the text were inserted under the
head of "General Tests" in the Appendix. This saved much space and
was greatly appreciated.
A Digest of Comments was authorized in this revision and the work
was done under the supervision of the Public Health and Marine Hos-
pital Service.
A Spanish translation of the Eighth Revision of the United States
Pharmacopoeia, in 1909, was received with much satisfaction in the Span-
ish-speaking countries.
ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION
IN accordance with the mstructions of the United States Pharma-
copoeial Convention of May, 1900, the Board of Trustees directed
its Chairman, Mr. W. S. Thompson, of Washington, D. C, to em-
ploy an attorney who should take out articles of incorporation for the
Convention under the laws of the District of Columbia.
The first difficulty encountered was in the fact that the laws aforesaid
require that a majority of the Incorporators be residents of the District
of Columbia. This made it, at least, impracticable to include among
these Incorporators the Officers and Committee of Revision elected by
the Convention. It was then determined to ask the Committee on
Credentials and Arrangements to officiate in this capacity, and the
treasurer. Dr. W. M. Mew, took the place of Dr. J. E. Brackett, because
of the latter's absence from the country.
These preliminaries having been arranged, the following certificate of
incorporation was drawn up, signed, and recorded, finally, on the
eleventh day of July, 1900:
CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION
This is to certify that wc, whose names are hereunto subscribed, citizens of the
United States, of full age, and a majority citizens of the District of Columbia, do
associate ourselves together pursuant to the provisions of sections 545-552 inclusive
of the Revised Statutes of the United States relating to the District of Columbia and
of the act of Congress to amend the same, approved the twenty-third day of April,
1884, under the corporate name of The United States Pharmacopoeial Convention.
This Association is organized for a period of nine hundred and ninety-nine years.
The particular objects and business of this Association are the encouragement and
promotion of the science and art of medicine and pharmacy by selecting by research
and experiment and other proper methods and by naming such materials as may be
properly used as medicines and drugs with formulas for their preparation; by estab-
lishing one uniform standard and guide for the use of those engaged in the practice
of medicine and pharmacy in the United States whereby the identity, strength, and
purity of all such medicines and drugs may be accurately determined, and for
other like and similar purposes; and by printing and distributing at suitable
intervals such formulas and the results of such and similar selections, names, and
determinations among the members of this Association, pharmacists, and physicians
generally in the United States and others interested in pharmacy and medicine.
xix
XX ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION
The management and control of the affairs, funds, and property of this Associa-
tion for the first year of its existence shall be vested in a Board of Trustees consisting
of the seven following persons :*
Albert E. Ebert.
Samuel A. D. Sheppard.
William S. Thompson.
Charles E. Dohme.
George W. Sloan.
Horatio C. Wood.
Charles Rice.
In testimony whereof we have hereunto set our hands and affixed our seals this
seventh day of July, 1900,
t William S. Thompson. [seal]
t G. Lloyd Magruder. [seal]
t John T. Winter. [seal]
t Thomas C. Smith, [seal]
Murray G. Motter. [seal]
t William M. Mew. [seal]
Frank M. Criswell. [seal]
Extracts from tlie Constitution and By-Laws of the United States
Pliarmacopceial Convention.
Constitution, Article II. — Membership
"Section 1. — The members of the United States PharmacopcEial
Convention, in addition to the incorporators and their associates, shall
be delegates elected by the following organizations in the manner they
shall respectively provide: Incorporated Medical Colleges, and Medical
Schools connected with Incorporated Colleges and Universities; Incor-
porated Colleges of Pharmacy, and Pharmaceutical Schools connected
with Incorporated Universities; Incorporated State Medical Associa-
tions; Incorporated State Pharmaceutical Associations; the American
Medical Association, the American Pharmaceutical Association, and the
American Chemical Society; provided that no such organization shall
be entitled to representation unless it shall have been incorporated
within, and shall have been in continuous operation in, the United
States for at least five years before the time fixed for the decennial
meeting of this corporation.
* The laws of the District of Columbia with regard to corporations require that
the Board of Trustees, or Directors, for the first year shall be named in the Certifi-
cate of Incorporation.
t Deceased.
ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION XXI
"Section 2. — Delegates appointed by the Surgeon-General of the
United States Army, the Surgeon-General of the United States Navy,
and the Surgeon-General of the United States Marine Hospital Service,
and by the organizations not hereinbefore named, which were admitted
to representation in the Convention of 1900, shall also be members of
the corporation. Each body and each branch of the United States
Goverrmient above mentioned shall be entitled to send three delegates
to the meetings of this corporation. But no such delegates as are pro-
vided for in this article shall be members until their credentials shall
have been examined and acted upon as provided for by the By-Laws.
Delegates admitted as members at any decennial meeting shall con-
tinue to be members of the United States Pharmacopoeial Convention
until their successors shall have been appointed and admitted as dele-
gates to the ensuing Convention, and no longer."
Constitution, Article V. — Meetings
"The regular meetings of this corporation shall be held once in ten
years. The time of holding the decennial meeting shall be upon the
second Tuesday in May, in the first year in each decade ending in zero,
and the place of meeting shall be in the City of Washington, D.C. The
first decennial meeting shall be held in the year 1910."
By-Laws, Chapter I. — Of the President
"Article VIII. — He shall issue, on or about the first of ]\Iay of the
year immediately preceding that of the decennial meeting, a notice
inviting the several bodies, entitled under the Constitution to repre-
sentation therein, to send delegates to the next meeting. He shall
repeat the notification eight months later, and shall request the medical
and pharmaceutical journals of the United States to publish the call
for the said meeting."
ABSTRACT OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF
THE NINTH DECENNIAL CONVENTION, 1910
THE first decennial meeting of the United States Pharmacopoeial
Convention, Incorporated (the ninth decennial convention for
the revision of the Pharmacopoeia), met at the New Willard
Hotel, Washington, D.C., on Tuesday, May 10th, 1910, at 10 o'clock
A.M., and, owing to the illness of the President, Horatio C. Wood, Sr.,
and the death of the First Vice-President, Albert B. Prescott, the
meeting was called to order by the Second Vice-President, Otto A. Wall.
Addresses were delivered by the Honorable Charles Nagel, Secretary
of Commerce and Labor, and by Senor Don Joaquin Bernardo Calvo,
Envoy Extraordinary and Mmister Plenipotentiary of Costa Rica.
The presidential address of Dr. H. C. Wood, Sr., was read by Dr. Otto
A. Wall and reports were presented by the Secretary, Henry M. Whelp-
ley; the Treasurer, G. Wythe Cook; the Acting Chairman of the Board
of Trustees, James H. Beal; and the chairman of the Committee of
Revision, Joseph P. Remington.
The order of business was similar to that followed by previous Phar-
macopoeial Conventions. After the report of the Committee on Cre-
dentials and Arrangements, the Committee on Nominations organized
and, in due course, presented nominations for officers and the members
of the Committee of Revision for the ensuing decade, who were duly
elected (see page xli).
The Convention then entered into a discussion on the General Princi-
ples to be followed in revising the Pharmacopoeia (see page xxxi) ; reports
and recommendations, submitted by various institutions and organiza-
tions, were referred to the Committee of Revision for its guidance; and,
after the usual resolutions of thanks, the Convention adjourned, sine
die, at noon on Thursday, May 12.
The Abstract of Proceedings of the Convention has been published
in pamphlet form by the Board of Trustees and may be obtained on
application, enclosing four cents postage, to Murray Gait Motter, M.D.,
Secretary of the Convention, who may be addressed at the Hygienic
Laboratory, 25 and E Streets, Northwest, Washington, D.C.
xxiii
XXIV ABSTRACT OF THE PROCEEDINGS OP
THE MEMBERSHIP OF CONVENTION OF 1910
The Members of the U. S. Pharmacopoeial Convention of 1910 consisted of the
four incorporators who were living, the Officers of the Convention of 1900, the
Board of Trustees, the Committee of Revision of 1900-1910 and the following
registered delegates:*
U. S. GOVERNMENT SERVICES
Surgeon-General's Office, United States War Department: Walter D. McCaw, Carl
R. Darnall, Frederick F. Russell.
Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, United States Navy Department: H. G. Beyer,
G. L. Angeny, P. J. Waldner.
Bureau of Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service, United States Treasury De-
partment: John F. Anderson, Reid Hunt, Martin I. Wilbert.
United States Department of Agriculture: Rodney H. True, John R. Mohler, Lyman
F. Kebler.
NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
American Medical Association {Inc. 1897): W. A. Puckner, George H. Simmons.
American Pharmaceutical Association (Inc. 1888) : Albert B. Lyons, Charles Holz-
hauer, Thomas F. Main.
American Chemical Society (Inc. 1877) : George D. Rosengarten, L. W. Andrews,
Edward Hart.
Association of Official Agricultural Chemists: W. D. Bigelow, L. P. Brown, C. E.
Parker.
Association of State and National Food and Dairy Departments: Charles D. Woods,
V. K. Chesnut.
National Wholesale Druggists' Association: W. J. Schieffelin, C. M. Kline, J. K.
LiUy.
National Dental Association (Inc. 1906): M. F. Finley, Joseph Head.
ARKANSAS
Arkansas Medical Society (Inc. 1875) : L. J. Kosminsky, William Crutcher.
Arkansas Association of Pharmacists (Inc. 1889) : W. L. Dewoody, Jesse D. Hodges.
CALIFORNIA
Medical Society, Slate of California (Inc. 1870) : A. L. Lengfeld.
COLORADO
Colorado State Medical Society (Inc. 1888): E. C. Hill, George A. Moleen.
Colorado Pharmacal Association (Inc. 1890): Charles M. Ford, S. L. Bresler.
*This list is based upon the ruling of the Chair, from which no appeal was
taken, as follows:
" The Chair feels compelled to rule that anyone elected a delegate here who has
not come, is not a member of this Convention, and cannot be elected a member of
any committee or as an officer."
THE NINTH DECENNIAL CONVENTION, 1910 XXV
CONNECTICUT
Connecticut State Medical Society (Inc. 1834): Samuel M. Garlick.
Yale Medical School, New Haven (Inl "810): Oliver T. Osborne, Clarence G.
Spalding.
Connecticut Pharmaceutical Association {Inc. 1889): Charles A. Rapelye, Charles
W. \NTaittlesey.
DELAWARE
Delaware Pharmaceutical Society {Inc. 1890): H. J. Watson, William Poole, J. T.
Challenger.
DISTBICT OF COLUMBIA
Medical Society of the District of Columbia {Inc. 1819): Murray Gait Motter, John
W. Chappell.
Georgetown University, School of Medicine {Inc. 1815): George M. Kober, Wilfred
M. Barton.
George Washington University, Department of Medicine {Inc. 1821): Sterling RufEn,
B. M. Randolph, Noble P. Barnes.
Howard University, Medical College {Inc. 1867): Wilham H. Seaman, J. Herve
Purdy.
Howard University, Pharmaceutical College {Inc. 1867): Paul Bartsch.
George Washington University, National College of Pharmacy {Inc. 1872): Henry
E. Kalusowski, Samuel L. Hilton, Lewis Fiemer.
Atlanta College of Physicians and Surgeons {Inc. 1898): C. C. Aven, I. W. Cum-
mings.
Georgia Pharmaceutical Association {Inc. 1890): Max Morris, W. S. Elkin, Jr.
Atlanta College of Pharmacy {Atlanta College of Physicians and Surgeons, Depart-
ment of Pharmacy) {Inc. 1874): George F. Payne, N. T. Ritter, W. F. Beden-
baugh.
University of Georgia, School of Pharmacy, Athens {Inc. 1903): Robert C. Wilson,
Atherton Seidell, Thad. B. Rice.
Illinois State Medical Society {Inc. 1903): N, S. Davis.
Chicago Medical Society {Cook County) {Inc. 1897): Walter S. Haines.
Northwestern University, Medical School, Chicago {Inc. 1864): Arthiur R. Edwards,
John H. Long.
University of Illinois, Medical Department, College of Physicians and Surgeons of
Chicago {Inc. 1881): Bernard Fant us.
Chicago College of Medicine and Surgery {Inc. 1902): Clyde ^L Snow.
Illinois Pharmaceutical Association {Inc. 1880): Wilhelin Bodemann, W. C. Simp-
son, Herman Fry.
University of Illinois, School of Pharmacy {Chicago College of Pharmacy) {Inc.
1859): C. S. N. Hallberg, A. H. Clark, W. B. Day.
Northwestern University, School of Pharmacy {Inc. 1886): Harry Mann Gordic,
Charles W. Patterson.
XXVI ABSTRACT OF THE PROCEEDINGS OP
INDIANA
Indiana Staee Medical Association {Inc. 1875): Samuel Kennedy.
Indiana University, School of Medicine (Inc. 1830): C. Richard Schaefer, A. D.
Thorburn.
Indiana Pharmaceutical Association (Not Inc.): Fred W. Meissner, Leo Eliel,
William H. Rudder.
University of Notre Dame, School of Pharmacy, Notre Dame (Inc. 1898): J. W.
Sturmer, Louis Kelley.
Purdue University, School of Pharmacy, Lafayette (Inc. 1869): Harvey W. Wiley,
Ernest C. Eberhardt, Charles E. Vanderkleed.
Val-paraiso University, School of Pharmacy (Inc. 1893): J. Newton Roe.
State University of Iowa, College of Medicine, Iowa City (Inc. 1869): Charles S.
Chase, Charles E. Riggs.
Iowa Pharmaceutical Association (Inc. 1888): George Judisch.
University of Iowa, College of Pharmacy, Iowa City (Inc. 1885): Wilber J. Teeters.
Highland Park College of Pharmacy, Des Moines (Inc. 1899): George A. Menge.
University of Kansas, School of Medicine, Lawrence (Inc. 1905): S. J. Crumbine.
Kansas Pharmaceutical Association (Inc. 1880): Frank E. HoUiday, Matt. Noll,
W. S. Amos.
University of Kansas, School of Pharmacy, Lawrence (Inc. 1885): L. E. Sayre.
KENTUCKY
Kentucky State Medical Association (Inc. 1855): J. N. McCormack, "\''irgil E.
Simpson.
Kentucky Pharmaceutical Association (Inc. 1888): C. Lewis Diehl, L. A. Brown.
LOUISIANA
Tulane University, Medical Department, New Orleans (Inc. 1847): Abraham Louis
Metz.
New Orleans University, Flint Medical College (Inc. 1873): W. H. Harrison.
Louisiana State Pharmaceutical Association (Inc. 1884): Philip Asher, F. C. God-
bold, Adam Wirth.
New Orleans College of Pharmacy (Inc. 1900): C. D. Sauvinet, John E. Scott.
MAINE
Maine Pharmaceutical Association (Inc. 1868): Charles H. Davis.
MARYLAND
Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland (Inc. 1799): John D. Blake, Elmer
R. Freeman, C. Urban Smith.
University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore (Inc. 1812): Joseph E.
Gichner.
THE NINTH DECENNIAL CONVENTION, 1910 Xxvil
College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore {Inc. 1872): John Ruriih, S. J. Fort,
Harvey G. Beck.
Baltimore Medical College {Inc. 1S81): William Caspari, Charles O'Donovan.
Johns Hopkins University, Medical Department {Inc. 1S93): Leonard G. Itowntree.
Maryland Medical College {Inc. 189S): G. C. Dohme, W. S. Love.
Maryland Pharmaceutical Association {Inc. 1889): A. R. L. Dohme, Charles Mor-
gan, E. F. Kelly.
University of Maryland, Department of Pharmacy, Baltimore {Inc. 1841): David
M. R. Culbreth, Henry P. Hynson, Charles Caspari, Jr.
MASSACHUSETTS
Massachusetts Medical Society {Inc. 1781): Frank G. Wheatley.'
Harvard Medical School: F. L. Pleadwell, J. L. Neilson, C. N. Fiske.
Tufts College Medical School, Boston {Inc. 1852): Alfred William Balch.
College of Physicians and Surgeons, Boston {Inc. 1880): I. E. Leonard.
Massachusetts Pharmaceutical Association {Inc. 1883): Charles F. Nixon, Ernest
O. Engstrom, Fred A. Hubbard.
Massachusetts College of Pharmacy, Boston {Inc. 1852): Elie H. LaPierre, Irving
P. Gammon, John G. Godding.
MICHIGAN
University of Michigan, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Ann Arbor {Inc. 1850):
Charles W. Edmunds, Worth Hale, J. W. Trask.
Detroit College of Medicine {Inc. 1885): Walter J. Wilson, Jr., E. M. Houghton.
Michigan State Pharmaceutical Association: Leonard A. Seltzer, J. M. Francis.
University of Michigan, School of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor (Inc. 1868): J. O. Schlot-
terbeck, A. B. Stevens.
MINNESOTA
University of Minnesota, College of Medicine and Surgery, Minneapolis {Inc. 1S8S):
E. D. Brown.
Minnesota State Pharmaceutical Association {Inc. 1883): John Nielson, J, W.
Harrah, A. D. Thompson.
Minnesota State University, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis {Inc. 1892): W. A.
Frost.
MISSOURI
University of Missouri, School of Medicine, Columbia {Inc. 1873): W. O. Emery,
H. L. Shantz, W. H. Schultz.
St. Louis Medical Society {Inc. 1834): Otto A. Wall.
Washington University, Medical School, St. Louis {hic. 1891): Henry M. Whelpley.
Missouri Pharmaceutical Association {Inc. 1889): Charles Gietner, H. M. Pettit.
St. Louis College of Pharmacy {Inc. 1866): James M. Good, Charles E. Caspari.
NEBRASKA
University of Nebraska, College of Medicine, Lincoln {Inc. 1875): Rufus Ashley
Lynaan.
XXVlll ABSTRACT OE» THE PROCEEDINGS OP
NEW HAMPSHIRE
New Hampshire Medical Society {Inc. 1791): C. W. Bowker.
NEW JERSEY
Medical Society of New Jersey {Inc. 1864): Henry L. Coit, Alexander Marcy, Jr.,
Philip Marvel.
New Jersey Pharmaceutical Association {Inc. 1874): George M. Beringer, Herman
J. Lohmann, George H. White.
New Jersey College of Pharmacy, Newark {Inc. 1892): Rudolph Breves, Adolph
Marquier, Philemon E. Hommell.
NEW YORK
Medical Society of the State of New York {Inc. 1807): William A. Groat, W. A,
Bastedo, Samuel W. S. Toms.
Albany Medical College {Inc. 18S9): Spencer Lyman Dawes.
Medical Society of the County of Kings {Inc. 1813): Murrett F. DeLorme.
Brooklyn Medical Society {Inc. 1895): Albert H. Brundage.
Long Island College Hospital, Brooklyn {Inc. 1858): Elias H. Bartley.
University of Buffalo, Medical Department {Inc. 184-6): Eli H. Long, Edward J.
Kiepe.
New York Academy of Medicine {Inc. 1851): Frank Sherman Meara.
Columbia College, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York {Inc. 1807) : S. W.
Lambert, W. R. Williams, C. C. Leib, Jr.
University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York {Inc. 1831): George
B. Wallace, C. F. Claassen.
Cornell University, Medical College, New York {Inc. 1865): Robert A. Hatcher.
Syracuse University, College of Medicine {Inc. 1870): WiUiam Dewey Alsever,
Frank P. Knowlton, H. L. Taylor.
New York State Pharmaceutical Association {Inc. 1879): Joseph Kahn, John Hurley,
Joseph Weinstein.
Albany College of Pharmacy {Department of Pharmacy, Union University) {Inc.
1881): Alfred B. Huested, Harry B. Mason.
Kings County Pharmaceutical Society, Brooklyn {Inc. 1877): Otto Raubenheimer,
Fred P. Tuthill, K. C. Mahegin.
Brooklyn College of Pharmacy {Inc. 1886): William C. Anderson, Henry W. Schimpf,
A. P. Lohness.
University of Buffalo, Department of Pharmacy {Inc. 1886): Willis G. Gregory,
Frank E. Lock.
Literary and Scientific Society of the German Apothecaries of the City of New York
{Inc. 1867): William C. Alpers, G. C. Drobegg.
New York College of Pharmacy {Inc. 1829): Albert Plant, George C. Diekman,
Henry H. Rusby.
NORTH CAROLINA
Medical Society of the State of North Carolina {Inc. 1858): William DeB. MacNider.
North Carolina Pharmaceutical Association {Inc. 1880): W. H. Wearn.
University of North Carolina, Department of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill {Inc. 1897):
E. V. Howell.
THE NINTH DECENNIAL CONVENTION, 1910 Xxix
NORTH DAKOTA
North Dakota Pharmaceutical Association (Inc. 1886): Oscar Hallenberg.
OHIO
Ohio State Medical Association {Inc. 1904): Torald Sollmann, Julius Eichberg.
University of Cincinnati, Medical Department {Inc. 1852): H. Kennon Dunham.
Weste7~n Reserve University, Medical Department, Cleveland (Inc. 1884): John P.
Sawyer, Richard Dexter, J. W. Kerr.
Ohio State Pharmaceutical Association {Inc. 1880): Lewis C. Hopp, Theodore D.
Wetterstroem, George B. Topping.
Cincinnati College of Pharmacy {Inc. 1850): John C. Otis.
Northern Ohio Druggists' Association {Inc. 1899): Eugene R. Selzer, Virgil Coblentz.
Cleveland School of Pharmacy, Western Reserve University, Department of Pharmacy
{Inc. 1895): Harry V. Arny, Joseph Feil, William T. Hankey.
Ohio State University, College of Pharmacy, Columbus (Inc. 1896): George B. Kauff-
man, C. A. Dye, William McPherson.
OKL.\HOMA
University of Oklahoma, School of Pharmacy (Inc. 1890): Homer C. Washburn.
OREGON
Oregon Agricultural College^ Department of Pharmacy (Inc. 1898): E. R. Lake,
C. M. McKeUips.
PENNSYLVANIA
Medical Society of the State of Pennsylvania (Inc. 1890): Adolph Koenig, Henry
Beates.
Philadelphia County Medical Society (Inc. 1877): Henry W. Cattell,
College of Physicians of Philadelphia (Inc. 1789): H. C. Wood, Jr., Solomon Solis
Cohen.
University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia (Inc. 1791): John
Marshall,
Jefferson Medical College, of Philadelphia (Inc. 1838): H. A. Hare, J. W, HoUand,
E. Q. Thornton.
Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia (Inc. 1867): Judson Daland, I. V. Stan-
ley Stanislaus, Herbert J. Smith.
Temple University, Medical Department, Philadelphia (Inc. 1888): Horace Binney
Morse, E. B. Rogers.
Allegheny County Medical Society, Pittsburgh (Inc. 1892): Thomas TurnbuU, Jr.,
J. C. Burt.
University of Pittsburgh, Medical School (Inc. 1892): Albert Floyd Judd.
Pennsylvania Pharmaceutical Association (Inc. 1878): Lucius L. Walton, W. L.
Cliffe, C. B. Lowe,
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy (Inc. 1822): Joseph P. Remington, Samuel P.
Sadtler, Henry Kraemer.
Alumni Association of the Philadelphia College of Pharinacy (Inc. 1894): Charles
H. LaWaU, E. Fullerton Cook, Joseph W. England.
Temple University, Pharmacy Department, Philadelphia (Inc. 1901): H. Evert
Kendig, John R, Minehart,
ABSTRACT OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF
University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pharmacy {Inc. 1878): Julius A. Koch,
James H. Beal, Louis Saalbach. ■>
EHODE ISLAND
Rhode Island Medical Society {Inc. 1812): William J. McCaw, George M. Bailey,
Charles W. Higgins.
Rhode Island Pharmaceutical Association {Inc. 1875): Howard A. Pearce, A. W.
Fenner, Jr., Frank A. Jackson.
Rhode Island College of Pharmacy and Allied Sciences {Inc. 1903): James O'Hare.
BOrXH CABOLINA
South Carolina Medical Association {Inc. 1848): C. P. Aimar.
Medical College of the State of South Carolina {Inc. 1832): A. R. Taft, E. S.
Bumham.
BOUTH DAKOTA
South Dakota Stale Pharmaceutical Association {Inc. 1893): David F. Jones, I. A.
Keith, Edward C. Bent.
TE^'^ESSEE
Tennessee Pharmaceutical Association {Inc. 1904): J. O. Burge.
University of Tennessee, School of Pharmacy {Inc. 1898): Charles O. Hill.
VanderhiXt University, Department of Pharmacy, Nashville {Inc. 1879): William
R. White.
TEXAS
University of Texas, Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy {Inc. 1887): Edward
Randall.
Texas Pharmaceutical Association {Inc. 1895): J. C. Buckner, E. G^ Eberle, Her-
man Nester.
Baylor University, Pharmacy Department, Dallas {Inc. 1903): J. Connor Chisholm.
VERMONT
University of Vermont, School of Medicine {Inc.): J. N. Jenne.
VIRGINIA
Medical Society of Virginia {Inc. 1871): John Staige Davis.
University of Virginia, Department of Medicine, Charlottesville {Inc. 1825): J. A.
E. Eyster, J. C. Flippin.
Medical College of Virginia, Richmond {Inc. 1854): Frank M. Reade.
University College of Medicine, Richmond {Inc. 1893): Albert Bolenbaugh, Wort-
ley F. Rudd.
Virginia Pharmaceutical Association {Inc. 1886): C. B. Fleet, Gordon Blair.
WASHINGTON
Washington State Pharmaceutical Association {Inc.): P. Jensen.
University of Washington, School of Pharmacy {Inc. 1894): Charles W. Johnson.
WISCONSIN
State Medical Society of Wisconsin {Inc. 1841): A. S. Loevenhart.
Wisconsin Pfiarmaceutical Association {Inc. 1881): Otto J. S. Boberg, Edward G.
Raeuber.
University of Wisconsin, School of Pharmacy {Inc. 1883): Edward Kremers.
THE NINTH DECENNIAL CONVENTION, 1910 XXXi
GENERAL PRINCIPLES TO BE FOLLOWED FOR THE
NINTH REVISION
1. (Scope of the Pharmacopceia. — We recommend that the Committee
of Revision be authorized to admit into the Pharmacopoeia any medic-
inal substance of known origin, but no substance or combination of
substances shall be introduced if the composition or mode of manufac-
ture thereof be kept secret, or if it be controlled by unlimited pro-
prietary or patent rights and the list of substances should be carefully
selected, with standards for identity and purity, as far as possible.
Substances used only for technical purposes should not be admitted
to the next Pharmacopoeia, and a statement should be placed in the
preface to the effect that standards of purity and strength, prescribed
in the text of the Pharmacopoeia, are intended solely to apply to sub-
stances which are used for medicinal purposes or in determining the
identity and purity of the same.
2. Doses. — We recommend that after each pharmacopoeial article
(drug, chemical, or preparation) which is used or likely to be used
internally or hypodermically, the committee be instructed to state the
average approximate (but neither a minimum nor a maximum) dose
for adults, and, where deemed advisable, also for children. The metric
system to be used, and the approximate equivalent in ordinary weights
or measures inserted in parentheses. It is to be distinctly understood
that neither this Convention nor the Committee of Revision created by
it intends to have these doses regarded as obligatory on the physician
or as forbidding him to exceed them whenever in his judgment this
seems advisable ; the Committee should be directed to make a dis-
tinct declaration to this effect in some prominent place in the new
Pharmacopoeia.
3. Nomenclature. — We recommend that changes in the titles of arti-
cles at present official be made only for the purpose of insuring greater
accuracy, brevity, or safety in dispensing, and to eliminate therapeuti-
cally suggestive titles. In the case of newly admitted articles, it is
recommended that such titles be chosen as are in harmony with gen-
eral usage and convenient for prescribing, but in the case of chemicals
of a definite composition the scientific name should be given at least as
a synonym.
There should also be inserted, after each article used by physicians
in prescriptions, a carefully considered abbreviated name, which may
be known as an official abbreviation, in order that uniformity may be
XXXll ABSTRACT OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF
established throughout the country, with the object of preventing
mistakes in reading and compounding prescriptions, and further, to
serve as authorized abbreviations in labeling the store furniture of the
pharmacist.
4. Synonyms. — We recommend that the list of synonyms should be
enlarged for the next revision, and the synonyms printed in the text of
the Pharmacopoeia, immediately after the English name of the sub-
stance. A statement should be made in the preface of the Pharma-
copceia, that substances labeled with an official synonym must comply
with the same standards, tests and requirements as are demanded for the
official article under any name.
5. Purity and Strength of Pharmacopoeial Articles. — We recommend
that the Committee be instructed to revise as carefully as possible the
limits of purity and strength of the pharmacopoeial chemicals and
preparations for which limiting tests are or may be given. While no
concession should be made towards a diminution of medicinal value,
allowance should be made for unavoidable, innocuous impurities or
variations due to the particular source or mode of preparation, or to
the keeping qualities of the several articles.
The "Purity Rubric," which limits the percentage of innocuous im-
purities, as introduced into the Eighth Revision, should be continued,
and tests and requirements should be appended to each article carrying
a "Purity Rubric."
In the case of crude drugs and natural products, the limits of admis-
sible impurities should be placed at such a figure as to exclude any that
would hot be accepted by other countries.
6. International Standards. — The International Conference for the
Unification of Formulas for Potent Remedies performed a signal ser-
vice for all countries by recommending the various pharmacopoeias of the
world to adopt certain standards for potent medicines. It is recom-
mended that the next Committee of Revision adopt these standards,
but it is believed that it would be unwise to require the acceptance
of the details of pharmaceutical or other processes recommended by
the International Conference.
If the finished product conforms to the International standards we
believe that each country should be left free to adopt such detail and
manipulation as may seem best. Nothing should prevent, however,
the adoption of the recommendations of the conference, as to details, if
in the opinion of the next Committee of Revision, by so doing, the Phar-
macopoeia can be improved.
THE NINTH DECENNIAL CONVENTION, 1910 JCXxiU
7. General Formulce. — It is recommended that general formulae be
introduced, as far as the particular nature of the several drugs will
permit, for fluidextracts, tinctures and such other preparations as are
made by identical processes, and that the general formula to be followed
in each case be merely indicated by reference.
8. Appending a List of Preparations in Which an Official Article
is Used. — It is recommended that, especially for the convenience of
practicing physicians, there should be appended after each article in
the text a list of the official preparations in which it is used.
A few exceptions may be made to this in such cases as water, alcohol,
glycerin, sugar, etc.
9. Alcoholic Percentage in Official Preparations. — It is recommended
that a range of volume content, of absolute alcohol, be stated in the
Pharmacopoeia, for each preparation containing alcohol.
10. Assay Processes. — We recommend that the Committee be in-
structed to introduce assay processes for as many of the potent drugs
and preparations made therefrom as may be found practicable, pro-
vided that the processes of assay are reasonably simple (both as to
methods and apparatus required) and lead to fairly uniform results in
different hands. As regards the products of such assays, tests of
identity and purity should be added wherever feasible.
It is recommended that biological tests or assays, when accurate and
reliable, may be admitted.
11. Serums and Other Biological Products. — It is recommended that
serums and other biological products, of approved usefulness, if
standardized by the Goverimient or one of the departments, may be
admitted to the next Revision of the Pharmacopoeia.
12. Weights and Measures. — It is recommended that the Committee
be instructed to retain the metric system of weights and measures as
adopted in the Eighth Decennial Revision.
13. Supplement. — It is recommended that the Committee of Re-
vision be authorized to prepare a supplement to the Pharmacopoeia at
any time they may deem such action desirable.
14. Publicity. — It is recommended that the General Committee of
Revision make public, for comment and criticism, an abstract of new
descriptions and standards and of changes in descriptions and standards
proposed, before final adoption.
15. Atomic Weights. — It is recommended that the system of atomic
weights, authorized by the International Committee (0 = 16), be
adopted for the next Revision.
3
XXXIV ABSTRACT OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONVENTION
16. Physical Constants. — It is recommended that official methods for
taking physical constants be inserted in the "Introductory Notices,"
and these shall apply to all articles in which phj'sical constants are
officially used, unless otherwise specifically excepted.
17. Standard Temperature. — It is recommended that the standard
temperature of 25° C. (77° F.) be retained, as used in the present Re-
vision (except in the case of alcohol), and that a table be inserted in
the appendix for corresponding figures at 15° C. (59° F.).
18. Compound Preparations. — It is recommended that the intro-
duction of new compound preparations be discouraged as far as
possible.
19. Pharmacognostical Descriptions. — It is recommended that, with
the description of a crude drug, there be included brief pharmacog-
nostical descriptions, both macroscopic and microscopic where prac-
ticable, and there should be added a statement of the appearance of
the structural elements in the powder, when examined microscopically,
as a means of detecting adulteration.
20. Powdered Drugs. — It is recommended that, in the next Pharma-
copoeia, powdered drugs be required to represent the entire drug unless
specificallj' stated otherwise. Where the drug can be powdered with-
out residue this should be required; in other cases the amount of
allowable tailings, gruffs, or residue should be determined and inserted
in the text.
21. Diagnostical Reagents. — It is recommended that there be included
in the next Pharmacopoeia such reagents, with standards for strength and
purity, as are needed for the proper execution of tests that are valu-
able and important in the making of a correct diagnosis.
22. Date When the Next Pharmacopoeia Becomes Official. — It is
recommended that the Committee of Revision print upon the title
page of the next Pharmacopoeia a definite date, reasonably distant from
the actual date of publication, announcing when the new Pharmacopoeia
is intended to go into effect and to supersede the preceding one.
23. Precedents. — In all matters not especially provided for, in these
"General Principles" the rules established for previous revisions, if there
are any, should generally be followed.
24. Solvbilities. — It is recommended that the degree of solubility
of drugs in various solvents be given as extensively as possible.
I
PREFACE
THE Ninth Revision of the I'nited States Pharmacopoeia contains
a number of new features and it is the purpose to include in
this Preface a statement of the changes which have been made
necessary* bj'- the greatly enlarged functions of the bcok. Under the
head of "Introductory Notices," special subjects will be found in detail.
The Committee of Revision is an integral part of a chartered organi-
zation, the United States Pharmacopceial Convention. The division
of the work which was made in 1900 has been continued in this
revision. The Committee of Revision was relieved of attending to
the business management of a general character by a Board of
Trustees, and the Committee was thus given more time to devote
to the actual work of revision with its voluminous detail.
Plan of Revision. — The plan of this revision has been largely that
of the previous Pharmacopoeia. The larger part of the work was con-
ducted through communications by mail. A number of conferences were
also held among the members of the Committee and Sub-committees,
meeting at different points in the United States. Hearings were granted
to groups of men having special information concerning the manu-
facture of various official products. These conferences have been of
great value in fixing the standards. The plan of the previous revision
was improved by a more systematic division of labor. The Committee
was doubled in number and now consists of fifty members with the
President of the Convention ex-officio. An Executive Committee
consisting of fifteen members was elected to have immediate charge of
the work of revision. The subjects were classified and each member
of the Executive Committee was made the Chairman of a Sub-com-
mittee; the members of the General Committee being assigned to
service on one or more Sub-committees. Upon general subjects and
in some cases where the Executive Committee or the Chairman desired
a full vote, the General Committee decided the question.
Scope. — The inclusion of the National Formulary in the Food and
Drugs Act as a standard has permitted the deletion of a number of
compound preparations from the Pharmacopceia. The consensus of
KXXV
XXXVl PREFACE
opinion of the Committee was in effect to provide standards for veg-
etable drugs, chemical substances, and such pharmaceutical prepara-
tions as were simple in their character, and most largely used. A few
compound preparations, however, were retained because of their large
use; an increase has been made in the number of standardized
serums and animal products. A number of synthetic remedies have
been added to the list which the Sub-committee on Scope had recom-
mended for admission, permission having been granted by the manu-
facturer, firm or corporation to include such substances; unfortunately
the European War has interfered with the receipt of some answers
from foreign countries. In most cases where answers were received,
the replies were in the negative.
The class of preparations known as "Wines" has not been included
in this revision. Wine as a menstruum or solvent can with advantage
be replaced by alcohol of various strengths, and the uncertainties,
due to the variability in quality and alcoholic content of the wines
of commerce, are avoided.
Part II. — In the supplementary matter usually placed at the end of
the text a number of changes will be noticed. This part of the book
has been designated as Part II instead of Appendix as in former
editions; a table of contents precedes it, and a more systematic
arrangement of the subjects has been adopted. Much revision was
found necessary in this part of the work, and the list of reagents has
been enlarged. While a knowledge of chemical analysis is presupposed,
the Committee has deemed it not out of place to add explanatory re-
marks or instruction in the details of manipulations in Part II.
Publicity. — For the Ninth Revision an entire change was recom-
mended by the Convention, this was, to publish in advance of the
issue of the book the proposed new descriptions and standards and
changes in descriptions and standards with the object of informing
those interested in the Pharmacopoeia of the proposed changes, so
that comments and criticisms might be offered. This plan has the
advantage of ascertaining the views of the parties directly concerned
and, although involving much labor, has been carried out; it necessarily
caused some delay in the issue of the book. The Journal of the
American Pharmaceutical Association undertook- the publication of
these detailed changes and other journals were given permission to
copy the list of changes.
Food and Drugs Act.— The National Food and Drugs Act, which was
passed by Congress on June 30th, 1906, was followed by similar legis-
PREFACE XXXVll
lation in the various States of the Union. These laws make the United
States Pharmacopoeia and the National Formulary the standards for
drugs. The National Act states:
"The term 'drug' as used in this Act, shall include all medicines and
preparations recognized in the United States Pharmacopoeia or National
Formulary for internal or external use, and any substance or mixture
of substances intended to be used for the cure, mitigation, or prevention
of disease of either man or other animals."
This legislation has been the means from which a great improvement
in the quality of medicines has resulted. In former revisions the Com-
mittee was embarrassed by their inability to obtain information from
many sources, particularly that which manufacturers were not dis-
posed to furnish; but with the passage of the Food and Drugs Act
a great change occurred in the attitude of many manufacturers and
information was tendered willingly.
Language of the Chemical Tests. — A change has been made in the
method of expressing the chemical tests. The imperative mood was
not used in former revisions, but since the Pharmacopoeia is now a legal
standard, the conditional form of previous Pharmacopoeias, in which
nearly every test began, "If — Gm. be dissolved, " has been changed to
the imperative "Dissolve — Gm., etc."
International Protocol (P. I.). — These standards were referred to in
the preface to the Eighth Revision (see page xvi); for a comparative
table (see page liv).
Atomic Weights. — The atomic weights adopted in this revision
are based upon oxygen taken as 16 (0 = 16) and are in accordance
with the report of the International Committee on Atomic Weights
for 1915. The report of the International Committee for 1916 was
received too late for inclusion, as the Pharmacopoeia was already
in type.
General Tests. — In the chemical tests an extension has been made of
the plan employed in the previous Pharmacopoeia where general tests
were adopted for Arsenic and Heavy Metals. The additions will be
found in Part II. The adoption of this plan saves space by avoiding
frequent repetition of detail in the text of Part I.
General Formulas. — This term is used to define a plan to save space
and avoid repetition by printing a typical formula for galenical prep-
arations. It will be seen that there are four type processes for fluid-
extracts designated by the letters. A, B, C, and D; two type processes
are provided for tinctures, P and M, and also a type process for medi-
XXXVUl PREFACE
cated waters. The Convention recommended the introduction of this
plan.
Mils vs. Cc. — The term cubic centimeter has been replaced by the
word mil. The United States Bureau of Standards declared that the
term cubic centimeter was a misnomer, there being a slight difference
between the thousandth part of a liter and the cubic centimeter, as one
liter was determined to be equivalent to 1.000027 cubic decimeters.
The Committee of Revision decided that the time had come to adopt
the word mil, the first three letters of the whole word milliliter. In
addition, the change promotes international uniformity in the two
Pharmacopoeias published in the English language.
Nomenclature. — The chemical and botanical nomenclature is sub-
stantially the same as that adopted for the Eighth Revision. In
the case of new articles the terminology and latinization is in accord
with this plan. Some botanical changes have been made in the
light of further knowledge of the subject and in most cases Natiir-
liche Pflanzenfamilien (Engler and Prantl) has been followed as the
authority. A new feature, that of inserting abbreviations of official
titles, has been introduced. It was believed that these will be of ser-
vice to physicians in writing prescriptions and to pharmacists in label-
ing bottles for their store furniture. In the interest of international
uniformity, the Chairman visited Dr. Nestor Tirard, Editor of the
British Pharmacopoeia, and the Commission approved the sugges-
tion to provide abbreviations. While there are a few points of
difference, the plan of having official abbreviations for English-speak-
ing nations has been started. Uniformity in usage will minimize the
danger of errors in dispensing and compounding prescriptions (see
page xlvii).
Synomjms will be found following the titles and printed in small type.
The Convention passed the following resolution which was adopted by
the Committee of Revision: "Substances labeled with an official
synonym must comply with the standards, tests, and requirements
demanded for the official article." In a fcAV cases synonyms are on-
closed in quotation marks; these names, while not scientifically cor-
rect, are so largely used in commerce that it seemed wise to include
them. It is understood that a synonym appearing under the title
of a drug applies with equal force to any official preparation made from
that drug.
Standard Temperature. — The standard temperature of 2.5° C. has
been retained in this revision as that most suitable to the climate
PREFACE XXXIX
of the United States. Exceptions were made in the temperature for
alcohol in order to correspond with the Government regulations and in
that for determining refractive indices.
Structural Formulas. — For chemical substances several methods for
expressing symbolic formulas have been adopted. Throughout the text
empirical formulas are employed as a rule, structural characteristics
being also indicated where it seems desirable. In Part II the empirical
formula is usually given; in acids, the replaceable hydrogen stands
first in the formula.
Lists of Official Preparations. — The Convention recommended, " That,
especially for the convenience of practicing physicians, there should
be appended after each article in the text a list of the official prepa-
rations in which it is used." This plan has been followed, but in
the case of compound preparations, flavoring ingredients, correctives,
solvents like alcohol, glycerin, and syrup have been omitted, as they
would occupy a large amount of space and be of slight value to
the physician.
Sterilization. — A chapter on sterilization has been introduced with
the view of encouraging the production of preparations which are free
from micro-organisms.
Diagnostical Reagents. — In recent years diagnosis through the use of
chemical reagents and clinical tests with or without the use of the micro-
scope has become an important factor in determining the presence or
nature of disease and in this Pharmacopoeia a chapter on Diagnostical
Reagents and Tests has been appended.
Biological Assays. — Certain valuable and largely used drugs have so
far defied the efforts of analytical chemists to provide reliable chemical
tests which could be used as standards. The Committee of Revision
decided to introduce biological tests, which have been in use for many
years, as providing the best available method for the assay of certain
drugs. A chapter on biological assays will be found in Part II. The
biological assay for Pituitary Solution and Cannabis and its prepara-
tions is a requii-ement.
Powdered Drugs. — The Convention recommended the insertion of
microscopical descriptions of powdered drugs mainly for the purpose of
detecting adulteration. These will be found in the text under the drug
titles. While powdered drugs, wherever possible, should represent
the entire drug, it has not been found practicable to specify in each case
a hmit of residue or so-called gruffs or tailings, which remain when
drugs are ground or powdered.
Xl PREFACE
Alcoholic Percentage. — The Convention recommended that a range
of volume content of absolute alcohol be stated in the Pharmacopoeia
for each preparation containing alcohol. It was found impracticable to
follow this recommendation in its entirety; the figures for alcoholic
content of tinctures, elixirs and other preparations will be found in
Part II.
Electrolj^ic Determinations. — Two metals, Mercury and Zinc, with
their salts are assayed by electrolysis. This is a departure from methods
used in previous Pharmacopoeias. A chemical assay is also provided
and the electrolytic method is given as an alternative. A chapter on
this subject will be found in Part II.
Refractive Index. — Refractive indices have been added in this revision.
This test is based on the deflection of a ray of light which passes from one
transparent substance to another. This constant has proved a val-
uable addition in testing the purity of certain substances. A chapter
entitled " Refractive Index " will be found in Part II.
Admissions and Deletions.- — The number of articles, reagents, and
assays in the present Pharmacopoeia is 1436; there were 1297 in the
previous Pharmacopoeia. In the present book there are 782 articles in
the text; 277 test solutions and volumetric solutions; 315 volumetric,
gravimetric, and other assays and 62 diagnostical reagents. In the
U. S. P. VIII there were 958 articles in the text, 155 test solutions and
volumetric solutions, 149 volumetric assays, and 35 gravimetric assays.
Of those articles official in the text of the U.S.P. VIII, 243 have
been dismissed while 67 new ones have been introduced into the
U.S.P. IX (see pages lix to Ixiii).
Coupon. — There will be found on the back of the title-page, as in the
previous Pharmacopoeia, a coupon which bears a serial number and a
letter and the following words: "Pharmacopoeia of the United States
of America, Ninth Revision, Official Copy, Copyright."
Official Date. — In accordance with the instructions of the Convention,
a date has been fixed on which the present work is to supersede the
Eighth Revision of the United States Pharmacopoeia, and to go into
effect. This date is September 1, 1916.
Assistance. — The Committee is greatly indebted to many gentlemen,
who were not members, for most valuable assistance rendered either by
undertaking experimental researches, sometimes very protracted and
laborious, on certain subjects, or by placing material at its disposal, or
by scrutinizing the proof sheets. Some have rendered aid from the be-
ginning to the end of the revision. Especial assistance has been received
PREFACE xli
from the United States Public Health Service, through the Hygienic
Laboratory, and its Digest of Comments; the U. S. Bureau of Stand-
ards, and the United States Department of Agriculture, through its
Bureau of Chemistry; the American Medical Association Section
Reports and New and Nonojffiicial Remedies; American Pharmaceutical
Association and its branches; American Chemical Society; American
Therapeutic Society; State Pharmaceutical Associations and other
Associations. Reports from the following were also sent to the Conven-
tion: New York Branch of the American Pharmaceutical Association,
Washington, D. C, Branch of the American Pharmaceutical Associa-
tion, Iowa Veterinary Association, Kings County Pharmaceutical
Society, Medical Society of the State of New York, New Jersey College
of Pharmacy, New Jersey Pharmaceutical Association, New York State
Pharmaceutical Association, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and the
University of Michigan, School of Pharmacy; assistance has been ten-
dered through reports, hearings, and communications and by pharma-
cists, chemists, and manufacturers (see page xliv). The editor extends
his personal thanks to E. Fullerton Cook, B. A. Heims, and Joseph
Rosin for continuous service, especially in correcting proof sheets and
preparing copy.
OFFICERS OF THE CONVENTION
Harvey W. Wiley, M.D., Washington, D. C, President.
N. S. Davis, M.D,, Chicago, 111., 1st Vice-President.
Chas. Caspari, Jr., Phar.D., Baltimore, Md., Snd Vice-President.
O. T. Osborne, M.D., New Haven, Conn., Srd Vice-President.
*Leo Eliel, South Bend, Ind., 4th Vice-President.
W. A. Bastedo, M.D., New York, 5th Vice-President.
M, G. Motter, M.D., Washington, D. C, Secretary.
Noble P. Barnes, M.D., Washington, D. C, Assistant Secretary.
S. L. Hilton, Phar.D,, Washington, D. C, Treasurer.
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
J. H. Beal, Sc.D., Urbana, 111., Chairman.
F. W. Meissner, Ph.G., LaPorte, Ind.
Wm. Jay Schieffelin, Ph.D., New York.
G. H. Simmons, M.D., Chicago, 111.
H. M. Whelpley, M.D., St. Louis, Mo., Secretary.
Harvey W. Wiley, M.D., Washington, D. C, Ex-officio.
Joseph P. Remington, Ph,M., Philadelphia, Pa., Ex-officio.
* Deceased,
xlii
PREFACE
COMMITTEE OF REVISION
Joseph P. Remington, Ph.M., Philadelphia, Pa., Chairman.
C. Lewis Diehl, Ph.M., Louisville, Ky., First Vice-Chair man.
H. C. Wood, Jr., M.D., Philadelphia, Pa., Second V ice-Chairman.
Charles H. La Wall, Ph.M., Philadelphia, Pa., Secretary.
W. C. Alpers, Sc.D., Cleveland, Ohio.
J. F. Anderson, ]\LD., New Brunswick, N. J.
H. V. Arny, Ph.D., New York.
E. H. Bartley, M.D., Brooklyn, N. Y.
George M. Beringer, Ph.M., Camden, N. J.
Wilhelm Bodemann, Chicago, 111.
Charles Caspari, Jr., Phar.D., Baltimore, Md.
C. E. Caspari, Ph.D., St. Louis, Mo.
Albert H. Clark, B. S., Chicago, 111.
Virgil Coblentz, Ph.D., Brooklyn, N. Y.
S. SoLis Cohen, M.D., Philadelphia, Pa.
N. S. Davis, M.D., Chicago, 111.
Geo. C. Diekman, M.D., New York.
A. R. L. Dohme, Ph.D., Baltimore, Md.
E. G. Eberle, Ph.G., Philadelphia, Pa.
C. W. Edmunds, M.D., Ann Arbor, Mich.
J. W. England, Ph.M., Philadelphia, Pa.
J. M. Francis, M.A., Detroit, Mich.
James M. Good, Ph.M., St. Louis, Mo.
H. M. GoRDiN, Ph.D., Chicago, 111.
W^iLLis G. Gregory, M.D., Buffalo, N. Y.
Walter S. Haines, M.D., Chicago, 111.
*Carl S. N. Hallberg, Phm.D., Chicago, 111.
R. A. Hatcher, M.D., New York.
Lewis C. Hopp, Ph.G., Cleveland, Ohio.
Reid Hunt, M.D., Boston, Mass.
L. F. Kebler, M.D., Washington, D. C.
J. A. Koch, Ph.D., Pittsburg, Pa.
Henry Kraemer, Ph.D., Philadelphia, Pa.
J. H. Long, Sc.D., Chicago, 111.
A. B. Lyons, M.D., Detroit, Mich.
Philip Marvel, M.D., Atlantic City, N. J.
C. F. Nixon, Ph.G., Leominster, Mass.
* Deceit sod-
PREFACE Xliii
0. T. Osborne, M.D., New Haven, Conn.
*Albert Plaut, New York.
W. A. PucKNER, Chicago, III.
Otto Raubenheimer, Phar.D., Brooklyn, N. Y.
G. D. RosENGARTEN, Ph.D., Philadelphia, Pa.
H. H. RusBY, M.D., Newark, N. J.
Samuel P. Sadtler, Ph.D., Philadelphia., Pa.
Lucius E. Sayre, Ph.IM., Lawrence, Kan.
J. O. ScHLOTTERBECK, Ph.D., Aim Arbor, Mich.
Torald Sollmann, M.D., Cleveland, O.
A. B. Stevens, Ph.D., Ann Arbor, Mich.
Rodney H. True, Ph.D., Washington, D. C.
C. E. Vanderkleed, Phar.D., Philadelphia, Pa.
M. I. WiLBERT, Ph.M., Washington, D. C.
Harvey W. Wiley, Ph.D., M.D., Washington, D. C, Ex-officio.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
Joseph P. Remington, Chairman.
Number Subject
L S. SoLis Cohen, M.D., Chairman Scope
2. Torald Sollmann, M.D., Chairman.. . Therapeutics, Pharmacody-
namics and Posology
3. J. F. Anderson, M.D., Chairman Biological Products, Diag-
nostical Tests
4. Henry Kraemer, Ph.D., Chairman. . . Botany and Pharmacognosy
5. C. H. La Wall, Ph.M., Chairman General and Inorganic
Chemistry
6. G. D. RosENGARTEN, Ph.D., C/iaiman . Organic Chemistry
7. A. B. Stevens, Ph.D., Chairman Proximate Assays
8. Harvey W. Wiley, M.D., Chairman. .Volatile Oils
9. G. M. Beringer, Ph.M., Chairman. . . .Fluid and SoUd Extracts,
Tinctures
10. C. Lewis Diehl, Ph.M., Chairman. . . .Aromatic Waters, Spirits,
Liquors
IL W. C. Alpers, Sc.D., Chairman Syrups and Elixirs
12. Otto Raubenheimer, Phar.D., Chair-
man Cerates and Ointments
13. WiLHELM BoDEMANN, Chairman Miscellaneous Galenicals
14. A. B. Lyons, M.D., Chairman Tables, Weights, ]\Ieasures
15. Charles Caspari, Jr., Phar.D., Chair-
man Nomenclature
Note. — Each member of the Executive Committee was Chairman of
a Sub-committee (see above list).
* Deceased.
LIST OF THOSE WHO ARE NOT MEMBERS OF THE COMMITTEE BUT
WHO HAVE BEEN OF ESPECIAL ASSISTANCE DURING
THE WORK OF REVISION
Carl L. Alsberg, Washington, D. C.
George F. Atkinson, Ithaca, N. Y.
Daniel Base, Baltimore, Md.
M. Becker, Philadelphia, Pa.
Charles E. Bessy, Lincoln, Neb.
L. Henry Bernegau, Philadelphia, Pa.
C. S. Brinton, Philadelphia, Pa.
N. L. Britton, New York.
E. D. Brown, MinneapoUs, Minn.
E. M. Chace, Washington,^D. C.
John M. Coulter, Chicago, 111.
D. M. R. Culbreth, Baltimore, Md.
William B. Day, Chicago, 111.
Francis D. Dodge, New York.
H. A. B. Dunning, Baltimore, Md.
F. R. Eldred, Indianapohs, Ind.
Hermann Engelhardt, Baltimore, Md.
P. F. Fackenthall, Philadelphia, Pa.
W. G. Farlow, Cambridge, Mass.
Oliver A. Farwell, Detroit, Mich.
E. C. Franklin, Washington, D. C.
William Frear, State College, Pa.
Harry B. French, Philadelphia, Pa.
E. N. Gathercoal, Chicago, 111.
L. D. Havenhill, LawTcnce, Kan.
S. L. Hilton, Washington, D. C.
Anton Hogstad, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa.
E. M. Holmes, London, Eng.
W. W. Home, Chapel Hill, N. C.
E. M. Houghton, Detroit, Mich.
E. V. Howell, Chapel Hill, N. C.
Clemens Kleber, Clifton, N. J.
C. Mahlon Kline, Philadelphia, Pa.
James P. Leake, Washington, D. C.
Henry Leffmann, Philadelphia, Pa.
John Uri Lloyd, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Armin K. Lobeck, Haworth, N. J.
George W. McCoy, Washington, D. C.
W. W. McNeary, Philadelphia, Pa.
xliv
E. Mallinckrodt, St. Louis, Mo.
William ^L\nsfield, New York.
George H. Meeker, Philadelphia, Pa.
George A. Menge, Washington, D. C.
Fred A. Miller, Indianapolis, Ind.
Frank X. Moerk, Philadelphia, Pa.
John Moser, Baltimore, Md.
Murray Galt Moti'er,
Washington, D. C.
Sister Bertha Mueller, Philadelphia.
B. L. Murray, Rahway, N. J.
Edwin L. Newcomb, Minneapolis, Minn.
William A. Pearson, Philadelphia, Pa
Paul S. Pittinger, Philadelphia, Pa.
John R. Rippetoe, New York.
B. L. Robinson, Cambridge, Mass.
George B. Roth, Washington, D. C.
Albert Schneider, San Francisco, Cal.
Wilbur L. Scoville, Detroit, Mich.
Atherton Seidell, Washington, D. C.
Harry E. Sindall, Philadelphia, Pa.
Carl E. Smith, New York City.
Clyde M. Snow, Chicago, 111.
Maud Sollenberger, Asburj' Park,N. J.
F. E. Stewart, Philadelphia, Pa.
J. L. Stingel, Twinsburg, Ohio.
Warner W. Stockberger,
Washington, D. C.
Witmer Stone, Philadelphia, Pa.
John K. Thum, Philadelphia, Pa.
.\. M. Todd, Kalamazoo, Mich.
William Trelease, Urbana, 111.
Wallace S. Truesdell,
Philadelphia, Pa.
Joseph L. Turner, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Arno Viehover, Washington, D. C.
Florence Yaple, Philadelphia, Pa.
Heber W. Youngken, Philadelphia, Pa
INTRODUCTORY NOTICES
UNDER this head it has been customary to include statements
of a general character and intended to apply to classes of
preparations, but in this revision the effort is made to confine
the subjects in the Preface to a short explanation of changes of a general
character which have been made, while in the Introductory Notices
details of a specific character are taken up.
Title of Book. — The use of Roman numerals to designate successive
revisions of the Pharmacopoeia, which was introduced in the Eighth
Revision, has been continued, hence the present book will be known as
the "Ninth Revision" and its abbreviated form is "U. S. P. IX."
Official. — The word "official" used in this edition of the Pharma-
copceia is considered to be synonymous with " pharmacopceial " and is
applied to any substance or preparation recognized by the Pharmaco-
poeia. When substances conform to the tests, assays and requirements
given in the text of the Pharmacopoeia, they are to be considered as
official. Such tests and assays are considered sufficient for substances
used as medicines.
Medicinal Substances Must Conform to U.S.P. — Owing to miscon-
ceptions on the part of those unfamiliar with pharmacopoeias, it is
necessary to make the following statement.
Standards of purity and strength, prescribed in the text of this Pharma-
copoeia, are intended solely to apply to substances which are used for medici-
nal purposes or in determining the identity or purity of such substances.
Some misunderstanding has also prevailed in the past with regard
to the strength or purity of articles directed to be used in formulas or
in testing. The words "alcohol," "syrup," "glycerin," or any other
official title when used in this text and not otherwise specified is under-
, stood to mean the official article. In the case of alcohol, it is official
alcohol of 94.9 per cent., by volume, that is intended and not absolute or
dehydrated alcohol. "Syrup" when not otherwise specified is intended
to mean syrup of the official strength and quality. Official prepara-
tions are to be made from drugs that conform to the official definitions,
tests, and descriptions.
Products and Preparations Made on a Large Scale. — In the manu-
facture of products and preparations on the large scale, deviation from
xlv
xlvi INTUODUCTORY NOTICES
the official processes may be necessary, l)ut the products must conform
to the official requirements as determined by the tests of the U. S.
Pharmacopoeia, IX, and the finished preparations must be identical
with those made by the official processes.
Purity Rubric. — In the Eighth Revision of this Pharmacopoeia, the
"purity rubric" was introduced for the first time. It is well known that
absolute purity in many of the commercial chemical substances is
unattainable, unnecessary, or practically undesirable on account of
greatly increased expense. The analytical chemist must, of course,
use chemicals for volumetric solutions and reagents of the highest
possible purity, but such standards are not required in medicine or
pharmacy, provided poisonous or dangerous substances are rigidly ex-
cluded. Minute quantities of innocuous products will not perceptibly
affect the dosage or medicinal activity of a remedy. The figures given
in the purity rubrics represent requirements that can be reasonably
demanded in each instance.
In some cases it will doubtless be found that the manufacturer can
slightly exceed the standard of purity, and if this be the case no objection
can be made, the language used being usually " not less than ..."
Instead of using the words "absolute" or "pure" as in the Eighth
Revision, the chemical formula of the substance, in symbols, is now
given.
In the case of certain efflorescent chemicals, a range has been adopted
which will permit a limit of efflorescence. It is to be understood that
the strength of drugs or preparations for which assay processes are
provided is to be determined by the official assay process and not by
any other process.
It has been deemed advisable in some parts of the Pharmacopoeia
for greater convenience to round off decimal figures which are only
given for information, as these would otherwise require the extension
of decimals to an inconvenient length. For this reason in the articles
on chemical substances there may be a slight difference between the
requirement of the rubric and the statement at the end of the volu-
metric assay, but the figures given in the rubric in each case define the
standards adopted for the article.
Time Limitations and Tolerances. — In some cases the allowable per-
centage of moisture in chemicals is specified in the text under the article.
When not specified, 5 per cent, of moisture is permitted provided the
chemical is dispensed in a condition of sensil)le dryness.
In the case of chemical tests for innocuous impurities in this Pbarma-
INTRODUCTORY NOTICES xlvii
copoeia (chlorides, sulphates, and others), it is understood that five
minutes shall be the time allowed for the reaction to be observed except
in the cases where the time is specified in the test.
In the test for carbonizable impurities, where sulphuric acid is used,
it is understood that the time for observation is limited to fifteen minutes
unless otherwise specified in the text.
Vegetable Drugs. — In the case of vegetable drugs, the standards pro-
vided in the text apply also to the powdered or ground drug. For the
preservation of vegetable or animal substances from the ravages of
insects, it is directed in special cases that they be preserved in tightly-
closed containers and a few drops of chloroform or carbon tetrachloride
added. It is not intended that this precaution should be used for
drugs imported in bales or large original containers. This precau-
tion is intended to aid in the preservation of drugs in the stock of
a pharmacist.
Abbreviations. — To avoid the possibility of error in interpreting
abbreviations, official abbreviations were introduced, using the ordinary
abbreviations and specifying the exceptions, thus: The abbreviation
"Sulph." is used for "Sulphate." Sulphur, sulphite and sulphide are
not abbreviated. In the same way "Chlor.," unless otherwise specified,
means "Chloride"; for "chlorate" the word "chloras" is used (see page
xxxviii).
Tables. — The feature in the last revision of inserting tables in the
Appendix (now Part II) has been continued and several additions have
been made. The specific gravity tables have been based on data from
the latest and most authoritative sources. In the tables for alcohol and
sulphuric acid the figures given by the United States Bureau of Stand-
ards have been followed with only such changes as were necessary to
reduce them to Pharmacopceial basis.
Melting Points, Boiling Points, Congealing Points. — The figures given
for melting points, boiling points, and congealing points as factors in
determining identity or purity have been determined according to
methods which are to be found in detail in Part II. It is understood
that where any of these factors are given with a range instead of a
single figure that these are to be regarded as inclusive, thus : in the case
of Acetanilid, "It melts between 112° and 114° C," means that if it
begins to melt at 112° or 114° C. or within these limits, it is official so
far as the melting point is concerned.
Solubilities. — Solubility figures are inserted in the text as information
to serve as a convenient aid in determining identity and purity approxi-
Xlviii INTRODUCTORY NOTICES
mately and are not intended to be construed as legal requirements, except
in the case of volatile oils where solubilities in alcohol of different
strengths are used as tests for purity. The subject of solubilities will
be found under a special chapter in Part II.
In testing for solubility, slight mechanical impurities, such as frag-
ments of filter paper, fiber, dust particles, permitted by other tests for
the same substance but which slightly interfere with the transparency of
the solution, are not to be construed as vitiating the test for solubility.
Non-weighable. — The term " non-weighable" in the text in the state-
ment of ash is intended to mean a quantity which is not more than
0.0005 Gm.
Chemical Tests. — A change has been made in the method of stating
the quantities to be taken for some tests and assays to conform with
the general custom among chemists and to save time. A convenient
quantity is taken, the word "about" being used to show that this need
not be a definite quantity; this approximate quantity is then accurately
weighed, and the result of the test or assay based upon the accm-ate
weight. In those cases where the substances are corrosive, volatile,
efflorescent or hygroscopic, this plan will be found especially useful.
Such phrases as "(1 in 10)" or "(1 in 20)" are understood to mean
that 1 part of a liquid is to be diluted with, or a solid dissolved in, suffi-
cient of the solvent to make 10 or 20 parts by volume. Under copper
sulphate, the identity test to show the presence of sulphate reads:
"Barium chloride T.S. produces a white precipitate, insoluble in hydro-
chloric acid, in an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10)"; here 1 Gm.
of copper sulphate would be dissolved in sufficient distilled water to
make the solution measure 10 mils.
" Absence of " and " Limit of." — The terms "absence of " and "limit
of" following the tests indicating impurities are no longer used in the
Pharmacopoeia, Ninth Revision, as a rule; but a few exceptions may be
found. Such words as (chloride), (sulphate), and (free alkali), in italics
and parentheses, which follow tests, are merely intended to give infor-
mation as to the object of the test, the words of the test itself
indicating that the substance is not present in an amount which would be
objectionable for medicinal use, or in other cases that it is to be absent.
Posology. — The insertion of doses has been continued in the Ninth
Revision in accordance with the recommendation of the Convention.
As in previous revisions, it is necessary to remind the users of this Phar-
macopoeia that "it is to be distinctly understood that neither the
Convention nor the Committee of Revision created by it, intends to
INTRODUCTORY NOTICES xlix
have these doses regarded as obligatory on the physician or as forbidding
him to exceed them whenever in his judgment this seems advisable."
The doses are given in both the metric and apothecaries systems.
The figures are not interchangeable nor are they to be considered as
equivalents. Rounded figures are used in order to assist the memoriz-
ing of the figures by physicians and pharmacists. The words "average
dose " are used throughout the text, and the doses are intended for adults.
Deterioration. — Deteriorations are inevitable in many official prepara-
tions which when first made comply with the tests and requirements.
Limits are provided through the text in most instances for substances
prone to deteriorate, through the establishment of maximum and mini-
mum figures in the rubrics.
Temperatures
Statements of temperature are given in this Pharmacopoeia in degrees
of the centigrade hydrogen thermometer, the equivalent Fahrenheit
temperature being given in the Tables (see Part II).
The standard temperature for solubilities, specific gravities, polari-
metric determinations, and for the preparation of volumetric solutions
is 25° C. (see Volumetric Solutions, Part II). For alcohol the former
standard temperature of 60° F. (15.67° C.) has been retained, since
the laws and regulations of the Internal Revenue Department of the
United States, relating to alcohol and alcoholic liquids, are still based
on this degree of temperature. For refractive indices and certain
saccharimeters the temperature is 20° C. to conform to the temperature
adopted by the Bureau of Standards of the United States.
By the term "gentle heat" is meant any temperature between 30° C;
and 40° C.
In official formulas, "cold water" is intended to have a temperature
of 15° to 25° C; "luke warm water," 35° to 40° C; "warm water,"
60° to 70° C; "hot water," 85° to 95° C. When the Pharmacopoeia
directs the use of a water bath it intends a temperature of about 100° C.
In elevated localities, where the boiling point of liquid is lower than
that at the level of the sea, the water bath temperature would be
less than 100° C.
Weights and Measures
Metric Weights and Measures. — The Metric system of Weights and
Measures is the only one recognized in the formulas of this Pharmaco-
poeia. All standard weights and measures in this country are derived
1 INTRODUCTORY NOTICES
from or based upon the United States National Prototype Standards
of the Meter and the Kilogramme, made of platinum-iridium, in the
custody of the National Bureau of Standards at Washington. The liter
is a unit of capacity equivalent to the volume occupied by the mass of
1 kilogramme of pure water at its maximum density (at a temperature
of 4° C, practically) and under the standard atmospheric pressure
(760 mm.). It is equivalent in volume to 1.000027 cubic decimeters.
The units of the metric system are designated by abbreviations as
follows:
M. = meter Kg. = kilogramme
dm. = decimeter Gm. = gramme
cm. = centimeter dg. = decigramme
mm. = millimeter eg. = centigramme
mg. = milligramme
1. = liter
dl. = deciliter
ml. = miUiliter or mil (formerly cubic centimeter or Cc.)
In measuring liquids cylindrical graduates are preferred where extreme
accuracy is required but conical graduated measures are in universal
use for less exacting purposes. These, if accurately graduated, are
deemed suitable for the use of the pharmacist in compounding or dis-
pensing medicines. The lower surface of the meniscus is the point from
which the reading is to be taken.
Apothecaries Weights and Measures. — Physicians in prescribing, and
pharmacists in dispensing medicines commonly employ the time-honored
■apothecaries weights and measures which were in use in England prior
to 1825, the weights being originally derived from the old English
Troy weight, the fluid measures from the old wine gallon. The units
of this system are designated in prescribing by signs or abbreviations
as follows:
§ = apothecaries ounce = 8 drachms = 480 grains
5 = drachm = 3 scruples = 60 grains
3 = scruple = 20 grains
gr. = grain
0 = pint = 16 fluidounces
f5=fluidounce = 8 fluidrachms = 480 minims
f 3 = fluidrachm = 60 minims
1^,= minim
INTRODUCTORY NOTICES U
In writing prescriptions in the apothecaries system, Roman, not
Arabic, numerals are employed, and these are always placed after the
symbol or abbreviation, thus: f5ii; gr.xv.
In the ease of metric abbreviations, the numerals precede the
abbreviation, and are always written in Arabic characters, thus:
5 Gm.; 2 mils. Care is taken to distinguish the abbreviation for
gramme (Gm.) from that for grain (gr.) by writing the former with a
capital, the latter A\ath a small initial.
Equivalents of Metric and Apothecaries Weights and Measures.
1 Meter is (Hiual to 39.3700 inches (statute of July 28, 1866).
1 Pound (avoirdupois), 7000 grains, is e(iual to 453.5924277 grammes.
1 Liquid Gallon is equal to the volume of 231 cubic inches or
3785.3323 milliliters.
Approximate Measures.
Physicians have hitherto very commonly prescribed liquid medicines
in teaspoonful, dessertspoonful or tablespoonful doses. Inasmuch as
spoons vary greatly in capacity, and from their form are unfit for use in
the dosage of medicine, it is desirable that the more scientific practice
should be always adopted, of prescribing doses in mils, fiuidrachms or
minims, to be measured with a suitable medicine measure. The follow-
ing are the values conventionally attached to the several approximate
measures above mentioned:
Metric
A teaspoonful = 4 mils
A dessertspoonful = 8 mils
A tablespoonful =15 mils
Apothecaries System
A teaspoonful = 1 fluidrachm
A dessertspoonful = 2 fiuidrachms
A tablespoonful = 3^ fluidounce
I
lii INTRODUCTORY NOTICES
Relations Between the Various Units of Weights and Measures
1 meter = 39.3700 inches
1 yard = 0.9144018 meter
1 square yard = 0.8361307 square meter
1 cubic inch = 16.38672 mils
1 liter = 0.264178 liquid gallon
1 fluidounce = 29.5729 mils
1 kilogramme = 2.204622 pounds, avoirdupois
1 gramme = 15.432356 grains
1 avoirdupois ounce (437.5 grains) =28.349527 grammes
1 apothecaries ounce = 31.103481 grammes
1 grain = 64.798918 milligrammes
Weight and Volume Relations
At maximum density in vacuo:
1 liter of water weighs 1 kilogramme.
1 gallon of water weighs 58416.6 grains.*
1 fluidounce of water weighs 29.5729 grammes, or 1.043154 avoir-
dupois ounces, or 456.3797 grains.
1 minim of water weighs 61.61025 milligrammes, or 0.950791
grains.
1 grain of water measures 0.0647989 mil, or 1.0517555 minims.
Specific Gravity
Except where otherwise stated, the specific gravity basis of this
Pharmacopoeia is 25°~c. (apparent), i.e., the ratio of the apparent
weight of a substance in air at 25° C. to that of an equal volume of
pure water at the same temperature.
* 1 Gallon of water weighs, in air, at 25° C, under normal conditions of humidity
and atmospheric pressure, about 58185 grains; a pint 7273.1 grains; a fluidounce
454.6 grains; and a minim 0.947 grain.
International Protocol (P. I.)
Compared with Drugs and Preparations of U.S.P, IX
International Protocol (P. I.)
Acid Hydrocyanic, Diluted
Acidum hydrocyanicura dilu-
tum:
Title Aciaum hydrocj^anicum
dilutum
Requirement Strength: 2 per cent, of
HCN
U.S.P. IX
Acidum Hydrocyanicum Dilu-
tum.
Strength: 1.9 to 2.1 per cent,
of HCN with not more than
0.1 per cent, of HCl.
Aconite
Aconitum Napellus (L.) :
Title Aconiti tuber seu Tuber Aconitum.
Afoniti
Requirement Tuberof thecurrentyear
Assayed: 0.5 per cent, ether-
soluble alkaloids. See also
biological test. (Tuber of
current year not required.)
Tinctura aconiti:
Title Aconiti tinctura seu Tinctura Aconiti.
Tinctura Aconiti
Strength 10 per cent
Menstruum Alcohol, 70 per cent. . . .
Requirement 0.05 per cent, of total
alkaloids
100 mils from 10 Gm. (approx.j.
Alf^ohol, 70 per cent.*
100 mils contains 0.045 to 0.055
Gm. ether-soluble alkaloids
(see also biological test).
Belladonna
Atropa Belladonna (L.) :
Title Beiladonnae folium seu Belladonnae Folia.
Folium Belladonnte
Requirement Use only the dried leaf.
Tinctura belladonnae:
Title Belladonna; tinctura seu
Tinctura Belladonnte
Strength 10 per cent
Menstruum Alcohol, 70 per cent. . . .
Requirement
Extractum belladonnge*
Title Belladonnse extractum
seu Extractum Bella-
donnse
Menstruum Alcohol, 70 per cent. . . .
Requirement .
Solid extract (containing
about 10 per cent, of
water)
Assayed: 0.3 per cent, total
alkaloids. Dried leaves and
tops.
Tinctura Belladonnae Foli-
orum.
100 mils from 10Gm.(approx.).
Alcohol, 50 per cent.
100 mils contains 0.027 to 0.033
Gm. alkaloids.
Extractum Belladonnse Foli-
orum.
Pilular: 75 per cent, alcohol.
Powdered: 95 per cent.
alcohol.
Assayed: 1.18 to 1.32 per cent.
alkaloids.
*The figures for the comparative strength in this table and alcoholic percentages are
to be understood as approximate, the exact figures for each preparation will be found
in the text under the head of each article.
liu
liv IXTERXATIONAL PROTOCOL
International Protocol U.S. P. IX
Bitter Almond Water
Aqua amygdalae amarae :
Title Amygdalae amarse aqua Aqua Amygdalae Amarae.
seu Aqua Amygdalae
amarae
Requirement Strength: 0.1 per cent, of Contains a mere trace of liydro-
HCN cyanic acid.
Cherry Laurel Water
Aqua laurocerasi:
Title Laurocerasi aqua .«!eu Not ofTicial.
Aqua Laurocerasi
Requirement Strength: 0.1 per cent, of
HCN.
Cocaine Hydrochloride
Cocainae hydrochloridum :
Title Cocainum hydrochlori- Cocainae Hydrochloridum.
cum
Requirement The anhydrous salt .... Same as International Pro-
tocol: melts between 183°
and 191° C.
Colchicxun
Colchicimi autumnale (L.):
Title Colchici semen seu Se- Colchici Cormus and Colchici
men Colchici Semen are both official.
Requirement Use only the seed.
Tinctura colchici:
Title Colchici tinctura seu Tinctura Colchici Seminis.
Tinctura Colchici
Strength 10 per cent lOOmilsfrom lOGm. (approx.).
Menstruum Alcohol, 70 per cent.. . . Alcohol, 60 per cent.
Reciuirement Assayed: 100 mils contains
0.036 to 0.044 Gm. colchi-
cine.
Digitalis
Digitalis purpurea (L.):
Title Digitalis folium seu Fo- Digitalis.
lium Digitalis
Requirement The leaf of the second Assayed biologicall}-. Leaf of
year second year not required.
Tinctura digitalis:
Title Digitalis tinctura seu Tinctura Digitalis.
Tinctura Digitalis
Strength 10 per cent lOOmilsfrom 10 Gm. (approx.).
Menstruum Alcohol, 70 per cent. . . . Alcohol, 75 per cent.
Requirement May be assayed biologically.
Ergot
Sclerotium clavicepitis pur-
pureas (Tul.) seu clavi-
cepiti purpureae (Tul.)
sclerotium :
Title Secale cornutura seu Ergota.
Ergotum Secale
Requirement Not to be more than one Must be dried before storing.
year old and to be kept
whole
INTERNATIONAL PROTOCOL
Iv
International Protocol
U.S.P. IX
Ergot
Extractum ergotae:
Title Secaliscornutiextractum Extractum Ergotae.
seu Extractum Secalis
Cornuti; Ergoti ex-
tractum seu Extrac-
tum Ergoti
Menstruum and require- Prepare an aqueous ex-
ments tract and treat with
60 per cent, alcohol
Alcohol 85, water 15, HCl 1.
Purified benzin used to ex-
tract fixed oil.
Fluidextractum ergotae :
Title Secalis cornuti ex-
tractum fluidum, seu
Extractum fluidum
Secalis cornuti; Ergoti
extractum fluidum seu
Extractum fluidum
Ergoti
Strength 100 per cent
Menstruum Diluted alcohol,
cent. HCl.
Requirement
Fluidextractum Ergotae.
100 mils from lOOGm. (approx.) .
with 2 per
Hyoscyamus
Hyoscyamus niger (L.) ;
Title
Requirement .
Tinctura hj-oscyami:
Title
Strength ....
Menstruum .
Requirement
Extractum hyoscyami:
Title
Menstruum . .
Requirement .
Ipecac
Uragoga ipecacuanhae (Baill.) :
Title
Requirement
Hyoscyami folium seu Hyoscyamus.
FoUum Hyoscyami
Use only the leaf Assayed: not less than 0.065 per
cent, of alkaloids. Leaves
and tops used.
Hyoscyami tinctura seu Tinctura Hyoscyami.
Tinctura Hyoscyami
10 per cent 100 mils from 10 Gm. (approx.).
Alcohol, 70 per cent.. . . Alcohol, 50 per cent.
Assayed: 100 mils contains
0.0055 to 0.0075 Gm. of myd-
riatic alkaloids.
Hyoscyami extractum Extractum Hyoscyami.
seu Extractum Hyo-
scyami
Alcohol, 70 per cent. . . . Made with 75 per cent, alco-
hol.
Solid extract (containing Assayed: 0.22 to 0.28 per cent,
about 10 per cent, of of alkaloids,
water)
Ipecacuanhae radix seu Ipecacuanha. (Rio or Carta-
Radix Ipecacuanhae gena.)
Only the root bark to be
used. The powder to The whole drug to contain 1.75
have an alkaloidal per cent, of ether-soluble
strength of 2.0 per alkaloids.
cent.
Ivi
Ipecac
Tinctura ipecacuanhae :
Title
INTERNATIONAL PROTOCOL
International Protocol
U.S.P.IX
Strength
Menstruum . .
Requirement .
Ipecacuanhae tinctura Not official,
sou Tinctura Ipeca-
cuanhae
10 per cent.
Alcohol, 70 per cent.
Syrupus ipecacuanhae ;
Title
Strength.
Mercurial Ointment
Unguentum hydrargyri:
Title ,
Strength.
Nux Vomica
Strychnos nux vomica (L.)t
Title
Requirement
Tinctura nucis vomica;:
Title
Strength ....
Menstruum .
Requirement
Ipecacuanhae sirupus seu SjTupus Ipecacuanhae.
Sirupus Ipecacuanhae
10 per cent, of the tine- Seven times stronger than the
ture International Protocol.
Hydrargyri imguentum Unguentum Hydrargyri.
seu Unguentum Hy-
drargyri
30 per cent 50 per cent. (Unguentum Hy-
drargyri Dilutum. U.S. P.
contains about 30 per cent,
of mercury.)
Strychni semen seu Se- Nux Vomica.
men Strj'chni seu Nux
vomica
2.5 per cent, total alka- Assayed: 2.5 per cent, of the
loids alkaloids.
Strychni tinctura se>i Tinctura Nucis Vomicae.
Tinctura Strychni;
Nucis vomicae tinc-
tura seu Tinctura Nu-
cis vomicae
10 per cent 100 mils from 10 Gm. (approx.).
Alcohol, 70 per cent. . . Alcohol, 75 per cent.
0.25 per cent, total alka- Assayed: 100 mils contains
loids 0.237 to 0.263 Gm. of the
alkaloids.
I
Extractum nucis vomica?:
Title
Menstruum .
Requirement
Opium
Opium :
Title
Strychni extractum .seu
Extractum Strychni ;
Nucis vomicae extrac-
tum seu Extractum
Nucis vomic;c
Alcohol, 70 per cent. . . .
16 per cent, total alka-
loids
Extractum Nucis Vomicae.
Powdered extract made with
75 per cent, alcohol.
Assayed: 15.2 to 16.8 percent.
of the alkaloids.
Requirement .
Opii pulvis seu Pulvis Opii Pulvis
Opii
Powder to be dried at
60° C; morphine 10
per cent.
Assayed: Powdered Opium 10
to 10.5 per cent, anhydrous
morphine.
INTERNATIONAL PROTOCOL Ivil
Opium International Protocol U.S. P. IX
Extractum opii:
Title Opii extractum seu Ex- Extractum Opii.
tractum Opii
Requirement Morphine 20 per cent . . Assayed: 19.5 to 20.5 per cent.
anhydrous morphine.
Tinctura opii:
Title Opii tinctura seu Tine- Tinctura Opii.
tura Opii
Strength 10 per cent 100 mils from 10 Gm. (approx.).
Menstruum • Alcohol, 70 per cent. . . . Alcohol, 50 per cent.
Requirement Morphine 1 per cent.. . . 100 mils contains 0.95 to 1.05
Gm. anhydrous morphine.
Tinctura opii crocata:
Title Opii tinctura crocata seu Not official.
Tinctura Opii crocata
seu Laudanum Sydeu-
hami
Strength 10 per cent, opiimi.
Menstruum »
Requirement Morphine 1 per cent .
Pulvis ipecacuanhas et opii :
Title Opii et Ipecacuanhse pul- Pulvis Ipecacuanhse et Opii.
vis compositus seu .
Pulvis Doveri
Requirement To contain 10 per cent. Ipecac 10, powdered opium
of powdered opium 10, sugar of milk 80.
Tinctura opii camphorata:
Title Opii tinctura benzoica Tinctura Opii Camphorata.
seu Tinctura Opii ben-
zoica
Requirement Morphine, 0.05 per cent. 100 mils contains 0.4 Gm.
powdered opium.
Phenol Water
Aqua phenolata:
Title Phenoli solutio seu Aqua Not official.
phenolata
Requirement Strength : 2 per cent.
Sodium Arsenate
Sodii arsenas:
Title Arsenas sodii seu Sodii Sodii Arsenas.
arsenas; Arsejiicicum
natrimn seu Natrium
arsenicicum
Requirement The crystallized salt con- Contains 58.98 to 61.92 per
taining 36.85 per cent. cent. anhydrous sodium
of arsenic acid arsenate.
Solution of Potassium Arsenite
Liquor potassii arsenitis :
Title Arsenicalis liquor Fowl- Liquor Potassii Arsenitis.
eri seu Liquor arseni-
cahs Fowleri seu Kalii
arsenicosi liquor
Requirement Strength in arsenious Contains potassium arsenite
acid, 1 per cent. corresponding in amount to
not less than 0.975 nor more
than 1.025 per cent, of
arsenic trioxide.
Iviii INTERNATIONAL PROTOCOL
International Protocol U.S. P. IX
SjTup of Ferrous Iodide
SjTupus ferri iodidi:
Title Ferri iodidi sirupus seu Syrupus Ferri Iodidi.
Sirupus iodati ferrosi
seuSirupus ferri iodati
Requirement Strength in anhydrous Contains 4.75 to 5.25 per cent.
ferrous iodide 5 per of ferrous iodide,
cent.
Tincture of Cantharides
Tinct ura cantharidis :
Title Cantharidis tinctura seu Tinctura Cantharidis.
Tinctura Cantharidis
Strength 10 per cent 100 mils from 10 Gm. (approx.).
Menstruum Alcohol, 70 per cent. . . . Alcohol, 95 per cent.
Requirement
Tincture of Iodine
Tinctura iodi:
Title Iodi tinctura seu Tine- Tinctura Iodi.
tura iodi
Strength 10 per cent Iodine 7 Gm., potassium iodide
5 Gm. in 100 mils.
Menstruum Alcohol, 95 per cent. . . . Alcohol, 90 per cent.
Requirement
Tincture of Lobelia
Tinctura lobeliae:
Title Lobehae tinctura seu Tinctura Lobelise.
Tinctura Lobeliie
Strength 10 per cent 100 mils from 10 Gm. (approx.).
Menstruum Alcohol, 70 per cent. . . Alcohol, 50 per cent.
Requirement
Tincture of Strophanthus
Tinctura strophanthi:
Title Strophanthi tinctura seu Tinctura Strophanthi.
Tinctura Strophanthi
Strength : . 10 per cent 100 mils from 10 Gm (approx.).
Menstruum Alcohol, 70 per cent. . . . Alcohol, 95 per cent.
Requirement Seeds not to be freed Assayed biologically. Purified
from fat benzin used to extract fixed
oil.
Wine of Antimony
Vinum antimonii:
Title Antimoniale vinum seu Not official.
Vinum antimoniale ;
Stibiatum vinum seu
Vinum stibiatum
Strength In tartar emetic, 0.4
per cent.
Requirement
I
I
Admissions, Deletions and Changes
ARTICLES ADDED TO PART I, U.S.P. IX
Acidum Phenj^lcinchoninicum
j^thylmorphinse Hydrochloridiim
Agar
Aqua Destillata Sterilisata
Aspidosperma
BetaeucainsE Hydrochloridum
Bismuthi Betanaphtholas
CaffeinjB Sodio-Benzoas
Calcii Glj'cerophosphas
Lactas
Cotarninae Hydrochloridum
Creosoti Carbonas
Diacetylmorphina
Diacetylmorphinse Hydrochloridum
Diastasum
Emetinae Hydrochloridum
Emplastrum Cantharidis
" Elasticum
" Resinae
Extractum Aconiti
" Fellis Bo vis
" Grelsemii
" Hydrastis
" Viburni Prunifolii
Fluidextractmn Aspidospermatis
Sabal
Glucosum
Hydrargyri Salicylas
Hydrastinae Hydrochloridum
Hypophysis Sicca
Liquor Hypophj^sis
" Sodii Chloridi Physiologicus
" " Glycerophosphatis
Magma Bismuthi
Magma Magnesia?
Nitrogenii Monoxidum
Oleoresina Petroselini
Oleum Pini Pumilionis
" Sesami
Oxj^genium
Paraformaldehydum
Petroselinum
Phenolphthaleinum
Potassa Sulphurata
Quininae Dihydrochloridum
" et LTreae Hydrochloridum
" Tannas
Scammoniae Radix
Serum Antidiphthericum Purificatum
" " Siccum
" Antitetaniciun
Purificatum
Siccum
Sodii Benzosulphinidmn
" Cacodylas
" Cyanidum
" Glycerophosphas
" Indigotindisulphonas
" Per boras
Sulphis Exsiccatus
Terra Sihcea Purificata
Theobrominae Sodio-SaHcylas
Theophylhna
Toxitabellae HydrargjTi Chloridi Cor-
rosivi
Trinitrophenol
Uranii Nitras
Virus Vaccinicum
lix
I
ARTICLES DISMISSED PROM U.S.P. VIII
Acetum Opii
Acidum Camphoricum
" Nitriciun Dilutum (Part II)
" Sulphurosum (Part II)
^ther Aceticus (Ethyl Acetate, Part II)
Aloe Purificata
Alumini Sulphas
Amygdala Amara
Anthemis
Apocynum
Argenti Cyanidum
" Nitras Mitigatus
Benzinum
Berberis
Bismuthi Citras
Bromum (Part II)
Calamus
Calcii Phosphaa Prgecipitatus
" Sulphas Exsiccatus
Calendula
Carbo Animalis
" " Purificatus
Carbonei Disulphidum (Part II)
Cassia Fistula
Cataplasma Kaolini
Ceratum Camphorae
" Plumbi Subacetatis
" Resinae Compositum
Chimaphila
Chirata
Chloralformamidum
Cinnaldehydum
Coca
Collodium Stypticum
Confectio Rosae
" Sennae
Conium
Convallaria
Cusso
Cypripedium
Elastica
Elixir Ferri, Quininae et StrychninsB
Phosphatura
Ix
Emplastrum Adhaesivum
" Hydrargyri
" Opii
" Saponis
Emulsum Chloroformi
" Olei Morrhuae cum Hypo-
phosphitibus
Euonymus
Eupatorium
Extractum Aloes
" Digitalis
" Euonymi
" Haematoxyli
" Krameriae
" Leptandrae
" Quassiae
" Scopolae
Fel Bovis Purificatum
Ferri Citras
" et Ammonii Sulphas (Part II)
" " " Tartras
" " Potassii "
" " Quininae Citras
" " Strychninae Citras
" Hydroxidum
" Hypophosphis
" Pyrophosphas Solubilis
Ficus
Fluidextractum Apocyni
" Berberidis
" Calami
" Calumbae
" Capsici
" Chimaphilse
" Chiratae
" Cocae
" Conii
" ConvallarisB
" Cubebae
" Cypripedii
" ' Euonymi
" Eupatorii
" Geranii
ARTICLES DISMISSED FROM U.S.P. VIII
Ixi
Pluidextractum Hamamelidis Foliorum
" Kramerise
" Lappae
" Leptandrse
" Lupulini
" Matico
" Mezerei
" Pareirae
" Phytolaccae
" Pruni Virginianae
" Quassise
" Quercus
" Quillajae
" Rhois Glabra?
Rubi
" Sabinae
" Sanguinariae
" Scopolse
" Scutellariae
" Serpentariae
" Stramonii
" Valerianae
" Viburni Opuli
Geranium
Glyceritum Ferri, Quininae et Strychninae
Phosphatum
Gossypii Cortex
Haematoxylon
Hamamelidis Cortex
Folia
Hedeoma
Hyoscyaminae Sulphas
Infusum Pruni Virginianae
lodolum
Kaoliniun
Krameria
Lappa
Leptandra
Limonis Succus
tiquor Antisepticus
" Chlori Compositus (Part II)
" Hydrargyri Nitratis
" Sodii Phosphatis Compositus
Lithii Benzoas
" Citras Effervescens
" SaUcylas
Lupulinum
Magnesii Sulphas Effervescens
Mangani Hypophosphis
Sulphas (Part II)
Marrubium
Mastiche
Matico
Mistura Ferri Composita
" Rhei et Sodae
Morphinae Acetas
Mucilago Sassafras Medullae
Ulmi
Naphthaleniun
Oleatum Atropinae
" Cocainae
" Quininae
" Veratrinae
Oleoresina Lupulini
Oleum Adipis
" -iEthereum
" Copaibae
" Erigerontis
" Hedeomae
" Rosse
" Sabinae
Pareira
Physostigminae Sulphas
Phytolacca
Pilulae Aloes et Ferri
" " " Mastichea
" " " Myrrhae
" Catharticae Vegetabiles
" Laxativae Compositae
" Opu
" Podophylli, BeUadonnae et Capsici
Pimenta
Piperina
Plumbi lodidum
" Nitras (Part II)
Potassii Cyanidum
" Dichromas (Part II)
" Ferrocyanidum (Part II)
Sulphas (Part II)
Prunum
Pulvis Acetanilidi Compositus
" Morphinae "
Quercus
Quillaja
Rhus Glabra
Rubus
Ixii
ARTICLES DISMISSED FROM U.S.P. VIII
Sabina
Safrolum
Salvia
Santonica
Sassafras Medulla
Scammonium
Scoparius
Scopola
Scutellaria
Sodii Bisulphis (Part II)
" Chloras
" Nitras
PjTophosphas
Sulphis
Spiritus .Etheris Cumpositus
" Ammonise
" Frumenti
" Gaultheria
Vini GaUici
Sulphuris lodidum
Syrupus Amygdake
Calcis
" Ferri, Quininas et Strj-chnina;
Phosphatum
" Hypophosphitum Compositus
" Krameriae
" Rosae
Rubi
Talcum
Tamarindus
Terebinthina
" Canadensis
Tinctura Aloes et Myrrhae
Tinctura Calendulae
" Cimicifugae
Gallaj
" Herbarum Recentium
" Ipecacuanhae et Opii
" Krameriae
Quillajae
" . Serpen tariae
Vanilla
Trochisci Gambir
" GlycjTrhizae et Opii
" Krameriae
" Santonini
Unguentum HydrargAri Oxidi Rubri
" Potassii lodidi
" Veratrinae
" Zinci Stearatis
\'anilla
\'iburnum Opulus
\'inum Album
" Antimonii
" Cocae
" Colchici Seminis
" Ergotae
" Ferri
" " Amarum
" Ipecacuanhae
" Opii
" Rubrum
Zea
Zinci Bromidum
" lodidum
I
ARTICLES ADDED TO PART II, U.S.P. IX
Reagents, Test Solutions, and Volumetric Solutions
Acetic Acid Anhydride
Acetone
Ammonia, Spirit of
Ammonium Nitrate
Polysulphide T.S.
" Vanadate
Aniline Sulphate
T.S.
Arsenic Acid
" " T.S., Concentrated
" Trioxide
Asbestos
AzoUtmin
T.S.
Azur II
" II-Eosin
Barium Chloride
" Hydroxide
" Nitrate
Beef Extract
Benzidine
Betaiminazolylethylamine Hydrochlo-
ride
Blood Senma
Bromine
Cadmium and Potassium Iodide
Chloride
T.S.
Iodide
Canada Turpentine
Carbon Tetrachloride
Carmine
Cobaltous Chloride
" T.S.
Congo Red
" T.S.
Cupric Acetate
" T.S.
Curare
•Dimethylaminoazobenzene
Diphenylamine
Eosiu A
Ether, Dehydrated
Ethyl Acetate
Ferric Ammonium Sulphate
Ferrous Sulphate (Acid) T.S.
Filter Paper, Quantitative
Fluorescein
Fuchsin
" Acid
Fuchsin-Sulphurous Acid T.S.
Glass ^^'ool
Glucose, Dry
Gold Chloride
T.S., Diluted
Hematein
Hematoxylin
Hydrated Chloral T.S.
Indigo Carmine T.S.
lodeosin
Iodine, Purified
lodo-bromide T.S.
Laevomethj'laminoethanolcatechol
Lead Acetate Glass Wool
" " Test Paper
" . T.S., Alcoholic
" Nitrate
" Peroxide
Lime, Freshly Slaked
Magnesium Chloride
Manganese Sulphate
T.S.
Mercuric Bromide
" " Test Paper
T.S., AlcohoUc
Methyl Orange
" Red
" T.S.
" Violet 6B
Methylene Green
Molybdic Acid
Naphthylamine (Alpha) Hydrochloride
ti a " T S
(Beta)
bdii
Ixiv
ARTICLES ADDED TO PART II, U.S.P. IX
■1
Nitric Acid, Diluted
Oil of Cedanvood
Orange G
Orcin
Ouabain
Palladous Chloride
Paradimethylaminobenzaldehj'de
Peptone
Phenoldisulphonic Acid T.S.
Phenylhydrazine
" Dihydrochloride
" Hydrochloride
Phloroglucinol
T.S.
Phosphotungstic Acid
Platinic Chloride
Potassium Chromate
" Ferricyanide
" Hj'droxide T.S., Special
** Sulphate
PyrogaUol T.S., Alkaline
Resorcinol T.S.
Rosaniliue Acetate
Rosolic Acid
" " T.S.
Sawdust, Purified
Selenous Acid
Silver, Metallic
" Sulphate
Sodium Acetate, Anhydrous
" Bisulphite
T.S.
Sodium Bitartrate
" Carbonate, Anhydrous
Chloride
" Cyanide T.S.
" Hj'pobromite T.S.
" Nitroprusside
Oxalate
" Phospho-tungstate T.S.
Sulphide
T.S.
" Tartrate, Neutral
" Tungstate
Stannous Chloride
T.S., Acid
T.S., Saturated
Starch (Potato)
Succinic Acid
SulphaniUc Acid
Sulpho-sahcylic Acid
Sulphuric Acid, Fuming
" " Purified and Concen-
trated for Tests
Sulphurous Acid
Toluol
Xylol
Yeast
Zinc Dust
" Oxide
Tenth-Normal Barium Hydroxide V.S.
Half-Normal Potassium Hydroxide V.S.
Hundredth-Normal Silver Nitrate V.S.
Two-Hundredth-Normal Sodium Thio-
sulphate V.S.
Diagnostical Reagents and Clinical Tests
Agar-Agar, Glycerin
" " Glucose
" " Lactose-htmus
" Plain
Alcoholic Solution of Dimethylamino-
azobenzene
" " " Iodine (1 per cent.)
tt II n it /•jn " " ")
" '' " Methyl Violet 6B
" " " Methylthionine
Chloride (Saturated)
Aloin (isobarbaloin containing barbaloin)
Alum-hematoxylon Solution
Anihne Water and Methj'l Violet 6B
Solution
Aqueous Solution of Trinitropheuol
(Saturated)
Bial's Reagent
Borax Methylene Blue Solution
Bouillon, Glucose
Plain
Stock
Carminfibrin
Congo Red Test Paper
Diluted Carbolfuchsin Solution
Ebner's Fluid
ARTICLES ADDED TO PART II, U.S.P. IX
Ixv
Ehrlich's Solution for Diazo Reaction
" Urobilinogen
" Triacid Stain
Esbach's Reagent
Ether (containing Hydrogen Dioxide)
Gelatin, Glucose
" Plain
Giemsa's Stain
Gram's Iodine Solution
Giinzburg's Reagent
Hayem's Solution
Iodine Potassium Iodide Solution
Jenner's Stain
Loffler's Methylene Blue Solution
" Mixture (Blood Serum)
Mayer's Hemalum
Mixture of Zinc Acetate
Nitric Acid (containing a trace of nitrous
acid)
" " Solution for Decolorizing
Nylander's Reagent
Obermeyer's Solution
Oxygenated Oil of Turpentine
Pavy's Solution
Solution for Hemoglobin Estimation
" WTiite Corpuscles
of Calcium Chloride
" Carbolfuchsin
" Carbol Methyl Violto
" Chlorinated Lime (Saturated)
" Copper Sulphate
" Guaiac
" Lead Acetate
" Rosolic Acid
" Sodium Hydroxide (for Sugar
Reaction)
" Sodium Hypobromite
" Zinc Chloride (10 per cent.)
Spiegler-Jolles Reagent
Toison's Solution
Wright's Stain
Yeast (for fermentation test)
ARTICLES DISMISSED FROM APPENDIX, U.S.P. VIII
Mercuric Chloride Test Paper
T.S., AlcohoUc
Methyl Alcohol
Naphthylamine Acetate T.S.
Potassium Cyanide T.S.
Sodium Nitrite
Barium Carbonate
Brazil-Wood T.S.
Cobaltous Nitrate T.S.
Indigo T.S.
Iodine T.S., Alcoholic
Lead Acetate Test Gause
CHANGES IN OFFICIAL LATIN TITLES
U.S.P. VIII U.S.P. IX
Alcohol Absolutum Alcohol Dehydratum
Aqua Hydrogenii Dioxidi Liquor Hydrogenii Dioxidi
Calx Sulphurata Calcii Sulphidum Crudum
Cannabis Indica Cannabis
Cardamomum Cardamomi Semen
Charta Sinapis Emplastrum Sinapis
Elixir Adjuvans EUxir Glycyrrhizae
Extractum Cannabis Indicse Extractum Cannabis
" Rhanini Purshianse " Cascarse Sagradae
Ferri et Quininse Citras Solubilis Ferri et Quininae Citras
" Phosphas SolubiUs " Phosphas
Fluidextractum Cannabis Indicse Fluidextractum Cannabis
" Rhamni Purshianae " Cascarse Sagradae
" Rhamni Purshianae Aro- " Cascarse Sagradae Aro-
maticum maticum
" Veratri " Veratri Viridis
Glandulae Suprarenales Siccae Suprarenalum Siccum
" ThjToidese " Thyroideum "
Hyoscinae Hydrobromidum Scopolaminae Hydrobromidum
Methylthioninae Hydrochloridum Methylthioninae Chloridum
Oleum Aurantii Corticis Oleum Aurantii
" Betulae Meth3iis Salicylas
" Cinnamomi Oleum Cassiae
" Gaultheriae Methylis Salicylas
" Lavandulae Florum Oleum Lavandulae
" Picis Liquidae " Picis Liquidae Rectificatxmi
Resina Scammonii Resina Scammoniae
Rhamnus Purshiana Cascara Sagrada
Tinctura Cannabis Indicae Tinctura Cannabis
" Veratri " Veratri Viridia
Veratmm Veratrum Viride
Ixvi
I
i
I
CHANGES IN OFFICIAL ENGLISH TITLES
u.s.p. vm u.s.p. IX
Acetanilide Acetanilid
Wool-Fat Wool Fat
Hydrous Wool-Fat Hydrous Wool Fat
Absolute Alcohol Dehydrated Alcohol
Sulphurated Lime Crude Calcium Sulphide
Indian Cannabis Cannabis
Cardamom Cardamom Seed
Cloves Clove
Mustard Paper Mustard Plaster
Adjuvant Elixir Elixir of Glycyrrhiza
Extract of Indian Cannabis Extract of Cannabis
Soluble Iron and Quinine Citrate Iron and Quinine Citrate
" Ferric Phosphate Ferric Phosphate
Fluidextract of Cannabis Indica; Fluidextract of Cannabis
" " Veratrum " " Veratrum Viride
Desiccated Suprarenal Glands Dried Suprarenals
Thyroid " " Thyroids
Hyoscine Hydrobromide Scopolamine Hydrobromide
Methj-lthionine Hydrochloride Methylthionine Chloride
Oil of Orange Peel Oil of Orange
" " Betula Methyl Salicylate (from Betula)
" " Gaultheria " Salicylate (from Gaultheria)
" " Lavender Flowers Oil of Lavender
" " Tar Rectified Oil of Tar
Tincture of Cannabis Indica Tincture of Cannabis
" " Veratrum " " Veratrum Viride
Blue Ointment Diluted Mercurial Ointment
^'eratrum Veratrum Viride
Ixvii
Ixviii
COMPARATIVE TABLE SHOWING STRENGTH OF THE MORE
-. CQ
B
a
&
o
o
o
y
vt
(0
E
E
u
CO
CQ
Ji
X
a.
0.
•*•*
■M
c
c
m
Rt
CA
^
4>
L.
O
0.
a
E
i^
•a
c
V
rt
JC
■4-)
be
«t«
c
o
"O
J3
-4-1
be
2
C
0.
4)
X
c
■♦J
be
c
c
o
^
11
o
u.
JS
C3
CA
a
4>
4>
L.
X
Q.
CQ
l-
CI 71 e^ CO
o o o o
pH S S n
u u o ™
u o
c -
a>
K W K ^ o
^ Cm Clh
1*^ CO n
i-M h5 W
. ^ ^ S
s w
o __
w o
o
u ^
(N ~ M)
«
fO lO O lO lO
fe "^ S 25 cj d
C2
-St- a.
lO »-i lO "C O
CO O C^ (M o 5
CO 1—1 CO <-i «
o o
c3
o o o o o o o
-f^ -*^ -+-> -^ -4J -f^ -fcJ
Oi 05 T— I 0> fH o o>
S lO ^
O 05 S
'o "rt O
Q O q C3 _o o
i; e
<^ do
a
o ::
D. 'o
T3 O
=3 S
3
- Op-- O -
=^ a
C! -
si -
J3
o ^ ^ -
(N O O lO .-
c3
-tJ
c -
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I
I
THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
I
I
THE
PHARMACOPOEIA
OF THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
PART I
ACACIA
Acacia
Acac. — Gum Arabic
The dried gummy exudation of Acacia Senegal Willdenow, and of
other African species of Acacia (Fam. Leguminosce) .
In ovoid, more or less spheroidal tears, or in broken, angular fragments from
2 to 30 mm. in diameter, varying from white or yellowish-white to light amber-
colored; translucent; very brittle; fractured surface glass-Uke, sometimes iri-
descent; nearly inodorous; taste insipid, mucilaginous.
Insoluble in alcohol ; slowly and almost completely soluble in twice its weight
of water, forming a mucilaginous liquid, which has a slight, characteristic odor
and is acid to litmus. When either 0.1 mil of basic lead acetate T.S., or 0.1 mil
of a concentrated solution of sodium borate, or 0.1 mil of ferric chloride T.S. is
added to 10 mils of a 10 per cent, aqueous solution of Acacia, a gelatinous pre-
cipitate is produced. The precipitate produced with ferric chloride T.S. is neither
black nor brownish-black {tannin).
The powder is whitish, with few or no starch grains or fragments of vegetable
tissues.
Not more than 1 per cent, of powdered Acacia is insoluble in water {plant
tissues, sand, or dirt).
Acacia yields not more than 4 per cent, of ash, and the powder contains not
more than 15 per cent, of moisture.
Preparations — Mucilago Acaciae Syrupus Acaciae.
ACETANILIDUM
Acetanilid
Acetanil. — Acetanihde Antifebrin
The monoacetyl derivative [CsHgON or CeHsNH.CHgCO = 135.08]
of aniline.
Acetanilid occurs in colorless, shining, micaceous, crystalline laminae, or as a
crystalline powder; odorless, having a slightly burning taste; permanent in
the air.
3
THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
One Gm. of Acetanilid dissolves in 190 mils of water, 3.4 mils of alcohol, 3.7
mils of chloroform, 17 mils of ether, 47 mils of benzene, and in about 5 mils of
glycerin at 25° C. ; also in 20 mils of boiling water and in 0.6 mil of boiling alcohol.
Its saturated aqueous solution is neutral to litmus.
AcetaniUd melts between 112° and 114° C.
Boil about 0.1 Gm. of Acetanilid with 5 mils of potassium hydroxide T.S., the
characteristic odor of aniline becomes noticeable. Now add 1 mil of chloroform,
and again heat the mixture; the disagreeable odor of phenylisocyanide (a poison-
ous substance) is evolved.
Boil about 0.1 Gm. of Acetanilid for several minutes with 2 mils of hydro-
chloric acid; a clear solution results, which, when mixed with 3 mils of an aqueous
solution of phenol (1 in 20) and afterwards with 5 mils of a filtered, saturated
solution of chlorinated lime, acquires a brownish-red color, which becomes deep
blue upon supersaturation with ammonia water.
Bromine T.S. produces a white, crystalline precipitate in an aqueous solution
of Acetanilid.
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of AcetaniUd; not more than 0.05 per cent, of ash
remains.
The solution of about 0.5 Gm. of Acetanilid in 5 mils of colorless sulphuric
acid is not more than faintly yellow {readily carbonizable impurities).
Add 5 drops of ferric chloride T.S to 5 mils of a cold, saturated aqueous
solution of Acetanilid; the color does not differ from that produced by adding
5 drops of ferric chloride T.S. to 5 mils of distilled water ^aniline salts or other
allied substances).
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3 grains.
ACETONUM
Acetone
Aceton . — Dimethyl-ketone
A liquid containing not less than 99 per cent, by weight of CaHeO or
CH3.CO.CH3 (58.05). Preserve it in well-closed containers, in a cool
place, remote from fire.
A transparent, colorless, mobile and volatile liquid of a characteriatic ethereal
odor and a pungent, sweetish taste.
Specific gravity: about 0.790 at 25° C.
Miscible without cloudiness with water, alcohol, ether, chloroform, and with
most volatile oils.
It volatilizes even at low temperatures and boils between 56° and 58° C. It
is inflammable and bums with a luminous, non-sooty flame.
Acetone does not aff'ect the color of blue or red Utmus paper previously mois-
tened with water.
Evaporate 25 mils of Acetone in a platinum or porcelain dish on a water
bath; not more than 0.002 Gm. of residue remains.
Mix 20 mils of Acetone in a clean, glass-stoppered bottle, with 0.1 mil of
tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S. ; the pink tint so produced does
not wholly disappear in less than fifteen minutes [empyreumatic substances).
Assay — Determine the exact weight of a glass-stoppered weighing bottle
containing 15 mils of distilled water, add about 1 mil of Acetone, and again
weigh accurately. Transfer the contents of the bottle, washing the bottle well
with distilled water, to a 1000 mil graduated flask, fill to the mark with distilled
water, and mix the contents thoroughly. Place 25 mils of normal potassium
hydroxide V.S. in a 250 mil glass-stoppered flask, add exactly 25 mils of the
Acetone solution (representing one-fortieth of the weight of Acetone taken),
then, with constant agitation of the flask, add 35 mils of tenth-normal iodine
tJNITED STATES OF AMERICA
V.S., and allow the mixture to stand for fifteen minutes. Now add 26 mils of
nonnal hydrochloric acid V.S. and at once titrate the residual iodine with tenth-
nonnal sodium thiosulphate V.S., with the addition of starch T.S. as indicator
when the Uquid is nearly decolorized. Conduct a blank test with the same
quantities of the reagents and subtract the quantity of tenth-normal iodine
V.S. consumed in this blank test from that consumed in the assay.
Each mil of this difference, which represents the iodine consumed by the
reaction with the Acetone, corresponds to 0.0009675 Gm. of CsHsO. Each
gramme of Acetone corresponds to not less than 1023 mils of tenth-normal
iodine V.S.
ACETPHENETIDINUM
Acetphenetidin
Acetphen. — Phenacetin
The monoacetyl derivative [CioHiaOaN or C6H4(0C2H5).NH.CH3
CO 1:4 = 179.1 1 ] of para-amidophenetol.
Acetphenetidin occurs in white, glistening, crystalline scales or as a fine crystal-
line powder ; odorless, having a slightly bitter taste and producing a faint numbing
effect on the tongue; permanent in the air.
OneGm. of Acetphenetidin dissolves in 1310 mils of water, 15 mils of alcohol,
14 mils of chloroform, and in 90 mils of ether at 25° C; also in 82 mils of boil-
ing water and 2.8 mils of boiling alcohol.
Its saturated aqueous solution is neutral to litmus.
Acetphenetidin melts between 133° and 135° C.
Boil about 0.1 Gm. of Acetphenetidin for one minute with 1 mil of hydro-
chloric acid, dilute the mixture with 10 mils of distilled water, cool, and filter it; a
drop of potassium dichromate T.S. added to the filtrate produces a ruby-red color.
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Acetphenetidin; not more than 0.05 per cent, of ash
remains.
A mixture of about 0.005 Gm. of Acetphenetidin and 1 mil of nitric acid is
colored yellow, the color becoming darker on standing. The solution of about
0.5 Gm. of Acetphenetidin in 5 mils of colorless sulphuric acid is not more than
faintly yellow {readily carbonizable impurities).
Boil about 0.1 Gm. of Acetphenetidin with 10 mils of distilled water until
dissolved, cool the solution, filter it, and add bromine T.S. to the filtrate, drop
by drop, with agitation after each addition, until the solution remains perma-
nently yellow; neither turbidity nor precipitation is produced (acetanilid) .
A mixture of about 0.3 Gm. of Acetphenetidin with 1 mil of alcohol and 1
drop of tenth-normal iodine V.S. does not acquire a red tint when diluted with
three times its volume of distilled water and boiled (parophenetidin) .
Average dose — Metric, 0.3 Gm. — Apothecaries, 5 grains.
ACETUM SCILL.E
Vinegar of Squill
Acet. Scill.
Squill, in No, 20 powder, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Diluted Acetic Acid, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
6 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Macerate the squill with nine hundred mils of diluted acetic acid
during seven days with frequent agitation; then strain the mixture,
and wash the mass on the strainer with enough diluted acetic acid
to make the strained liquid measure nearly one thousand mils.
Heat this liquid to boiling, filter while hot, and when cold add
sufficient diluted acetic acid to make the product measure one thousand
mils.
Preparation — Syrupus Scillae.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
ACIDUM ACETICUM
Acetic Acid
Acid. Acet.
An aqueous solution containing not less than 36 per cent, nor more
than 37 per cent, of C2H4O2 or CH3.COOH (60.03).
Acetic Acid is a clear, colorless liquid, having a strong, characteristic, vinegar-
Uke odor, a sharply acid taste, and a strongly acid reaction.
Acetic Acid is miscible with water or alcohol.
Specific gravity: about 1.045 at 25° C.
Add sufficient ammonia water to Acetic Acid to neutralize it or to leave the
Acid in slight excess, and then add ferric chloride T.S.; a blood-red color de-
velops which is discharged by strongly acidulating the liquid with sulphuric acid.
Evaporate 20 mils of Acetic Acid to dryness on a water bath; not more than
0.002 Gm. of residue remains.
Acetic Acid diluted with 20 volumes of distilled water does not respond to
the Test for heavy metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Separate portions of 1 mil each of Acetic Acid, diluted with 10 volumes of
distilled water, show no turbidity on the addition of a few drops of barium
chloride T.S. (sulphuric acid) nor any opalescence with a few drops of silver
nitrate T.S. (hydrochloric acid).
Supersaturate 5 mils of the Acid with 10 mils of ammonia water, add 5 mils of
tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. and boil the solution for one or two minutes;
no dark deposit is produced (formic or sulphurous acid).
Dilute 4 mils of the Acid, in a glass-stoppered bottle, with 20 mils of dis-
tilled water and add 0.5 mil of tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S.
The pink tint is not changed to brown at once, and does not become entirely
brown or free from pinkish-brown in less than half a minute (empyreumatic
subslances).
Assay — Pour about 6 mils of Acetic Acid into a tared flask, stopper and
weigh accurately, dilute with 50 mils of distilled water, and titrate with normal
potassium hydroxide V.S., using phenolphthalein T.S. as indicator. It shows
not less than 36 per cent, nor more than 37 per cent, of C2H4O2.
Each mil of normal potas.sium hydroxide V.S. used corresponds to 0.06003
Gm. of C2H4O2. Each gramme of Acetic Acid corresponds to not less than
6.00 mils nor more than 6.16 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
Preparation — Acidum Aceticum Dilutum.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
ACIDUM ACETICUM DILUTUM
Diluted Acetic Acid
Acid. Acet. Dil.
An aqueous solution containing not less than 5.7 nor more than 6.3
per cent, of C2H4O2 or CH3.COOH (60.03).
Acetic Acid, one hundred and twenty grammes 120 Gm.
Distilled Water, six hundred and ten grammes 610 Gm.
To make seven hundred and thirty grammes. . . 730 Gm.
Mix them.
It is miscible with water or alcohol.
Specific gravity: about 1.008 at 25° C.
Diluted Acetic Acid responds to the tests for identity and purity under
Acidum Acelicum, allowance being made for the difference in strength.
Assay — Pour about 25 mils of Diluted Acetic Acid into a tared flask, weigh
accurately, and titrate with normal potassium hydroxide V.S., using phenol-
phthalein T.S. as indicator. It shows not less than 5.8 nor more than 6.3
per cent, of C2H4O2.
Each mil of normal pota.ssium hydroxide V.S. used corresponds to 0.06003
Gm. of C2H4O2. Each gramme of Diluted Acetic Acid corresponds to not less
than 0.95 mil nor more than 1.05 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
ACIDUM ACETICUM GLACIALE
Glacial Acetic Acid
Acid. Acet. Qlac.
A liquid containing not less than 99 per cent, of C2H4O2 or CH3.COOH
(60.03). Preserve it in glass-stoppered bottles.
Glacial Acetic Acid is a clear, colorless hquid with a strong, vinegar-hke odor,
and a very pungent, acid taste.
It is miscible with water or alcohol.
Specific gravity: from 1.047 to 1.050 at 25° C.
It boils between 117° and 118° C.
Congealing point: not below 14.5° C.
Glacial Acetic Acid responds to the tests for identity and purity under
Acidum Aceticum when diluted to that strength, but the tint produced by the
addition of 0.1 mil of tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S. to 2 mils of
Glacial Acetic Acid, diluted with 10 mils of distilled water and contained in a
glass-stoppered bottle, is not changed to brown within two hours.
Assay — Pour about 2.5 mils of Glacial Acetic Acid into a tared flask contain-
ing 10 mils of distilled water, stopper and weigh accurately, dilute ^-ith 40 mils
of distilled water, and titrate this solution \\-ith normal potassium hydroxide
V.S., using phenolphthalein T.S. as indicator. It shows not less than 99 per
cent, of C2H4O2.
Each mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. used corresponds to 0.06003
Gm. of C2H4O2. Each gramme of Glacial Acetic Acid corresponds to not less
than 16.5 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
ACIDUM BENZOICUM
Benzoic Acid
Acid. Benz.
An organic acid obtained from benzoin, or prepared synthetically.
It contains, when dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sul-
phuric acid, not less than 99.5 per cent, of CvHeOa or CeHs.COOH
(122.05). Preserve it in well-closed containers, in a cool place, protected
from light.
Benzoic Acid occurs in lustrous scales or friable needles. The synthetic
Acid is white, odorless, or ^dth a slight odor of benzaldehyde; the natural Acid
is white or yellowish, acquires a darker color on exposure to Ught, and has a
slight odor of benzoin. Benzoic Acid has a pungent taste, is somewhat vola-
tile at moderately warm temperatures and freely volatile with steam.
One Gm. of Benzoic Acid dissolves in 275 mils of water, 2.3 mils of alcohol,
4.5 mils of chloroform, 3 mils of ether, in 10 mils of benzene and in 23 mils of
oil of turpentine at 25° C; also in 18 mils of boiUng water, 1.5 mils of boiling
alcohol, and in fixed or volatile oils.
A saturated aqueous solution of Benzoic Acid is acid to litmus.
It melts between 120° and 122° C.
Benzoic Acid is freely dissolved by solutions of the alkali hydroxides; neu-
tralize such a solution carefully and add ferric chloride T.S., previously diluted
with 2 volumes of distilled water and neutralized, if necessary, with ammonia
water; a pink precipitate of ferric benzoate is produced.
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Benzoic Acid; not more than 0.05 per cent, of ash
remains.
A solution of about 0.1 Gm. of the synthetic Acid in 2 mils of sulphuric acid
does not become darker than light yellow, when warmed for five minutes at
50° C. The color produced by the Acid from benzoin «tested in the same manner,
does not become darker than light brown {readily carhonizable impurities).
Mix 0.5 Gm. of the Acid and about 1 Gm. of calcium carbonate (free from
chloride) with a little distilled water in a crucible, dry the mixture and incinerate it
at a low red heat. Dissolve the residue in 25 mils of diluted nitric acid (free from
chloride) and filter. If the s3Tithetic Acid is being tested, the addition of 0.5 mil
of silver nitrate T.S. to the filtrate does not produce a greater turbidity than is
produced by the same quantity of the reagent in a mixture of 25 mils of distilled
water and 0.1 mil of tenth-normal hydrochloric acid V.S. If the Acid from ben-
zoin is being tested, the turbidity is not greater than that produced by the same
quantity of reagent in a mixture of 25 mils of distilled water and 0.05 mil of
tenth-normal hydrochloric acid V.S. (chlorine).
Warm 0.5 Gm. of the Acid with 5 mils of distilled water and 0.5 Gm. of potas-
sium permanganate in a loosely-stoppered test tube, and place it in a water
bath, heated to about 45° C, for ten minutes. Stopper the test tube tightly
and allow it to cool. On removing the stopper, no odor of benzaldehyde is per-
ceptible {cinnamic acid).
Assay — Dissolve about 0.5 Gm. of Benzoic Acid, previously dried to constant
weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid and accurately weighed, in 25 mils
of diluted alcohol which has been previously neutralized with tenth-normal
potassium hydroxide V.S., phenolphthalein T.S. being used as indicator.
Titrate this .solution with tenth-normal barium hydroxide V.S., using phenol-
phthalein T.S. as indicator. It shows, in the dried acid, not less than 99.5
per cent, of C7H6O2.
Each mil of tenth-normal barium hydroxide V.S. used corresponds to 0.012205
Gm. of CvIIeOa. Each gramme of Benzoic Acid, previously dried, corresponds
to not less than 81.5 mils of tenth-normal barium hydroxide V.S.
Preparation — Tinctura Opii Camj)horata.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
ACIDUM BORICUM
Boric Acid
Acid. Bor. — Boracic Acid
It contains, when dried to constant weight in a desiccator over
sulphuric acid, not less than 99.5 per cent, of H3BO3 (62.02).
Boric Acid occura in transparent, colorless scales, of a somewhat pearly lustre,
as six-sided, triclinic crystals, or as a white, bulky powder, slightly unctuous
to the touch; odorless, having a faintly bittei; taste; permanent in the air.
One Gm. of Boric Acid dissolves in 18 mils of water, 18 mils of alcohol, and
in 4 mils of glycerin at 25° C; also in 4 mils of boiling water and 6 mils of
boiling alcohol.
When heated to 100° C, Boric Acid loses water, forming metaboric acid
(hydrogen metaborate, HBO2), which slowly volatilizes at that temperature.
Heated to about 160° C, Boric Acid fuses to a glassy mass of tetraboric or
pyroboric acid (hydrogen tetraborate, H2B4O7); at a higher temperature the
fused mass swells, loses all of its water, and becomes boron trioxide (B2O3),
which fuses into a transparent, non-volatile, hygroscopic mass.
Boric Acid volatilizes from a boiling aqueous or alcoholic solution.
Its solution in alcohol or glycerin, when ignited, burns with a flame enveloped
by a green mantle.
An aqueous solution of Boric Acid (1 in 50) is slightly acid to litmus. Tur-
meric paper moistened with such a solution, to which a little hydrochloric acid
T.S. has been added, becomes reddish-brown on drying, this color being changed
to greenish-black by ammonia water.
One Gm. of Boric Acid dissolves completely in 10 mils of boiling alcohol.
An aqueous solution of the Acid does not respond to the Test for heavy
metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
An aqueous solution of Boric Acid meets the requirements of the Test for
arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1).
Assay — Dissolve about 2.5 Gm. of Boric Acid, previously dried to constant
weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid and accurately weighed, in 50 mils
of distilled water and 50 mils of glycerin and titrate with normal sodium hydrox-
ide V.S., phenolphthalein T.S. being used as indicator. It shows, in the dried
acid, not less than 99.5 per cent, of H3BO3.
Each mU of normal sodium hj'droxide V.S. used corresponds to 0.06202 Gm.
of H3BO3. Each gramme of Boric Acid, previously dried, corresponds to not
less than 16.04 mils of normal sodium hydroxide V.S.
Preparations — Glyceritum Boroglycerini Unguentum Acidi Borici.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5_Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
ACIDUM CITRICUM
Citric Acid
Acid. Cit.
A tribasic organic acid usually obtained from the juice of limes or
lemons. It contains not less than 99.5 per cent, of C6H8O7+H2O
or C3H4(0H)(C00H)3+H20 (210.08). Preserve it in well-closed con-
tainers.
Citric Acid occurs in colorless, translucent, right-rhombic prisms, or as a
white powder; odorless and having an acid taste; efflorescent in warm air.
One Gm. of Citric Acid dissolves in 0.5 mil of water, 1.8 mils of alcohol,
and in about 30 mils of ether at 25° C; also in 0.5 mil of boiling water.
10 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
An aqueous solution of Citric Acid (1 in 20) is acid to litmus.
Add 1 mil of an aqueous solution of the Acid (1 in 10) to 50 mils of calcium
hydroxide T.S. (or sufficient of the latter to render the mixture alkaline); the
liquid remains clear. When boiled for about one minute, the solution becomes
opaque through the precipitation of calcium citrate.
When slowly ignited, Citric Acid is gradually decomposed without emitting
an odor resembling burning sugar (difference from tartaric acid).
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Citric Acid; not more than 0.05 per cent, of ash
remains.
An aqueous solution of Citric Acid (1 in 10), which has been nearly neutralized
with ammonia water, remains clear on the addition of calcium sulphate T.S.
(oxalic acid).
Heat about 5 Gm. of powdered Citric Acid for fifteen minutes on a water
bath with 5 mils of sulphuric acid in a porcelain dish, which has previously been
rinsed with sulphuric acid, keeping the mixture protected from dust; no darker
color than yellow develops (tartaric acid).
Ten mils of an aqueous solution of the Acid (1 in 50) mixed with 0.5 mil
of hydrochloric acid does not respond to the Test for heavy metals (see Part II,
Test No. 3).
The addition of 1 mil of barium chloride T.S. to 10 mils of an aqueous solu-
tion of the Acid (1 in 100), to wliich have previously been added a few drops of
hydrochloric acid, produces no turbidity (sulphuric acid).
Dissolve 10 Gm. of Citric Acid in 20 mils of distilled water, add 2 mils of sul-
phurous acid and boil the mixture until the odor of sulphur dioxide is barely
f)erceptible. Cool the solution, mix it with 1 mil of sodium cyanide T.S. and fol-
ow this immediately with stronger ammonia water until the solution possesses
a slight odor of ammonia. When cold, transfer the solution to a glass-stoppered
cylinder graduated at 50 mils, dilute it with sufficient distilled water to measure
60 mils, and add 3 drops of sodium sulphide T.S. After mixing well, the color
produced in the solution, if any, when viewed downward against a white surface,
is not greater than the color of a control solution prepared as follows: Dissolve 2
Gm. of ammonium chloride (see Reagents, Part II) in 20 mils of distilled water,
add 4 mils of a solution containing 0.08 Gm. of lead nitrate in 1000 mils of dis-
tilled water, and then 1 mil of diluted hydrochloric acid. Treat this solution with
the same quantity of sulphurous acid, sodium cyanide T.S. and stronger ammonia
water, as directed above, transfer to another 50 mil glass-stoppered cylinder,
then dilute it with sufficient distilled water to make 50 mils and add 3 drops
of sodium sulphide T.S. (before adding the sodium sulphide T.S., the liquid
must possess a distinct odor of ammonia, and the two cylinders used must be
matched, be of practically colorless glass, and have the same internal diameter)
(lead).
Assay — Dissolve about 3 Gm. of the Acid, accurately weighed, in 50 mils of
distilled water and titrate the solution with normal potassium hydroxide V.S.,
using phenolphthalein T.S. as indicator. It shows not less than 99.5 per cent.
of CsHsOt+HsO.
Each mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. used corresponds to 0.07003
Gm. of C6H8O7+H2O. Each gramme of Citric Acid corresponds to not less
than 14.2 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
Preparation — Syrupus Acidi Citrici.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
ACIDUM GALLICUM
Gallic Acid
Acid. Gallic.
An organic acid [CHeOs+HaO or C6H2(0H)3.C00H l:3:4:5-f-
H20 = 188.06].
UNITED STATES OP AMERICA 11
Gallic Acid occurs in white, or pale fawn-colored, silky, interlaced needles,
or in triclinic prisms; odorless and having an astringent and slightly acidulous
taste; permanent in the air.
One Gm. of Gallic Acid dissolves in 87 mils of water, 4.6 mils of alcohol, 10
mils of glycerin, and in about 100 mils of ether at 25° C.; also in about 3 mils
of boiling water; almost insoluble in chloroform.
A saturated aqueous solution of Gallic Acid is acid to litmus.
Add 6 drops of sodium hydroxide T.S. to 5 mils of a cold, saturated aqueous
solution of the Acid; a deep green color gradually develops, which is changed
to reddish or brownish-red by acids.
Gallic Acid neither colors nor precipitates solutions of pure ferrous salts,
but it [forms a bluish-black precipitate with ferric salts.
When dried to constant weight at 100° C., the Acid loses not more than 12
per cent, of its weight.
Incinerate about 1 Gm. of Gallic Acid; not more than 0.1 per cent, of ash
remains.
A cold, saturated aqueous solution of Gallic Acid yields no precipitate with
gelatin T.S. or starch T.S. (tarmic add).
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
ACIDUM HYDRIODICUM DILUTUM
Diluted Hydriodic Acid
Acid. Hydriod. Dil.
An aqueous solution containing not less than 9.5 per cent, nor more
than 10.5 per cent, of HI (127.93). Preserve it in amber-colored,
glass-stoppered bottles, protected from light, and do not dispense it if
it contains free iodine.
Potassium Iodide, one hundred and thirty-five grammes. 135.0 Gm.
Potassium Hypophosphite, ten grammes 10.0 Gm.
Tartaric Acid, one hundred and thirty-six and five-tenths
grammes 136.5 Gm.
Distilled Water,
Diluted Alcohol, each, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Dissolve the potassium salts in two hundred and fifty mils of distilled
water with the aid of heat, and the tartaric acid in four hundred mils
of diluted alcohol. Having poured the solution of tartaric acid into a
bottle of about one thousand mils capacity, add the solution of the
potassium salts and shake the mixture briskly. Cool the mixture to
about 5° C. for several hours and, having inserted a pledget of puri-
fied cotton tightly in the throat of a funnel, transfer the contents of
the bottle to the funnel. When all the liquid has passed through,
wash the bottle and crystalline precipitate with diluted alcohol in
12 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
successive small portions until the filtrate weighs one thousand grammes.
Evaporate the liquid at a moderate temperature, on a water bath,
until all of the alcohol has evaporated, and add sufficient distilled water
to make the product weigh one thousand grammes.
Diluted Hydriodic Acid is a colorless or not more than pale yellow, odorless
liquid; it has a strongly acid taste and is strongly acid to litnius.
Specific gravity: about 1.100 at 25° C.
Add a few drops of ferric chloride T.S. or chlorine water to Diluted Hydriodic
Acid, diluted with twice its volume of distilled water; iodine is liberated and
imparts to the solution a reddish-brown color. On agitating this mixture with
a few drops of chloroform, the latter acquires a violet color.
No blue color is produced on adding a few drops of starch T.S. to 5 mils of
the Acid (free iodine).
Five mils of Diluted Hydriodic Acid, when evaporated to dryness on a
water bath and the residue ignited, leaves not more than 0.165 Gm. of residue.
The addition of 1 mil of barium chloride T.S. to 10 mils of Diluted Hydriodic
Acid produces not more than a slight cloudiness {sulphuric acid); the addition
of 1 mil of potassium sulphate T.S. to 10 mils of the Acid causes no turbidity
{barium).
Mix 0.5 mil of Diluted Hydriodic Acid with 10 mils of distilled water, add
8 mils of silver nitrate T.S. and 6 mils of ammonium carbonate T.S., digest the
mixture for ten minutes on a water bath, cool, and filter. The filtrate, upon
supersaturating with nitric acid, does not become more than shghtly opalescent
(chloride) .
Ten mils of Diluted Hydriodic Acid, without further acidulation, does not
respond to the Test for heavy metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Mix 5 mils of Diluted Hydriodic Acid with 1 mil of nitric acid and evaporate
the liquid to dryness on a water bath; the residue meets the requirements of the
Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1).
Assay — Pour about 5 mils of Diluted Hydriodic Acid into a tared flask, weigh
accurately, dilute with 20 mils of distilled water, add 50 mils of tenth-norrnal
silver nitrate V.S. and shake the mixture, well. Now add 5 mils of nitric acid,
heat the mixture on a water bath until the precipitate has a bright yellow color,
cool and add 2 mils of ferric ammonium sulphate T.S. The residual titration
with tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S. shows not less than 9.5 per
cent, nor more than 10.5 per cent, of HI.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. used corresponds to 0.012793
Gm. of HI. Each gramme of Diluted Hydriodic Acid corresponds to not less
than 7.4 mils nor more than 8.2 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.
Preparation — SjTupus Acidi Hydriodici.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 mil — Apothecaries, 8 minims.
ACIDUM HYDROBROMICUM DILUTUM
Diluted Hydrobromic Acid
Acid. Hydrobrom. Dil.
An aqueous solution containing not less than 9.5. per cent, nor more
than 10.5 per cent, of IIBr (80,93). Preserve it in amber-colored,
glass-stoppered bottles, protected from light.
Diluted Hydrobromic Acid is a colorless, odorless liquid having a strongly
acid taste; it is strongly acid to litmus.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 13
Specific gravity: about 1.076 at 25° C.
On distilling it, weak acid passes over first; when the tennperature of 126° C.
is reached, an acid of 48 per cent, remains, which may be distilled unchanged.
Silver nitrate T.S. produces a yellowish-white precipitate, which is insoluble
in diluted nitric acid, slowly soluble in an excess of stronger ammonia water,
but readily soluble in a 10 per cent, solution of sodium thiosulphate.
Evaporate 25 mils of Diluted Hydrobromic Acid from a platinum or porcelain
dish and afterwards dry it at 110° C; not more than 0.0025 Gm. of residue
remains.
The addition of 1 mil of barium chloride T.S. to 10 mils of the Acid produces
not more than a slight cloudiness {sulphuric acid); the addition of 1 mil of
potassium sulphate T.S. to 10 mils of the Acid causes no turbidity {barium).
Shake 10 mils of the Acid with 2 mils of chloroform; no color is imparted to
the latter {free bromine). Now add 5 drops of ferric chloride T.S. and shake the
mixture; the chloroform does not acquire a violet tint {iodine).
Ten mils of Diluted Hydrobromic Acid, without further acidulation, does not
respond to the Test for heavy metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Mix 5 mils of Diluted Hydrobromic Acid with 1 mil of nitric acid and evapo-
rate the hquid to dryness on a water bath; the residue meets the requirements
of the Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1).
Mix 0.5 mil of Diluted Hydrobromic Acid with 10 mils of distilled water,
add 8 mils of silver nitrate T.S., and 6 mils of ammonium carbonate T.S., digest
the mixture for ten minutes on a water bath, cool and filter. The filtrate, on
supersaturating with nitric acid, does not at once become more than slightly
turbid {chloride).
Assay — Pour about 20 mils of l)iluted Hydrobromic Acid into a tared flask,
weigh accurately, dilute with 30 mils of distilled water, and titrate the liquid
with normal potassium hydroxide V.S., using methyl orange T.S. as indicator.
It shows not less than 9.5 per cent, nor more than 10.5 per cent, of HBr.
Each mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. used corresponds to 0.08093
Gm. of HBr. Each gramme of Diluted Hydrobromic Acid corresponds to not
less than 1.17 mils nor more than 1.30 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
ACIDUM HYDROCHLORICUM
Hydrochloric Acid
Acid. Hydrochl.
An aqueous solution containing not less than 31 per cent, nor more
than 33 per cent, of HCl (36.47). Preserve it in glass-stoppered bottles.
Hydrochloric Acid is a colorless, fuming liquid, having a pungent odor, and
an intensely acid taste; the fumes and odor disappear on diluting the Acid with
2 volumes of water; it is strongly acid to htmus, even when highly diluted.
Specific gravity: about 1.155 at 25° C.
On distilling it at normal barometric pressure, a stronger acid passes over
first, until, at 110° C, an acid of about 20 per cent, remains, which distils
unchanged.
When heated with manganese dioxide, it evolves chlorine.
It conforms to the tests for identity and purity under Acidum Hydrochloricum
Dilutum when diluted to that strength.
Assay — Pour about 3 mils of Hydrochloric Acid into a tared bottle con-
taining about 10 mils of distilled water, stopper, weigh accurately, dilute
with 50 mils of distilled water and titrate the liquid with normal potassium
14 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
hydroxide V.S., using methyl orange T.S. as indicator. It shows not less than 31
per cent, nor more than 33 per cent, of HCl.
Each mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. used corresponds to 0.03647
Gm. of HCl. Each gramme of Hydrochloric Acid corresponds to not less than
8.50 mils nor more than 9.05 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
Preparations — Acidum Hydrochloricum Dilutum Acidum Nitrohydrochloricum
Acidum Nitrohydrochloricum Dilutum.
ACIDUM HYDROCHLORICUM DILUTUM
Diluted Hydrochloric Acid
Acid. Hydrochl. Dil.
An aqueous solution containing not less than 9.5 per cent, nor more
than 10.5 per cent, of HCl (36.47). Preserve it in glass-stoppered
bottles.
Hydrochloric Acid, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Distilled Water, two hundred and twenty grammes 220 Gm.
To make three hundred and twenty grammes .... 320 Gm.
Mix them.
Diluted Hydrochloric Acid is a colorless, odorless liquid; it has a strongly
acid taste and is strongly acid to litmus.
Specific gravity: about 1.049 at 25° C.
With silver nitrate T.S. it yields a white, curdy precipitate, insoluble in nitric
acid, but readily soluble in ammonia water.
Evaporate 25 mils of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid from a platinum or porcelain
dish and dry at 110° C; not more than 0.003 Gm. of residue remains.
, Add 1 mil of chloroform to 10 mils of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid and then
cautiously introduce chlorine water, which has been diluted with an equal
volume of distilled water, a drop at a time, with constant agitation; the chloro-
form remains free from any yellow, orange or violet color {bromide or iodide).
Add 1 mil of potassium iodide T.S. and 1 mil of chloroform to 10 mils of Di-
luted Hydrochloric Acid and agitate the mixture; the chloroform remains free
from any violet coloration (free chlorine or bromine).
Two mils of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, diluted with seven volumes of dis-
tilled water, does not respond to the Test for heavy metals (see Part II, Test
No. 3).
Five mils of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid diluted with 12 mils of distilled water
(without the treatment with sulphuric and sulphurous acids) meets the require-
ments of the Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1).
Add 5 drops of barium chloride T.S. to a mixture of 3 mils of Diluted Hydro-
chloric Acid and 5 mils of distilled water; neither turbidity nor precipitation ap-
pears within one hour (sulphuric acid or sulphates). At the end of this period,
the further addition to the liquid of 2 drops of tenth-normal iodine V.S. pro-
duces neither turbidity nor decoloration of the iodine (sulphurous acid).
Assay — Pour about 10 mils of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid into a tared flask,
weigh accurately, dilute with 30 mils of distilled water and titrate the liquid
with normal potassium hydroxide V.S., using methyl orange T.S. as indicator.
It shows not less than 9.5 per cent, nor more than 10.5 per cent, of HCl.
Each mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. used corresponds to 0.03647
Gm. of HCl. Each gramme of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid corresponds to not
less than 2.6 mils nor more than 2.9 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 15
ACIDUM HYDROCYANICUM DILUTUM
Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid
Acid. Hydrocyan. Dil. — Diluted Prussic Acid Acidum hydrocyanicum
dilutum P. I.
An aqueous solution containing not less than 1.9 per cent, nor more
than 2.1 per cent, of HCN (27.02) and not more than 0.1 per cent, of
HCl. Preserve it in small, dark amber-colored, well-stoppered vials.
Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid is a colorless liquid, of a characteristic odor resem-
bling that of bitter almond; it is acid to litmus.
On account of its poisonous character it must be handled with great caution.
Render 1 mil of the Acid alkaline with potassium hydroxide T.S., add a few
drops of ferrous sulphate T.S., boil the mixture, and then acidulate with hydro-
chloric acid; a blue precipitate is formed.
Not more than 0.002 Gm. of residue remains on evaporating 10 mils of
Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid to dryness on a water bath.
Pour 5 mils of Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid into a tared 100 mil glass-stop-
pered flask containing 25 mils of distilled water, accurately determine the
weight of the Acid added and then add 50 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate
V.S. and enough distilled water to make 100 mils. Agitate it well and filter
through a dry filter, rejecting the first 10 mils of the filtrate. In 50 mils of the
clear filtrate determine the excess of silver nitrate by titration with tenth-
normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S., previously adding 2 mils of nitric acid
and 2 mils of ferric ammonium sulphate T.S. From the number of mils of tenth-
normal silver nitrate V.S. consumed in this assay subtract twice the niunber
of mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. consumed in the assay of the same
quantity of Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid as ascertained below. The difference
when calculated to free hydrogen chloride, using the factor 0.003647, does not
amount to more than one-tenth of 1 per cent, of the weight of Diluted Hydro-
cyanic Acid originally taken for the determination {hydrogen chloride).
Assay — Pour about 5 mils of Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid into a 100 mil flask
containing 25 mils of distilled water and 5 mils of potassium hydroxide T.S.,
the whole having been previously tared, and weigh the Acid accurately. Then
add 3 drops of potassium iodide T.S. and titrate with tenth-normal silver
nitrate V.S. to the production of a slight, permanent precipitate. It shows
not less than 1.9 per cent, nor more than 2.1 per cent, of HCN.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. used corresponds to 0.005404
Gm. of HCN. Each gramme of Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid corresponds to not
less than 3.5 mils nor more than 3.9 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.
AVERA.GE DOSE — Metric, 0,1 mil — Apothecaries, 13^ minims.
ACIDUM HYPOPHOSPHOROSUM
Hypophosphorous Acid
. Acid. Hypophos.
An aqueous solution containing not less than 30 per cent, nor more
than 32 per cent, of HPH2O2 (66.06). Preserve it in glass-stoppered
bottles.
Hypophosphorous Acid is a colorless or slightly yellow, odorless liquid; it has
an intensely acid taste, and is acid to litmus, even when highly diluted.
Specifio gravity: about 1.130 at 25° C.
16 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
When the Acid is heated in a suitable dish, water evaporates and it becomes
more concentrated. On further heating between 130° and 140° C, it decom-
poses, forming hydrogen phosphide, which ignites, and phosphorous acid; the
latter between 160° and 170° C. decomposes into hydrogen phosphide and
phosphoric acid; the pasty residue finally reddens, ignites, and the last portions
of unoxidized phosphorus burn out at a higher temperature.
Hypophosphorous Acid conforms to the tests for identity and purity under
Acidum Hypophosphorosum Dilutum when diluted to that strength.
Assay — Pour about 7 mils of Hypophosphorous Acid into a tared and stoppered
flask, weigh accurately, dilute with 50 mils of distilled water and titrate wuth
normal potassium hydroxide V.S., using methyl orange T.S. as indicator. It
shows not less than 30 per cent, nor more than 32 per cent, of HPH2O2.
Each mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. used corresponds to 0.06606
Gm. of HPH2O2. Each gramme of Hypophosphorous Acid corresponds to not
less than 4.54 mils nor more than 4.84 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
Preparation — Acidum Hypophosphorosum Dilutum.
ACIDUM HYPOPHOSPHOROSUM DILUTUM
Diluted Hypophosphorous Acid
Acid. Hypophos. Dil.
An aqueous solution containing not less than 9.5 per cent, nor more
than 10.5 per cent, of HPHgOa (66.06). Preserve it in well-stoppered
bottles.
Hypophosphorous Acid, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Distilled Water, two hundred and ten grammea 210 Gm.
To make three hundred and ten grammes 310 Gm.
Mix them.
Diluted Hypophosphorous Acid is a colorless, odorless liquid; it has a strongly
acid taste and is strongly acid to litmus.
Specific gravity: about 1.042 at 25° C.
When heated in a porcelain dish, water evaporates with the evolution of
hydrogen phosphide, and further decomposition takes place as described under
Acidum Hypophosphorosum.
With silver nitrate T.S. it yields a black precipitate of silver, and with mer-
curic chloride T.S., a white precipitate of mercurous chloride.
Neutralize 30 mils of Diluted Hypophosphorous Acid with ammonia water;
not more than a slight precipitate results, and, after filtering, a portion of the
filtrate, slightly acidulated with hydrochloric acid, does not become turbid
upon the addition of potassium sulphate T.S. {barium); another portion of the
filtrate shows no turbidity with calcium chloride T.S. {oxalic add).
One mil of Diluted Hypophosphorous Acid mixed with 9 mils of distilled
water does not respond to the Test for heavy metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Mix 5 mils of Diluted Hypophosphorous Acid with 3 mils of nitric acid and
10 mils of distilled water, and evaporate the liquid to dryness on a water bath;
the residue meets the requirements of the Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test
No. 1).
Assay — Pour about 25 mils of Diluted Hypophosphorous Acid into a tared
flask, weigh accurately, add 25 mils of distilled water and titrate with normal
f)otassium hydroxide V.S., using methyl orange T.S. as indicator. It shows not
ess than 9.5 per cent, nor more than 10.5 per cent, of HPH2O2.
UNITED STATES OP AMERICA 17
Each mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. used corresponds to 0.06(506
Gm. of HPH2O2. Each gramme of Diluted Ilj^pophosphorous Acid cor-
responds to not less than 1.44 mils nor more than 1.6 mils of normal potassium
hydroxide V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 mil — Apothecaries, 8 minims.
ACIDUM LACTICUM
Lactic Acid
Acid. Lact.
A liquid containing lactic acid [optically inactive alphahydroxy-
propionic acid, CgHeOa or CH3.CH0H.C00H = 90.05] and lactic anhy-
drides, equivalent to a total of not less than 85 per cent, nor more than
90 per cent, of CgHeOg.
Lactic Acid is a colorless, or slightly yellow, sjTupy liquid, nearly odorless,
having an acid taste, and absorbing moisture on exposure to air.
It is miscible with water, alcohol, or ether; insoluble in chloroform, petroleum
benzin, or carbon disulphide.
Lactic Acid is strongly acid to litmus.
Specific gravity: about 1.206 at 25° C.
Lactic Acid is not vaporized at a temperature below 160° C; at a higher
temperature it emits inflammable vapors.
Add about 0.1 Gm. of potassium permanganate to 2 mils of a mixture of equal
volumes of Lactic and sulphuric acids, and heat it gently; the odor of aldehyde
becomes perceptible.
Not more than 0.006 Gm. of ash remains on incinerating 5 mils of Lactic Acid.
Ten mils of a solution of the Acid in distilled water (1 in 100) is not rendered
opalescent by 1 mil of silver nitrate T.S. (chloride).
Separate portions of 10 mils each of an aqueous solution of the Acid (1 in 20)
remain unaffected by the addition of 1 mil of barium chloride T.S. (sulphate),
or by 1 mil of copper sulphate T.S. (sarcolactic acid).
An aqueous solution of the Acid does not respond to the Test for heavy
metals (see Part IL Test No. 3).
Add a few drops of Lactic Acid to 10 mils of hot alkaline cupric tartrate V.S. ;
no red precipitate is produced [sugars).
Add 1 mil of Lactic Acid, in drops, to 5 mils of ether, shaking it after each
addition; the ether solution does not become even transiently turbid (glycerin).
Pour Lactic Acid carefully upon an equal volume of colorless, concentrated
sulphuric acid contained in a clean test tube, and keep the temperature at
15° C; no dark colored zone develops at the line of contact upon standing for
fifteen minutes (organic impurities).
No turbidity is produced on heating the Acid with an excess of lime water
(phosphoric, tartaric, citric, or oxalic acid) .
Assay — Pour about 2.5 mils of Lactic Acid into a tared and stoppered 250 mil
flask, weigh accurately, add 50 mils of normal potassium hj'droxide V.S. and
boil the liquid for twenty minutes. The residual titration of the boiling solu-
tion with normal sulphuric acid V.S., using phenolphthalein T.S. as indicator,
shows not less than 85 per cent, nor more than 90 per cent, of CsHeOs.
Each mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. used corresponds to 0.09005
Gm. of CsHeOa or lactic anhydrides calculated as C3H6O3. Each gramme of
Lactic Acid corresponds to not less than 9.44 mils nor more than 10.0 mils of
normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
7
18 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OP THE
ACIDUM NITRICUM
Nitric Acid
Acid. Nitric.
An aqueous solution containing not less than 67 per cent, nor more
than 69 per cent, of HNO3 (63.02). Preserve it in dark amber-colored,
glass-stoppered bottles, and protect it from light.
Nitric Acid is a fuming liquid, very caustic and corrosive; it has a peculiar,
somewhat suffocating odor, and is strongly acid to litmus, even when highly
diluted.
Specific gravity: about 1.403 at 25° C.
It is volatiUzed at 110° C.
Nitric Acid dissolves copper, mercury, silver, and many other metals with
the evolution of brownish-red fimaes, and stains woollen fabrics and animal
tissues a bright yellow.
Evaporate 20 mils of Nitric Acid from a platinum or porcelain dish and dry
at 110° C; not more than 0.003 Gm. of residue remains {non-volatile impurities).
Shake 2.5 mils of Nitric Acid, diluted with 7.5 mils of distilled water, with 2
mils of chloroform; the latter remains colorless {iodine or bromine) even after the
introduction of a small piece of metallic tin {iodic or bromic acid).
Nitric Acid diluted with 25 volumes of distilled water and neutraUzed with
ammonia water does not respond to the Test for heavy metals (see Part II, Test
No. 3).
Evaporate 0.5 mil of Nitric Acid to dryness on a water bath; the residue
meets the requirements of the Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1).
Separate portions of Nitric Acid, diluted with 10 volumes of distilled water,
do not yield a precipitate upon the addition of barium chloride T.S. {sulphuric
acid), or of silver nitrate T.S. {hydrochloric acid).
Assay — Pour about 2 mils of Nitric Acid into a tared flask containing 10
mils of distilled water, stopper, weigh accurately, dilute with 50 mils of distilled
water and titrate with normal potassium hydroxide V.S., using methyl orange
T.S. as indicator. It shows not less than 67 per cent, nor more than 69 per
cent, of HNO3.
Each mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. used corresponds to 0.06302
Gm. of HNO3. Each gramme of Nitric Acid corresponds to not less than 10.63
mils nor more than 10.95 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
Preparations — Acidum Nitrohydrochloricum Acidum Nitrohydrochloricum
Dilutum.
ACIDUM NITROHYDROCHLORICUM
Nitrohydrochloric Acid
Acid. Nitrohydrochl. — Nitromuriatic Acid
A strong aqueous solution containing hydrochloric acid, nitric acid,
nitrosyl chloride, and chlorine.
Nitric Acid, eighteen milliliters 18 mils
Hydrochloric Acid, eighty-two milliliters 82 mils
To make about one hundred milliliters 100 mils
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 19
Mix the acids in a capacious glass vessel, and, when effervescence has
ceased, pour the product into dark amber-colored, glass-stoppered
bottles, which must not be more than half filled, and must be kept in a
cool place.
Note — Do not dispense Nitrohydrochloric Acid which does not
immediately liberate iodine when one drop of the Acid is added to 1
mU of an aqueous solution of potassium iodide (1 in 5).
Nitrohydrochloric Acid is a golden-yellow, fuming, and very corrosive liquid;
it has a strong odor of chlorine and is intensely acid to litmus, afterwards
bleaching it. It readily dissolves gold leaf.
Not more than 0.0035 Gm. of residue remains on evaporating 10 mils of the
Acid in a glass or porcelain dish and drj'ing at 110° C.
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 mil — Apothecaries, 3 minims.
ACIDUM NITROHYDROCHLORICUM DILUTUM
Diluted Nitrohydrochloric Acid
Acid. Nitrohydrochl. Dil.— Diluted Nitromuriatic Acid
A diluted aqueous solution containing hydrochloric acid, nitric acid,
nitrosyl chloride, and chlorine.
Nitric Acid, ten milliliters 10.0 mils
Hydrochloric Acid, forty-five and five-tenths milliliters. . 45.5 mils
Distilled Water, one hundred and ninety-four and five-
tenths milliliters 194.5 mils
To make about two hundred and fifty milli-
liters 250 mils
Mix the acids in a capacious glass vessel, and, when effervescence
has ceased, add the distilled water; pour it into dark amber-colored,
glass-stoppered bottles and keep it in a cool place.
Note — Do not dispense Diluted Nitrohydrochloric Acid which does
not immediately liberate iodine when five drops of the Acid are added
to 1 mil of an aqueous solution of potassium iodide (1 in 5).
Diluted Nitrohydrochloric Acid ia a colorless or pale yellow liquid; it has
a faint odor of chlorine, a very acid taste and is strongly acid to Utmus, after-
wards bleaching it.
Not more than 0.0015 Gm. of residue remains on evaporating 20 mils of the
Acid in a glass or porcelain dish and drying at 110" C.
Average po3E — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
20 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
ACIDUM OLEICUM
Oleic Acid
Acid. Oleic.
An acid obtained from fats, consisting chiefly of Ci8H3402 or C17H33.
COOH (282.27), Preserve it in well-closed glass or stoneware containers,
in a cool place.
Oleic Acid is a yellowish or brownish-yellow, oily liquid, having a peculiar,
lard-like odor and taste free from rancidity. It becomes darker and absorbs
oxygen on exposure to air.
It is practically insoluble in water; slightly soluble in 60 per cent, alcohol
(by volume), the solubility very rapidly increasing in stronger alcohol; it is
completely miscible with about 85 per cent, alcohol (by volume); it is also
soluble in chloroform, benzene, petroleum benzin, or in fixed or volatile oils.
Specific gravity: about 0.895 at 25° C.
When gradually cooled, Oleic Acid does not become semi-solid above 9° C;
on further cooling, it congeals to a whitish, solid mass at about 4° C.
When heated to a temperature of about 95° C, decomposition commences
and acrid vapors are produced.
Incinerate 5 mils of Oleic Acid; not more than 0.005 Gm. of ash remains.
Shake Oleic Acid with an equal volume of distilled water; the separated water
after filtration is not reddened by the addition of a drop of methyl orange T.S.
{mineral acids).
Boil about 1 Gm. of Oleic Acid and about 0.5 Gm. of monohydrated sodium
carbonate with 30 mils of distilled water in a capacious flask; the resulting solu-
tion while hot is clear or at most opalescent (undecomposed fat or mineral oil).
ACIDUM PHENYLCINCHONINICUM
Phenylcinchoninic Acid
Acid. Phenylcinch. — Phenyl-quinoline-carboxylic Acid
An organic acid, 2-phenyl-quinoline-4-carboxylic acid [C16H11O2N or
C6H5.C9H5N.COOH = 249.10].
Phenylcinchoninic Acid occurs in small, colorless needles or as a white or yel-
lowish-white micro-crystalline powder; odorless or having a slight odor resem-
bling benzoic acid, and a bitter taste. It is permanent in the air.
Insoluble in cold water; slightly soluble in cold alcohol, hot water or ether;
readily soluble in hot alcohol.
It melts at about 210° C. with partial decomposition.
A saturated solution of Phenylcinchoninic Acid in hot diluted hydrochloric
acid yields a precipitate of reddish-brown crystals with platinic chloride T.S. _
Dissolve about 1 Gm. of Phenylcinchoninic Acid in an excess of ammonia
water, evaporate the solution to dryne,«3 on a water bath, or until free from the
odor of ammonia, then dilute to 20 mils with distilled water, and filter. Separate
portions of this filtrate yield a white, flocculent precipitate with silver nitrate
T.S.; a yellowish, flocculent precipitate with lead acetate T.S.; and a green,
flocculent precipitate with copper sulphate T.S.
No weighable ash remains on incinerating about 0.5 Gm. of Phenylcincho-
ninic Acid.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 21
ACIDUM PHOSPHORICUM
Phosphoric Acid
Acid. Phos.
A liquid containing not less than 85 per cent, nor more than 88 per
cent, of H3PO4 (98.06). Preserve it in glass-stoppered bottles.
Phosphoric Acid is a colorless, odorless liquid of a syrupy consistence; it has
a strongly acid taste and is strongly acid to litmus, even when highly diluted.
Specific gravity: about 1.72 at 25° C.
When heated, the liquid loses water; at 200° C. it gradually begins to change
to pyrophosphoric acid. At a still higher temperature, it is converted into
metaphosphoric acid, which volatilizes in dense fumes, or which forms, on cool-
ing, a transparent mass of glacial metaphosphoric acid.
Phosphoric Acid conforms to the tests for identity and purity given under
Acidum Phosphoriciim Dilutum when diluted to that strength.
Assay— Pour about 1 Gm. of Phosphoric Acid into a tared flask, stopper, and
weigh accurately, transfer it to a 100 mil graduated flask and make it up to
100 mils with distilled water. Transfer 10 mils of this solution to a 100 mil
graduated flask, add a drop of phenolphthalein T.S. and neutralize it with
special potassium hydroxide T.S. (see page 545). Add 50 mils of tenth-normal
silver nitrate V.S. and agitate it, gradually adding zinc oxide (see page 554) in
small portions until the liquid is neutral to litmus paper. Now add distilled
water to make the liquid measure 100 mils, agitate it thoroughly, filter through
a dry filter, collect 50 mils of the filtrate, add 2 mils of nitric acid and 2 mils of
ferric ammonium sulphate T.S. and determine the excess of silver nitrate by
titration vnih. tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S., to the production
of a permanent red color. \Yhen calculated to the amount of Phosphoric Acid
originally taken, it shows not less than 85 per cent, nor more than 88 per cent.
of H3PO4.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. used corresponds to 0.0032687
Gm. of H3PO4. Each gramme of Phosphoric Acid corresponds to not less than
260.0 mils nor more than 269.2 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.
Preparation — Acidum Phosphoricum Dilutum.
ACIDUM PHOSPHORICUM DILUTUM
Diluted Phosphoric Acid
Acid. Phos. Dil.
An aqueous solution containing not less than 9.5 per cent, nor more
than 10.5 per cent, of H3PO4 (98.06). Preserve it in well-stoppered
bottles.
Phosphoric Acid, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Distilled Water, seven hundred and sixty-five grammes. . . . 765 Gm.
To make eight hundred and sixty-five grammes . . 865 Gm.
Mix them.
Diluted Phosphoric Acid is a clear, colorless, odorless liquid; it has a strongly
acid taste and is strongly acid to Htmus.
Specific gravity: about 1.057 at 25° C.
Supersaturate 3 mils of Diluted Phosphoric Acid with ammonia water; the
addition of magnesium sulphate T.S. (or of magnesia mixture T.S.) produces a
22 THE pharmacopceia of the
white, crj'stalline precipitate. Collect this precipitate, wash it, and then dissolve
it in diluted acetic acid; the solution yields a yellow precipitate with silver
nitrate T.S. (distinction from melaphosphoric or pyrophosphoric acid).
Warm 5 mils of Diluted Phosphoric Acid gently and add a few drops of silver
nitrate T.S.; it does not become turbid or brov/n {jphosphorous or , fiypophos-
phorous acid).
Ten mils of Diluted Phosphoric Acid does not respond to the Test for heavy
metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Two mils of Diluted Phosphoric Acid meets the requirements of the Test for
arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1).
Diluted Phosphoric Acid is not immediately affected by silver nitrate T.S.
(hydrochloric acid) ; nor is it affected, even after one hour, by the addition of an
equal volume of tincture of ferric chloride (pyrophosphoric or metaphosphoric
add).
Evaporate 20 mils of Diluted Phosphoric Acid to a volume of about 4 mils on
a water bath. Cool, transfer 2 mils to a graduated cylinder and add 6 mils of
ether and 2 mils of alcohol; no turbidity appears (phosphates).
Mix 1 mil of Diluted Phosphoric Acid with 6 mils of distilled water, and
add 1 mil of barium chloride T.S.; no immediate precipitate is produced (sul-
phuric acid).
Mix equal parts of Diluted Phosphoric Acid and sulphuric acid and, after
cooling, add a clear crystal of ferrous sulphate; no brownish color appears around
the crystal (nitric acid).
Assay — Pour about 1 mil of Diluted Phosphoric Acid into a tared flask, weigh
accurately, transfer it to a 100 mil graduated flask, add a drop of phenolphthalein
T.S., neutraUze it with sodium hydroxide T.S. (free from chloride), then intro-
duce 50 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S., agitate the liquid, and gradually
add zinc oxide (free from chloride) in small portions until the mixture is neutr:il
to litmus. Now add distilled water to make the product measure 100 mils,
agitate it thoroughly, filter through a dry filter, collect 50 mils of the filtrate,
add 2 mils of nitric acid and 2 mils of ferric ammonium sulphate T.S. and deter-
mine the excess of silver nitrate by titration with tenth-normal potassium sul-
phocyanateV.S. to the production of a permanent red color. When calculated
to the amoimt of Diluted Phosphoric Acid originally taken, it shows not less
than 9.5 per cent, nor more than 10.5 per cent, of H3PO4.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. used corresponds to 0.0032687
Gm. of H3PO4. Each gramme of Diluted 'Phosphoric Acid corresponds to not
less than 29.0 mils nor more than 32.1 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
ACIDUM SALICYLICUM
Salicylic Acid
Acid. Salicyl.
Orthohydroxybenzoic acid, existing naturally in combination in vari-
ous plants, but generally prepared synthetically. It contains, when
dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid, not less than
99.3 per cent, of CHeOg or C6H4(0H)C00H (138.05). Preserve it in
well-closed containers.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 23
Salicylic Acid occurs in fine prismatic needles, or as a bulky, crystalline
powder, having a sweetish, afterwards acrid taste; permanent in the air. Syn-
thetic Salicylic Acid is white and odorless; when prepared from methyl salicylate
the Acid may have a slightly yellow or pink tint and a slight, gaultheria-like odor.
One Gm. of Sahcylic Acid dissolves in 460 mils of water, 2.7 mils of alcohol,
42 mils of chloroform, 3 mils of ether, 135 mils of benzene, or in 52 mils of
oil of turpentine at 25° C; also in about 15 mils of boiling water.
A saturated, aqueous solution of Salicylic Acid is acid to Utmus.
It melts between 156° and 159° C.
A saturated, aqueous solution of SalicyUc Acid is colored intensely bluish-
violet (in high dilution violet-red) by ferric chloride T.S.
Incinerate about 1 Gm. of SalicyUc Acid; not more than 0.1 per cent, of ash
remains.
Allow a saturated alcoholic solution of about 1 Gm. of Salicylic Acid to evapo-
rate spontaneously, in a glass or porcelain dish in a place protected from dust; the
sj^Tithetic Acid jdelds a perfectly white, crystalline residue; the Acid, prepared
from methyl salicylate, yields a white, or not more than a slightly yellow,
or slightly pink residue {iron, phenol, or coloring mailer).
Dissolve about 1 Gm. of Salicylic Acid in an excess of cold sodium carbonate
T.S., agitate the hquid with an equal volume of ether, and allow the ethereal
solution to evaporate spontaneously; the residue, if any, is free from the odor
of phenol.
A solution of about 0.5 Gm. of the synthetic Salicylic Acid in 10 mils of sul-
phuric acid at room temperature acquires not more than a light yellow color.
The Acid, prepared from methyl sahcylate, under similar conditions, may pro-
duce a slightlj' brown color {organic impurities).
A solution of about 0.5 Gm. of Salicylic Acid in 10 mils of alcohol mixed with
a few drops of nitric acid remains unaffected upon the addition of a few drops
of silver nitrate T.S. {hydrochloric acid).
Assay — Dissolve about 0.5 Gm. of Salicylic Acid, pre\aously dried to constant
weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid and accurately weighed, in 25 mils
of diluted alcohol which has previously been neutralized with tenth-normal
potassium hj^droxide V.S., phenolphthalein T.S. being used as indicator.
Titrate this solution with tenth-normal barium hydroxide V.S., using phenol-
phthalein T.S. as indicator. It shows, in the dried acid, not less than 99.3 per
cent, of CtHgOs.
Each mil of tenth-normal barium hydroxide V.S. corresponds to 0.013805 Gm.
of CtHsOs. Each gramme of Salicylic Acid, previously dried, corresponds to
not less than 71.9 mils of tenth-normal barium hydroxide V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.75 Gm. — Apothecaries, 12 grains.
ACIDUM STEARICUM
Stearic Acid
Acid. Stear.
An acid obtained from tallow and other solid fats, consisting chiefly of
CisHaeOa or C17H35.COOH (284.29).
Stearic Acid is a hard, white, or yellowish-white, somewhat glossy solid, odor-
less, or having a slight, tallow-like odor, tasteless, and permanent in the air.
One Gm. of Stearic Acid dissolves in 21 mils of alcohol, 2 mils of chloroform,
or in 3 mils of ether at 25° C. ; almost insoluble in water; freely soluble in carbon
disulphide or carbon tetrachloride.
Melting point: not below 56° C.
Congealing point : not below 54° C.
Incinerate about 1 Gm. of Stearic Acid; not more than 0.1 per cent, of ash
remains.
24 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Boil about 1 Gm. of Stearic Acid and about 0.5 Gm. of monohj'drated sodium
carbonate with 30 mils of distilled water in a capacious flask; the resulting solu-
tion while hot is not more than opalescent (undecomposed fat or paraffin).
Shake melted Stearic Acid with an equal volume of hot distilled water; the
separated water, after filtration, is not reddened by the addition of a drop of
methyl orange T.S. (mineral acids).
ACIDUM SULPHURICUM
Sulphuric Acid
Acid. Sulphuric.
A liquid containing not less than 93 per cent, nor more than 95 per
cent, of H2SO4 (98.09). Preserve it in glass-stoppered bottles.
Sulphuric Acid is a colorless, odorless liquid, of oily consistence, very caustic
and corrosive; it is strongly acid to litmus, even when highly diluted.
Specific gravity: about 1.83 at 25° C.
Sulphuric Acid is miscible with water or alcohol, with the evolution of much
heat; the Acjd must be added with great caution to the diluent.
When heated on platinum foil, it is vaporized with the evolution of dense
fumes.
Sulphuric Acid chars cane sugar, wood, and many other organic substances.
Pour a layer of ferrous sulphate T.S. carefully upon 3 mils of Sulphuric Acid,
contained Ln a test tube, and cool the liquid; the zone of contact does not as-
sume a brown or reddish-brown color (nitric or nitrous acid).
No precipitate is formed within an hour on mixing Sulphuric Acid with 4 or 5
volumes of alcohol (lead).
Sulphuric Acid conforms to the tests for identity and purity given under
Acidum Sulphuricum Dilutum when diluted to that strength.
Assay — Pour about 1 mil of Sulphuric Acid into a tared flask, stopper,
weigh accurately, dilute with 50 mils of distilled water, cool the solution and
titrate with normal potassium hydroxide V.S., using methyl orange T.S. as
indicator. It shows not less than 93 per cent, nor more than 95 per cent, of
H2SO4.
Each mil of normal potassiima hydroxide V.S. used corresponds to 0.049045
Gm. of H2SO4. Each gramme of Sulphuric Acid corresponds to not less than
18.96 mils nor more than 19.37 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
Preparations — Acidum Sulphuricum Aromaticum Acidum Sulphuricum
Dilutum.
ACIDUM SULPHURICUM AROMATICUM
Aromatic Sulphuric Acid
Acid. Sulph. Arom.
Aromatic Sulphuric Acid contains free sulphuric acid and ethyl-
sulphuric acid together equivalent to not less than 19 per cent, nor more
than 21 per cent, of H2SO4 (98.09). Preserve it in glass-stoppered
bottles.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 25
Sulphuric Acid, one hundred and nine milliliters 109 mils
Tincture of Ginger, fifty milliliters 50 mils
Oil of Cinnamon, one milliliter 1 mil
Alcohol, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Add the sulphuric acid gradual!}^, and with great caution, to seven
hundred mils of alcohol, and allow the mixture to cool. Then add to
it the tincture of ginger and the oil of cinnamon, and afterwards enough
alcohol to make the product measure one thousand mils.
Aromatic Sulphuric Acid is a clear, reddish-brown liquid; it has a pleasant,
aromatic odor and is strongly acid to litmus.
When added to barium chloride T.S. it produces a white precipitate, insoluble
in hydrochloric acid.
Specific gravity: about 0.933 at 25° C.
Assay — Pour about 10 mils of Aromatic Sulphuric Acid into a tared flask,
stopper, weigh accurately, transfer to a small flask, using 60 mils of distilled
water to rinse the weighing-flask, and, having connected the flask with a reflux
condenser, boil the liquid for six hours. When cold, dilute it with distilled water
to about 100 mils and titrate with normal potassium hydroxide V.S., methyl
orange T.S. being used as indicator. It shows not less than 19 per cent, nor
more than 21 per cent, of H2SO4.
Each mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. used corresponds to 0.049045
Gm. of H2SO4. Each gramme of Aromatic Sulphuric Acid corresponds to not
less than 3.87 mils nor more than 4.28 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
ACIDUM SULPHURICUM DILUTUM
Diluted Sulphuric Acid
Acid. Sulph. Dil.
An aqueous solution containing not less than 9.5 per cent, nor more
than 10.5 per cent, of H2SO4 (98.09). Preserve it in glass-stoppered
bottles.
Sulphuric Acid, fifty grammes 50 Gm.
Distilled Water, four hundred and twenty grammes .... 420 Gm.
To make four hundred and seventy grammes 470 Gm.
Pour the acid gradually, with constant stirring, into the distilled
water and allow it to cool.
Diluted Sulphuric Acid is a colorless, odorless Uquid; it has a strongly acid
taste and is strongly acid to litmus.
Specific gravity: about 1.067 at 25° C.
With barium chloride T.S. it yields a white precipitate insoluble m hydro-
chloric acid.
26 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Evaporate 25 mils of Diluted Sulphuric Acid from a platinum or porcelain
dish, and ignite the residue; not more than 0.0015 Gm. of residue remains after
ignition (non-volatile impurities).
Ten mils of Diluted Sulphuric Acid d9es not at once discharge the color of
0.1 mil of tenth-normal potassium pernianganate V.S. (sidphuroiis or nitrous
acid).
Diluted Sulphuric Acid is not immediately affected by silver nitrate T.S.
{hydrochloric acid).
Ten mils of Diluted Sulphuric Acid does not respond to the Test for heavy
metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Two mils of Diluted Sulphuric Acid meets the requirements of the Test for
arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1).
Assay — Pour about 20 mils of Diluted Sulphuric Acid into a tared flask, weigh
accuratel}^, dilute with 10 mils of distilled water and titrate with normal potas-
sium hydroxide V.S., using methyl orange T.S. as indicator. It shows not less
than 9.5 per cent, nor more than 10.5 per cent, of H2SO4.
Each mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. used corresponds to 0.049045
Gm. of H2SO4. Each gramme of Diluted Sulphuric Acid corresponds to not
less than 1.94 mils nor more than 2.14 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
ACIDUM TANNICUM
Tannic Acid
Acid. Tann. — Gallotannic Acid Tannin
A tannin usually obtained from nutgalls. Preserve it in well-closed
containers, in a cool place, protected from light.
Tannic Acid occurs as a yellowish-white to light brown, amorphous powder,
gradually turning darker when exposed to air and light, usually cohering in
the form of glistening scales or spongy masses; odorless, or having a faint,
characteristic odor, and a strongly astringent taste.
One Gm. of Tannic Acid dissolves in 1 mil of glycerin with the application
of a moderate heat; very soluble in water and alcohol at 25° C. and in boiling
water and boiling alcohol; freely soluble in diluted alcohol, slightly soluble in
dehydrated alcohol and almost insoluble in ether, chloroform, benzene, or
petroleum benzin.
An aqueous solution of Tannic Acid (1 in 20) is acid to litmus.
The addition of a small quantity of ferric chloride T.S. to an aqueous solu-
tion of the Acid produces a bluish-black color or precipitate.
An aqueous solution of Tannic Acid produces precipitates with nearly all
alkaloids and glucosides, and with solutions of gelatin, albumin, and starch.
Tannic Acid does not lose more than 12 per cent, of its weight when dried
to con.stant weight at 100° C.
Incinerate about 1 Gm. of Tannic Acid in a platinum dish; not more than
O.G per cent, of ash remains.
Dis.solve about 2 Gm. of Tannic Acid in 10 mils of hot distilled water; the solu-
tion is not more than slightly turbid, and no turbidity is produced on diluting
5 mils of the cooled and filtered solution with twice its volume of alcohol (gum
or dextrin) or with twice its volume of distilled water (resinous substances).
Preparations — Glyceritum Acidi Tannici Trochisci Acidi Tannici Unguentum
Acidi Tannici.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 27
ACIDUM TARTARICUM
Tartaric Acid
Acid. Tart.
A dibasic organic acid usually obtained from wine lees or argol. It
contains not less than 99.5 per cent, of C4H6O6 or C2H2(OH)2(COOH)2
(150.05).
Tartaric Acid occurs in colorless, translucent, monoclinic prisms, or as a
white, granular or fine powder; odorless, having an acid taste; permanent in
the air.
One Gm. of Tartaric Acid dissolves in 0.75 mil of water and in 3.3 mils of
alcohol at 25° C; also in 0.5 mil of boiling water; almost insoluble in chloro-
form, slightly soluble in ether.
An aqueous solution of Tartaric Acid (1 in 20) is acid to litmus.
An aqueous solution of the Acid (1 in 2) mixed with an equal volume of
an aqueous solution of potassium acetate (1 in 3) yields a white, crystalline
precipitate, which is dissolved by solutions of alkalies and by mineral acids,
but is insoluble in acetic acid.
When slowly ignited it is gradually decomposed, evolving an odor resembling
burning sugar.
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Tartaric Acid; not more than 0.05 per cent, of ash
remains.
The addition of 1 mil of barium chloride T.S. to 10 mils of an aqueous solution
of the Acid (1 in 100), to which has previously been added a few drops of hydro-
chloric acid, produces no turbidity (sulphuric acid).
An aqueous solution of the Acid (1 in 10), in which the free acid has been
nearly neutralized with ammonia water, is not affected by calcium sulphate
T.S. (oxalic add).
Ten mils of an aqueous solution of the Acid (1 in 50), mixed with 0.5 mil
of hvdrochloric acid, does not respond to the Test for heavy metals (see Part
II. Test No. 3).
Dissolve 10 Gm. of Tartaric Acid in 20 mils of distilled water, add 2 mils of
sulphurous acid and boil the mixture until the odor of sulphur dioxide is barely
perceptible. Cool the solution, mix it with 1 mil of sodium cj-anide T.S. and
foUow this immediately with stronger ammonia water until the precipitate
formed is redissolved and the solution has a shght odor of ammonia. When
cold, transfer the solution to a glass-stoppered cylinder, graduated to 50 mils.
Dilute it with sufficient distilled water to measin-e 50 mils and add 3 drops of
sodimn sulphide T.S. After mi.\ing well, the color produced in the solution,
if any, when viewed downward against a white surface, is not greater than the
color of a control solution prepared as follows; Dissolve 2 Gm. of ammonium
chloride (see Reagents, Part II) in 20 mils of distilled water, add 4 mils of a
solution containing 0.08 Gm. of lead nitrate in 1000 mils of distilled water, and
then 1 mil of diluted hydrochloric acid. Treat this solution with the same quan-
tity of sulphurous acid, sodium cyanide T.S. and stronger ammonia water, as
directed above, transfer to another 50 mil glass-stoppered cylinder, then dilute
it with sufficient distilled water to make 50 mils, and add 3 drops of sodium
sulphide T.S. (before adding the sodium sulphide T.S., the Uquid must possess a
distinct odor of ammonia and the two cylinders used must be matched, be of
practically colorless glass, and have the same internal diameter) (lead).
Assay — Dissolve about 3 Gm. of Tartaric Acid, accurately weighed, in 50 mils
of distilled water and titrate this solution with normal potassium hydroxide
V.S., using phenolphthalein T.S. as indicator. It shows not less than 99.5
per cent, of C4H6O6.
Each mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. consumed corresponds to
0.07503 Gm. of C4H6O6. Each gramme of Tartaric Acid corresponds to not
less than 13.26 mils of normal potassium hydro-dde V.S.
A\t:rage dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
28 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
ACIDUM TRICHLORACETICUM
Trichloracetic Acid
Acid. Trichloracet.
A monobasic organic acid. It contains, when dried to constant
weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid, not less than 99 per cent, of
C2HO2CI3 or CCI3.COOH (163.39). Preserve it in well-stoppered
bottles, in a cool place, protected from light.
Trichloracetic Acid occurs in colorless, deliquescent, rhombohedral cr\'stals,
having a slight, characteristic odor.
One Gm. of Trichloracetic Acid dissolves in about 0.1 mil of water at 25° C;
it is very soluble in alcohol and ether at 25° C.
An aqueous solution of Trichloracetic Acid (1 in 20) is acid to litmus.
When the Acid is heated with potassium hydroxide T.S., it is decomposed
with the formation of cliloroform and potassium carbonate.
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Trichloracetic Acid; not more than 0.05 per cent,
of ash remains.
Ten mils of a freshly made, aqueous solution of the Acid (1 in 20) does not
immediately become more than slightly opalescent upon the addition of a few
drops of silver nitrate T.S. (chlorides).
Dissolve a small crystal of ferrous sulphate in 5 mils of an aqueous solution
of Trichloracetic Acid (1 in 20), and pour this solution upon 5 mils of sulphuric
acid (free from nitrogen compounds) so as to form a layer above; no browTiish-
red color is produced at the zone of contact of the two liquids (nitric acid).
Assay — Dissolve about 4 Gm. of Trichloracetic Acid, previously dried to
constant weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid and accurately weighed in a
tared and stoppered flask, in 50 mils of distilled water, add a few drops of phen-
olphthalein T.S. and titrate this solution with normal potassium hydroxide
V.S. It shows, in the dried acid, not less than 99 per cent, of C2HO2CI3.
Each mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. corresponds to 0.16339 Gm. of
C2HO2CI3. Each gramme of Trichloracetic Acid, previously dried, corresponds
to not less than 6.06 mils nor more than 6.12 mils of normal potassium
hydroxide V. S.
ACONITINA
Aconitine
Aconitin.
An alkaloid [C34H470iiN = 645.39] obtained from aconite. Preserve
it in well-closed containers protected from light.
Aconitine occurs in colorless or white rhombic tables or prisms, possessing
no odor and permanent in the air. The alkaloid itself must never be tasted, and
its solutions only when largely diluted, and then with the utmost caution. A drop
of an aqueous solution of the alkaloid or its salts (1 in 100,000), placed upon the
tongue, produces a tingling and numbing sensation.
One Gm. of Aconitine dissolves in 28 mils of alcohol, about 65 mils of ether,
and in 7 mils of benzene, at 25° C. ; very slightly soluble in water and almost
insoluble in petroleum benzin at 25° C.
Aconitine .solutions are alkaline to litmus.
When heated rapidly, Aconitine melts at about 195° C.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 29
Stir about 0.001 Gm. of Aconitine with 2 or 3 drops of nitric or sulphuric
acid on a white porcelain surface; it dissolves without coloration. With
2 drops of sulphuric acid containing 0.005 Gm. of ammonium vanadate in each
mil an orange color is produced under the same conditions.
Dilute solutions of Aconitine salts yield precipitates with mercuric potas-
sium iodide T.S., tannic acid T.S., or gold chloride T.S., but only concentrated
solutions yield precipitates with platinic chloride T.S., mercuric chloride T.S.,
or picric acid T.S.
No weighable ash remains on incinerating 0.05 Gm. of Aconitine.
Evaporate a solution of 0.01 Gm. of Aconitine to dryness, add 5 drops of
fuming nitric acid; evaporate again to dryness; the resulting yellow residue,
when cooled, yields no violet color when treated with alcohoUc potassium
bydro>dde T.S. {pscudaconitine or atropine).
Average dose — Metric, 0.00015 Gm. — Apothecaries, i-^oo grain.
ACONITUM
Aconite
Aconit. — Monkshood Aconite Root Aconiti tuber P. I.
The dried tuberous roots of Aconitum Napellus Linn^ (Fam. Ranun-
culaceoe), without the presence or admixture of more than 5 per cent, of
stems or other foreign matter, and yielding not less than 0.5 per cent,
of the ether-soluble alkaloids of Aconite. If made into a fluidextract
and assayed biologically the minimum lethal dose should not be greater
than 0.00004 mil for each gramme of body weight of guinea-pig.
More or less conical or fusiform, from 4 to 10 cm. in length and from 1 to 2 cm.
in diameter at the crown; externally dark brown or grayish-brown, smooth or
longitudinally ^Tinkled, the upper end with a bud, remains of bud-scales or stem
scars, the other portions with numerous root-scars or short rootlets; fracture
short, horny or somewhat mealy; internally, bark light or dark brown 1 to 2
mm. in thickness, cambium zone usually 5- to 8-angled, with a small fibro-
vascular bundle in each angle, pith whitish or light brown, from 2 to 7 mm. in
diameter; odor very shght; taste sweetish, soon becoming acrid and developing
a tingling sensation, followed by numbness.
Under the microscope transverse sections, m ade near the middle of the tuberous
root of Aconite, show an outer layer consisting of one or more rows of cells with
blackish-brown walls; a primary cortex of 8 to 15 rows of parenchjTnatous cells
and interspersed with characteristic stone cells, which occur either singly or in
small groups; a more or less modified endodermis; a secondary cortex, consisting
chiefly of starch-bearing parenchyma and interspersed with a few small fibro-
vascular bundles; a more or less star-shaped and characteristic cambium with
from 5 to 12 collateral fibro-vascular bundles; and a pith composed of large,
etarch-bearing parenchjona cells.
The powder is grayish-brown; starch grains numerous, spherical, somewhat
plano-convex, single or 2- to 5-compound, the individual grains from 0.003 to
0.015 mm. in diameter and frequently with a central cleft; tracheae mostly with
slit-like, simple pores, sometimes with spiral or reticulate thickenings or with
bordered pores; stone cells single, tabular, irregular in shape or elongated to
fibers, from 0.1 to 0.4 mm. in length, walls from 0.008 to 0.025 mm. in thick-
ness, strongly lignified and having large, simple pores; fragments of cork few,
yellowish-brown; fragments of parenchyma numerous, the cells being filled
with starch grains; bast-fibers from stems few, very long, with lignified walls
about 0.005 mm. in thickness, and marked by transverse or obUque, slit-hke
pores.
30 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Aconite jaelds not more than 6 per cent, of ash.
Assay — Proceed as directed under BeUadonnoe Radix (page 73), using 15 Gm.
of Aconite in No. 40 powder and ether only as the immiscible solvent through-
out the assay.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 64.539
milligrammes of the ether-soluble alkaloids of Aconite.
For an alternative method of assaying Aconite see Biological Assays (Part II).
Preparations — ^Extractum Aconiti Fluidextractum Aconiti Tinctura Aconiti.
Average dose — Metric, 0.03 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3^ grain.
ADEPS
Lard
The purified internal fat of the abdomen of the hog {Sus scrofa, var.
domesticus Gray, Fam. Suidce} . Preserve it in a cool place in well-closed
containers which are impervious to fat.
Lard is a soft, white, unctuous sohd, having a faint odor and a bland taste;
it is free from rancidity.
It is insoluble in water; very slightly soluble in alcohol; readily soluble in
ether, chloroform, carbon disulphide, or petroleum benzin.
Lard melts between 36° and 42° C. to a clear liquid, from which no aqueous
layer separates.
Distilled water boiled with Lard does not acquire an alkaline reaction (alka-
lies). Boil about 1 Gm. of Lard with 20 mils of alcohol and filter the solution after
coohng; the filtrate is not rendered more than slightly turbid by the addition
of a few drops of a saturated alcoholic solution of silver nitrate (chlorides).
Dissolve 10 Gm. of Lard in 30 mils of chloroform, mix the solution with 10 mils
ofsneutral alcohol and add 1 drop of phenolphthalein T.S.; not more than 2 mils
of tenth-normal potassium hydroxide V.S. is required to produce a pink tint
after shaking it vigorously (free fatty adds).
Intimately mix 5 mils of melted and filtered Lard, while warm, by agitating
it in a test tube with 5 mils of an alcoholic solution of silver nitrate (made by
dissolving 0.1 Gm. of silver nitrate in 10 mils of alcohol, and adding 2 drops of
nitric acid); heat this mixture for five minutes on a water bath. The liquid
fat acquires no reddish or brown color, nor is any dark color produced at the
line of contact of the hot liquids (cottonseed fats) .
Dissolve 5 Gm. of Lard in 20 mils of ether in a test tube, stopper the tube
loosely with purified cotton and allow it to stand for about twelve hours or
over night at a temperature of about 20° C. Collect some of the crystals which
have separated at the bottom of the test tube, mount them in either alcohol or
a fixed oil and examine them under a microscope having a magnifying power
of about two hundred diameters. Lard stearin crystallizes in the form of
flat and rhomboidal plates, cut off obliquely at one end and grouped irregularly.
Beef stearin crystallizes in the form of cylindrical rods or needles with sharp
ends, grouped in fan-shaped clusters.
Saponification value: not less than 195 nor more than 203 (see Part II,
Test No. 9).
Iodine value: not less than 46 nor more than 70 (see Part II, Test No, 8).
Preparation— Adepa Benzoinatus.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 31
ADEPS BENZOINATUS
Benzoinated Lard
Adeps Benz.
Lard, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
SiAM Benzoin, in coarse powder, ten grammes 10 Gm.
To make about one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Add the benzoin to the lard and mix thoroughly; then melt the mixt-
ure by means of a water bath, and, stirring frequently, continue the heat
for two hours, covering the vessel and not allowing the temperature
to rise above 60° C. Lastly, strain the liquid through muslin, and stir
it occasionally, while it cools. Preserve it in a cool place in well-closed
containers which are impervious to fat.
For use in southern latitudes and during the heated season in other
localities, 50 Gm. of the lard (or more, if necessary) may be replaced
by an equal weight of white wax.
ADEPS LANiE
Wool Fat
Adeps Lan. — Anhydrous Lanolin
The purified fat of the wool of the sheep (Ovis aries Linn^ Fam.
Bovidce), freed from water. Preserve it in a cool place in well-closed
containers which are impervious to fat.
Wool Fat is a light-yellow, tenacious, unctuous mass, having not more than
a slight odor.
It is insoluble in, but miscible with, about twice its weight of water, sparingly
soluble in cold alcohol, more soluble in hot alcohol, freely soluble in ether and
in chloroform.
Wool Fat melts between 38° and 42° C. At higher temperatures it vaporizes,
the vapor igniting and burning with a luminous, sooty flame.
A solution of Wool Fat in chloroform (1 in 50), when poured upon the surface
of concentrated sulphuric acid, gradually develops a deep brownish-red color
at the line of contact of the layers.
Dried to a constant weight on a water bath, with frequent stirring, Wool Fat
loses not more than 0.5 per cent, of its weight (water).
Incinerate about 1 Gm. of Wool Fat; not more than 0.1 per cent, of ash
remains. The ash, if any, is not alkaline to moistened Utmus paper {alkalies
and soaps).
Dissolve about 2 Gm. of Wool Fat in 10 mils of ether and add 2 drops of phenol-
phthalein T.S.; a colorless liquid is obtained (free alkalies) which, on the addi-
tion of 0.2 mil of tenth-normal potassium hydroxide V.S., develops a deep red
color (free fatty acids).
Boil about 1 Gm. of Wool Fat with 20 mils of alcohol, and filter the solution
after cooUng; the filtrate is not rendered more than slightly turbid by the
addition of a few drops of saturated alcohoUc solution of silver nitrate (chlorides).
Melt about 10 Gm. of Wool Fat with 50 mils of distilled water on a water
bath, with constant stirring; the fat separates completely on coohng, leaving
32 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
the aqueous layer nearly clear and neutral to litmus. Separate portions of 10 mils
each of the filtered aqueous layer leave no sweet residue on evaporation (glycerin),
emit no ammonia vapors when boiled with 1 mil of potassium hydroxide T.S.,
and do not completely decolorize 0.05 mil of tenth-normal potassium perman-
ganate V.S. within ten minutes (soluble oxidizahle impurities).
About 0.5 Gm. of Wool Fat dissolves completely in 40 mils of boiling dehydrated
alcohol (■petrolatum).
Iodine value not less than 18 nor more than 28 (see Part II, Test No. 8).
ADEPS LAN^ HYDROSUS
Hydrous Wool Fat
Adeps Lan. Hyd. — Lanolin
The purified fat of the wool of the sheep {Ovis aries Linn4 Fam.
Bovidoe), combined with not less than 25 nor more than 30 per cent, of
water. Preserve it in a cool place in well-closed containers which are
impervious to fat.
Hydrous Wool Fat is a yellowish-white, or nearly white, ointment-like mass,
having not more than a slight odor.
It is insoluble in water; with ether or chloroform it yields turbid solutions
which are neutral to moistened litmus paper.
Hydrous Wool Fat on heating separates into an upper oily and a lower aqueous
layer. When heated on a water bath with stirring until it ceases to lose weight,
there remains not less than 70 per cent, and not more than 75 per cent, of residue,
which is transparent when melted, and when cold remains as a yellowish, tena-
cious, unctuous mass, completely soluble in ether or chloroform, and only spar-
ingly soluble in alcohol. Hydrous Wool Fat thus deprived of water responds
to the tests under Adeps Lance.
iETHER
Ether
A liquid containing not less than 95.5 per cent, nor more than 97.5
per cent, of ethyl oxide [(€2115)20 = 74.08], the remainder consisting of
alcohol containing a little water. Preserve it in partially filled, well-
closed containers, in a cool place, remote from fire, and protected from
daylight.
When Ether is to be used for anesthesia it is to be dispensed only in
small, well-closed containers and is not to be used for this purpose if
the container has been opened longer than twenty-four hours.
Ether is a transparent, colorless, mobile liquid, having a characteristic odor,
and a burning and sweetish taste.
It is soluble in about 12 times its volume of water at 25° C. with slight con-
traction of volume. Miscible with alcohol, chloroform, petroleum benzin,
benzene, or fixed or volatile oils.
The color of light blue litmus paper, moistened with water, is not changed
to red when the paper is immersed in Ether for ten minutes.
Specific gravity: 0.713 to 0.716 at 25° C.
Boiling point; about 35° C.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 33
Ether is highly volatile and inflammable. Its vapor when mixed with air
and ignited may explode violently. It is slowly oxidized by the action of air,
moisture, and sun-light with the formation of peroxides.
The moist residue left on the spontaneous evaporation of 30 mils of Ether from
a shallow dish is odorless and neither reddens nor bleaches blue litmus paper.
Dried at 100° C, this residue does not exceed 0.001 Gm.
Pour 10 mils of Ether in portions upon clean, odorless blotting paper and allow
it to evaporate spontaneously. No foreign odor is perceptible when the last
traces of Ether leave the paper.
Shake 10 mils of Ether occasionally during one hour with 1 mil of potassium
hydroxide T.S. in a glass-stoppered container, protecte'd from light; no color is
developed in either liquid {aldehyde).
Shake 10 mils of Ether occasionally during one hour with 1 mil of a freshly
made solution of cadmium and potassium iodide (1 in 10), in a glass-stoppered
cylinder previou.sly rinsed with the Ether under examination and protected
from light; no color develops in either liquid (peroxides).
Preparation — Spiritus ^theris.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
yETHYLIS CARBAMAS
Ethyl Carbamate
iCthyl. Carbarn.
The ethyl ester [C3H7O2N or CO (0C2H5)NH2 = 89.07] of carbamic
acid. Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Ethyl Carbamate occurs in colorless, columnar crystals or scales, odorless,
and having a cooling, saline taste.
One Gm. of Ethyl Carbamate dissolves in 0.45 mil of water, 0.8 mil of alcohol,
2.5 mils of glycerin, 0.9 mil of chloroform, 1.5 milsof ether, and in 32 mils of olive
oil, at 25° C.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 20) is neutral to Htmus.
Ethyl Carbamate melts between 48° and 50° C.
Add 1 Gm. of Ethyl Carbamate to 5 mils of sulphuric acid and heat it gently;
decomposition follows with the evolution of carbon dioxide (alcohol and acid
ammonium sulphate remain in solution).
Heat 1 Gm. of Ethyl Carbamate with 5 mils of concentrated potassium hy-
droxide solution; ammonia gas is given off, recognizable by its odor.
Dissolve about 0.5 Gm. of Ethyl Carbamate in 5 mils of distilled water with
about 1 Gm. of dry sodium carbonate and about 0.01 Gm. of iodine, and warm
the solution; yellow crystals of iodoform separate on cooling.
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Ethyl Carbamate; not more than 0.05 per cent, of
ash remains.
Dissolve about 2 Gm. of Ethyl Carbamate in 2 mils of distilled water and
add 5 mils of nitric acid to the solution; no white precipitate is produced {urea).
Not more than slight opalescence results from the addition of a few drops of
silver nitrate T.S. to 10 mils of an aqueous solution of Ethyl Carbamate (1 in 20)
{chloride).
Mix 2 mils of the aqueous solution (1 in 20) with 1 mil of ferrous sulphate
T .S. and pour the mixture upon 2 mils of sulphuric acid, so as to fotm a sepa-
rate layer; no red or brown zone appears {nitrate).
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
34 The pharmacopceia ci? the
iETHYLIS CHLORIDUM
Ethyl Chloride
/Ethyl. Chlor.
Monochlorethane [CgHgCl or CH3CH2C1 = 64.50]. Preserve it in
hermetically sealed containers, in a cool place, remote from fire, and
protected from light,
When liberated at ordinary room temperature from its sealed container
Ethyl Chloride vaporizes at once; the gas is very inflammable, and must not be
used in proximity to fire.
At low temperatures or under pressure Ethyl Chloride is a colorless, mobile,
very volatile liquid, having a characteristic, ethereal odor, and a burning taste.
It is slightly soluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol and in ether.
Specific gravity: about 0.921 at 0° C.
Ethyl Chloride boils between 12° and 13" C.
It burns with a smoky, greenish flame, with the production of hydrogen
chloride.
Dissolve about 1 mil of Ethyl Chloride in 20 mils of alcohol, both previously
cooled to the temperature of melting ice, and add a few drops of silver nitrate
T.S. ; no turbidity is produced at once (hydrochloric acid).
Shake 10 mils of Ethyl Chloride with 10 mils of distilled water, both previously
cooled to the temperature of melting ice, and allow the supernatant stratum of
Ethyl Chloride to evaporate spontaneously. The residual liquid is neutral to
litmus, and on adding to it a few drops of potassium dichromate T.S., followed
by some diluted sulphuric acid, and boiling the mixture, no odor of aldehyde is
developed, and no greenish or purplish color is produced in the liquid (alcohol).
On the spontaneous evaporation of 5 mils of Ethyl Chloride, no foreign odor
is noticeable while the last portions evaporate and no weighable residue remains.
iETHYLMORPHIN^ HYDROCHLORIDUM
Ethylmorphlne Hydrochloride
/Ethylmorph. Hydrochl.— Ethylmorphlne Chloride
The hydrochloride [C19H23O3NHCH-2H2O or Ci7Hi70N(0H)
(0C2H5).HC1+2H20 = 385.69] of an alkaloid prepared from morphine
by ethylation. Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected from
light.
Ethylmorphine Hydrochloride is a white or yellowish, odorless, microcrystalline
powder.
One Gm. of Ethylmorphine Hydrochloride dissolves in 8 mils of water and in
22 mils of alcohol at 25° C; slightly soluble in ether or chloroform.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is neutral to litmus.
It melts at about 123° C. with decomposition.
Add a drop of ferric chloride T.S. to a solution of about 0.01 Gm. of the salt
in 10 mils of sulphuric acid and warm it on a water bath; the color of the mixture
will become at first green, then deep violet-blue, and, after the addition of a
drop of nitric acid, deep red.
Add silver nitrate T.S. to an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20); a white
precipitate insoluble in nitric acid is produced.
No weighable ash remains on incinerating 0.2 Gm. of Ethylmorphine Hydro-
chloride.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 35
Heat o mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) with 5 mils of potassium
hydroxide T.S. on a water bath; no vapors showing an alkaline reaction with
litmus paper are evolved at once {ammonium compounds)
Dissolve about 0.05 Gm. of potassium ferricyanide in 10 mils of distilled water,
add a drop of ferric chloride T.S., then 1 mil of an aqueous solution of the salt
(1 in 100); no green or blue color is produced at once (morphine) .
Average dose — Metric, 0.015 Gm. — Apothecaries, H grain.
AGAR
Agar
Agar-agar
The dried mucilaginous substance extracted from Gracilaria (Sphcero-
coccus) lichenoides Greville and other marine algae growing along the
eastern coast of Asia, particularly several species of Gelidium, or Gloio-
peltis (Class RhodophyceoB) .
Mostly in bundles from 4 to 6 dm. in length, consisting of thin, translucent,
membranous, agglutinated pieces from 4 to 8 mm. in width; externally yellowish-
white or brownish-white; tough when damp, brittle when dry; odor slight; taste
mucilaginous.
A fragment mounted in water and examined under the microscope gradually
becomes more transparent, showing a granular structure and a few diatoms,
notably the frustules of Arachnoidiscus Ehrenbergii Baillon, which are disk-
shaped and from 0.1 to 0.2 mm. in diameter, and also fragments of the spiculse
of sponges; upon the addition of iodine some of the granules or hyphal portiona
are colored bluish-black.
Insoluble in cold water, but slowly soluble in hot water. A solution made by
boiling 0.1 Gm. of Agar in 100 mils of water, upon cooling yields no precipitate
upon the addition of tannic acid T.S. (gelatin), and does not produce a blue
color upon the addition of iodine T.S. (starch).
Boil 1 part of Agar for about ten minutes with 100 parts of water, and re-
place the water lost by evaporation; it yields a stiff jelly upon cooling.
The powder is pale buff; when mounted in water and examined under the mi-
croscope it shows transparent, more or less granular, striated angular fragments,
occasionally containing frustules of diatoms; with iodine T.S., fragments for
the most part are colored bright red, certain more or less definite areas being
stained bluish-black.
Agar yields not more than 5 per cent, of ash.
Average dose — Metric, 10 Gm. — Apothecaries, 2}^ drachms.
ALCOHOL
Alcohol
A liquid containing not less than 92.3 per cent, by weight or 94.9
per cent, by volume, at 15.56° C., of C2H5.OH (46.05). Preserve it in
well-closed containers, in a cool place, remote from fire.
Alcohol is a transparent, colorless, mobile and volatile liquid, having a slight,
characteristic odor, and a burning taste.
It is miscible with water in all proportions, and without any trace of cloudi-
ness; also miscible with ether or chloroform.
36 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
.. ^___ .1
It does not affect the color of blue or red litmus paper previously moistened
with water.
Specific gravity: not above 0.816 at 15.56° C .,the U. S. Government standard
temperature for Alcohol, nor above 0.810 at 25° C.
Alcohol is readily volatilized, even at low temperatures, and boils at about
78° C. It is inflammable, and burns with a pale blue, smokele.ss flame.
Evaporate 50 mils of Alcohol in a platinum or porcelain dish on a water bath;
the residue does not exceed 0.002 Gm.
Mi.x 10 mils of Alcohol with 5 mils of distilled water and 1 mil of glycerin
and allow the mixture to evaporate spontaneously from a piece of clean, odorless
blotting paper; no foreign odor is perceptible when the last traces of the Alcohol
leave the paper {fusel oil constituents).
Allow 25 mils of alcohol to evaporate spontaneously in a porcelain evaporating
dish, carefully protected from dust, until the surface of the dish is barely moist.
No red or brown color is produced upon the addition of a few drops of colorless
sulphuric acid {amyl alcohol or non-volatile, carbonizahle organic impurities, etc.).
Mix 10 mils of Alcohol in a test tube with 5 mils of potassium hydroxide
T.S.; the liquid does not at once assume a yellow color {aldehyde or oak tannin).
Shake 20 mils of Alcohol in a clean, glass-stoppered bottle with 1 mil of silver
nitrate T.S.; the mixture does not become more than faintly opalescent, or
acquire more than a faint brownish tint when exposed for six hours to diffused
daylight {organic impurities, amyl alcohol, aldehyde, etc.).
Dilute the Alcohol with distilled water until it contains about 10 per cent., by
volume, of ethyl alcohol. Transfer 5 mils of the dilute alcohol to a test tube, add
to it 2 mils of a potassiiun permanganate solution (made by dissolving 3 Gm. of
potassium permanganate in 100 mils of distilled water) and 0.3 mil of sulphuric
acid, and allow the mixture to stand for five minutes. Now dissolve the precipitate
of manganese dioxide by the addition of sulphurous acid, drop by drop with agita-
tion, then add 1 mil of sulphuric acid and 5 mils of fuchsin-sulphurous acid
T.S. and mix them. After standing for ten minutes, a colorless liquid results
{methyl alcohol).
A mixture of 5 mils of Alcohol, 2 mils of .sodium hydroxide T.S., and 5 drops
of a freshly made aqueous solution of sodium nitroprusside (1 in 50), rendered
slightly acid with acetic acid, shows no violet tint within one minute {acetone).
Preparation — Alcohol Dilutum.
ALCOHOL DEHYDRATUM
Dehydrated Alcohol
Alcohol Dehyd.— Alcohol Absolutum, U.S.P. VIII.
A liquid containing not less than 99 per cent, by weight of C2H5.OH
(46.05). Preserve it in well-closed containers, in a cool place, remote
from fire.
Dehydrated Alcohol is a transparent, colorless, mobile, and volatile liquid
having a characteristic odor, and a burning taste. It is very hygroscopic.
Specific gravity: not above 0.798 at 15.56° C, the U. S. Government standard
temperature for alcohol, nor above 0.790 at 25° C.
Shake 10 mils of Dehydrated Alcohol in a stoppered tube with about 0.5 Gm.
of powdered anhydrous copper sulphate; the latter does not become blue {water).
In other respects Dehydrated Alcohol has the properties and responds to the
tests and reactions under Alcohol.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 37
ALCOHOL DILUTUM
Diluted Alcohol
Alcohol Dil.
A liquid containing from 41 to 42 per cent, by weight or from 48.4
to 49.5 per cent, by volume, at 15.56° C, of C2H5.OH (46.05). Preserve
it in well-closed containers, in a cool place, remote from fire.
Alcohol, five hundred milliliters 500 mils
Distilled Water, five hundred milliliters 500 mils
Measure the alcohol and water at the same temperature and mix them.
If the two liquids are measured at the temperature of 25° C, the
mixture, when cooled to the same temperature, will measure about
970 mils.
Diluted Alcohol may also be prepared in the following manner:
Alcohol, four hundred and eight grammes 408 Gm.
Distilled Water, five hundred grammes 500 Gm.
Mix them.
Diluted Alcohol has a specific gravity of from 0.935 to 0.937 at 15.56° C, the
U. S. Government standard temperature for alcohol, and from 0.930 to 0.932
at 25° C.
It responds to the reactions and tests under Alcohol, allowance being made
for the difference in strength and the presence of water and the boiling point
being omitted.
ALOE
Aloes
The inspissated juice of the leaves of Aloe Perryi Baker, yielding
Socotrine Aloes; or Aloe vera Linne, jdelding Curasao Aloes; or of Aloe
ferox Miller, yielding Cape Aloes (Fam. Liliacece).
Socotrine Aloes — In yellowish-brown to blackish-brown opaque, or smooth
and glistening masses; fractured surface somewhat conchoidal; sometimes soft or
semi-liquid; odor aromatic or saffron-hke, never fetid or putrid; taste nauseous,
bitter.
Not less than 50 per cent, of Socotrine Aloes is soluble in cold water, the solu-
tion being of a yellowish color.
The powder is dark brown; when mounted in expressed oU of almond and
examined under the microscope, it shows yellowish- to reddish-brown, irregular
or angular fragments. Upon the addition of nitric acid, it yields a yellowish-
to reddish-browTi solution.
Curapao Aloes — In orange to blackish-brown, opaque masses; fractured surface
uneven, waxy, somewhat resinous; odor characteristic but not aromatic as in
Socotrine Aloes.
Not less than 60 per cent, of Curagao Aloes is soluble in cold water, the solu-
tion being of a purplish-red color.
The powder is deep reddish-bro^Ti ; when mounted in expressed oU of almond
and examined under the microscope, it shows numerous blackish-brown, irregular,
3S THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THfi ,
more or less opaque and angular fragments. Upon the addition of nitric acid,
it yields immediately a deep red liquid.
Cape Aloes — In reddish-brown or olive-black masses, usually covered with
a yellowish powder, or in thin, transparent fragments of a reddish-brown color;
fracture smooth and glassy; odor characteristic.
Not less than 60 per cent, of Cape Aloes is soluble In cold water, the solution
being of a pale yellow color.
The powder is greenish-yellow, changing to light brown on aging; when
mounted in expressed oil of almond and examined under the microscope, it shows
nimierous, distinctly angular, bright yellow fragments. Upon the addition of
nitric acid, it yields a liquid that is colored reddish-brown, changing to purplish-
brown and finally greenish.
The tests which follow apply to Socotrine, Curasao, and Cape Aloes.
Aloes contains not more than 10 per cent, of moisture.
Add 50 mils of alcohol to 1 Gm. of Aloes, gently heat the mixture and then
cool it; a nearly clear solution is obtained (gum and inorganic impurities).
Intimately mix 1 Gm. of Aloes with 10 mils of hot water and dilute 1 mil of
this mixture with 100 mils of wat€r; a green fluorescence is produced upon the
addition of an aqueous solution of sodium borate (1 in 20). Dilute 1 mil of the
original aqueous mixture of Aloes with 100 mils of water, and shake it with 10
mils of benzene; upon separating the benzene solution and adding to it 5 mils of
ammonia water, a permanent deep rose color is produced in the lower layer.
Aloes yields not more than 4 per cent, of ash.
Preparations — Extractum Colocynthidis Compositum Pilulae Aloes Pilulae
Rhei Compositae Tinctura Aloes Tinctura Benzoini Composita.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
ALOINUM
Aloin
Aloin.
A pentoside or mixture of pentosides obtained from aloes, varying in
chemical composition, physical and chemical properties according to
the source. Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Aloin occurs as a micro-crystalline powder or in minute acicular crystals
from lemon-yellow to dark-yellow in color, odorless, or possessing a slight odor
of aloes and an intensely bitter taste. It becomes darker on exposure to light
and air.
Aloin varies in solubility with its composition. It is soluble in water, alcohol
or acetone; slightly soluble in ether.
A saturated aqueous solution of AJoin is neutral or not more than faintly
arid to litmus.
Aloin is soluble in ammonia water and alkali hydroxide solutions, forming
red solutions (or yellow solutions that soon become red) which exhibit a green
fluorescence.
When added to alkaline solutions, Aloin is rapidly decomposed; when mixed
with acid solutions decomposition is slower. A drop of ferric chloride T.S.
added to an alcoholic solution of Aloin produces a brownish-green color.
The color of a saturated aqueous solution of Aloin is yellow, but changes to
brown on standing.
Incinerate about 0.5 Gm. of Aloin; not more than 0.5 per cent, of ash remains.
Shake about 1 Gm. of Aloin with 10 mils of benzene for one minute and filter;
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 39
the filtrate imparts not more than a faint, pink color to an equal volume of
dilute ammonia water (5 per cent.), when shaken with it {emodin).
Dissolve about 1 Gm. of Aloin in 120 mils of distilled water, collect the insol-
uble residue, if any, on a filter tared after it has been dried at 100° C. and wash
the residue with 25 mils of distilled water. Tliis residue, when dried at 100° C,
does not exceed 1.5 per cent.
Average dose — Metric, 0.015 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3^ grain.
ALTERA
Althaea
Marsh Mallow Root
The root of Althosa officinalis Linne (Fam. Malvacece) deprived of the
brown, corky layer and small roots, and carefully dried. Preserve
Althaea in tightly-closed containers, adding a few drops of chloroform
or carbon tetrachloride from time to time, to prevent attack by insects.
Usually cut into small pieces about 5 mm. in diameter, of a uniform grayish-
white color and otherwise having the characters of entire roots; occasionally
entire, slenderly tapering, attaining a length of 30 cm. and a thickness of 2 cm.;
externally whitish, longitudinally furrowed, frequently spirally twisted and
covered with the somewhat loosened bast-fibers; fracture of bark fibrous, of
wood short and granular; internally yellowish-white; bark 1 to 2 mm. thick,
porous, due to mucilage cells, and separated from the slightly radiating wood
by a distinct, grayish cambium zone; odor slight; taste sweetish, mucilaginous.
The powder is whitish; starch grains numerous, from 0.003 to 0.02 nun. in
diameter, usually with a long cleft at the point of origin of growth; sclerenchy-
matous fibers in groups, the walls being quite thick and more or less lignified;
tracheae with scalariform thickenings or with bordered pores; calcium oxalate
crystals few, in rosette aggregates from 0.02 mm. to 0.03 mm. in diameter.
Add 1 Gm. of Althaea to 10 mils of cold water, allow it to stand with occasional
stirring during thirty minutes, and filter through cotton; a pale yellow-colored
mucilage is obtained, which is neutral to litmus and is colored a deep yellow
on the addition of a few drops of potassium hydroxide T.S. The mucilage
does not have a sour or ammoniacal odor.
Althaea j-ields not more than 8 per cent, of ash.
ALUMEN
Alum
Alum.
It contains not less than 99.5 per cent, of AINH 4 (SO 4)2+121130
(453.47), or of AIK(S04)2+12H20 (474.53), the label of the container
must indicate whether the salt is Ammonium Alum or Potassium Alum.
Ammonium Alum and Potassium Alum both occur in large, colorless crj'stals,
cr>'stalline fragments, or as white powders; Alum is odorless and has a sweetish
and strongly astringent taste.
Ammonium Alum — It is somewhat less soluble in water than is Potassium
Alum.
Potassium hydroxide T.S. added to an aqueous solution of Ammoniuna Alun3
40 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
(1 in 20) at first causes a precipitate, which completely dissolves in an excess
of the reagent, ammonia being evolved.
Completely precipitate the aluminum from a boiling solution of 1 Gm. of
Ammonium Alum in 100 mils of distilled water by the addition of a slight excess
of ammonia water and filter; not more than 0.5 per cent, of residue remains on
evaporating the filtrate to dryness and igniting it.
Potassium Alum — One Gm. of Potassium Alum dissolves in 7.2 mils of water
at 25° C., and in 0.3 mil of boiling water; insoluble in alcohol, freely soluble in
glycerin.
Potassium Alum imparts a violet color to a non-luminous flame.
The addition of sodium bitartrate T.S. to a saturated solution of Potassium
Alum produces, sometimes slowlj'-, a white crystalline precipitate.
Potassium hydroxide T.S. added to an aqueous solution of Potassium Alum
(1 in 20) at first causes a precipitate, which completely dissolves in an excess
of the reagent, but no ammonia is evolved.
Both Ammonium Alum and Potassium Alum conform, to the following tests:
An aqueous solution of Alum (1 in 20) is acid to litmus.
When heated it fuses, and at about 200° C. it loses all of its water of crystalli-
zation. When strongly heated it loses sulphuric anhydride, becoming incom-
pletely soluble in water.
An aqueous solution of Alum (1 in 20) yields with ammonia water a white
gelatinous precipitate almost insoluble in an excess of ammonia water.
With barium chloride T.S., an aqueous solution of Alum (1 in 20) yields a
white precipitate insoluble in hydrochloric acid.
An aqueous solution of Alum does not respond to the Test for heayj'^ metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3). An aqueous solution of Alum meets the requirements
of the Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1).
Add 5 drops of potassium ferrocyanide T.S. to 20 mils of an aqueous solution
of Alum (1 in 150); no blue color is produced at once (iron).
Assay — Dissolve about 1 Gm. of the Alum, accurately weighed, and about
1 Gm. of ammonium chloride in 250 mils of distilled water and precipitate the
/ aluminum hydroxide by the addition of a slight excess of ammonia water to
the boiling solution. Collect the precipitate on a filter, wash it thoroughly
with hot distilled water, dry, ignite strongly and weigh it. The aluminum oxide
so obtained corresponds to not less than 99.5 per cent, of the Alum assayed.
Each Gm. of aluminum oxide corresponds to 8.874 Gm. of AINH4 (804)2 +
I2H2O and to 9.286 Gm. of AlK (804)2 + I2H2O.
Preparation — Alumen Exsiccatum.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
ALUMEN EXSICCATUM
Exsiccated Alum
Alum. Exsic. — Alumen Ustum Dried Alum Burnt Alum
It contains, when recently dried to constant weight at 200" C,
not less than 96.5 per cent, of anhydrous A1NH4(S04)2 (237.28) or of
anhydrous A1K(S04)2 (258.34), the label of the container indicating
whether it is made from Ammonium Alum or from Potassium Alum.
Preserve it in well-closed containers and do not dispense it if it contains
more than 10 per cent, of moisture.
Alum, in small pieces, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
To make about fifty-five grammes 55 Gm.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 41
Place the alum in a tared, shallow, porcelain dish so as to form a thin
layer, and heat it cautiously on a sand bath until it liquefies. Then
continue the application of heat, at a temperature not exceeding 200° C,
with constant stirring, until aqueous vapors cease to be evolved and
a dry, white, porous mass is obtained. When cold, reduce the product
to a fine powder.
Exsiccated Alum is a white, granular powder, without odor, possessing a
sweetish, astringent taste, and attracting moisture on exposure to the air.
One Gm. of Exsiccated Alum dissolves very slowly and usually incompletely
in about 20 mils of water at 25° C; also in 1.5 mils of boiling water; insoluble in
alcohol.
Add 2 Gm. of Exsiccated Alum to 40 mils of distilled water and allow it to
stand with occasional agitation for twenty-four hours. Collect the insoluble
residue on previously dried and counterbalanced filters, wash with 50 mils of
distilled water and finally dry at 100° C. until of constant weight; the residue
weighs not more than 0.05 Gm.
Dr>^ about 1 Gm. of Exsiccated Alum in an air bath, to constant weight at
200° C. ; the loss does not exceed 10 per cent.
An aqueous solution of Exsiccated Alum responds to the reactions and tests
for Ammonium Alum or for Potassium Alum given under Alwnien, allowance
being made for the difference in strength.
Assay — Dissolve about 0.5 Gm. of Exsiccated Alum, pre\nously dried to
constant weight at 200° C. and accurately weighed, in 100 mils of distilled water,
filter if necessary, thoroughly wash the insoluble residue with distilled water,
dilute the filtrate and washings to about 250 mils, with distilled water, and add
1 Gm. of ammonium chloride. Proceed with the assay as directed under
Alumen, beginning with the words "and precipitate," second line of the Assay.
The aluminum oxide so obtained corresponds to not less than 96.5 per cent, of
the previously dried Exsiccated Alum.
Each gramme of aluminum oxide corresponds to 4.643 Gm. of .A1XH4(S04)2,
and to 5.055 Gm. of A1K(804)2.
ALUMINI HYDROXIDUM
Aluminum Hydroxide
Alum. Hydrox.
A compound consisting principally of aluminum hydroxide [A1(0H)3
= 78.12].
Alum, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
MoNOHYDRATED SoDiUM Carbonate, forty-five grammes. . . 45 Gm.
Water, a sufficient quantity.
Dissolve each salt separately in one thousand mils of water, filter
the solutions and heat them to boiling. Then, having poured the hot
solution of monohydrated sodium carbonate into a capacious vessel,
gradually pour in the hot solution of alum with constant stirring, and
afterwards add two thousand mils of boiling water. Allow the precipi-
tate to subside, decant the clear liquid, and mix the precipitate with
two thousand mils of hot water. Again decant, transfer the precipitate
42 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
to a strainer, and wash it with hot water, until the washings produce
not more than a faint cloudiness with barium chloride T.S. Allow
the precipitate to drain, dry it at a temperature not exceeding 40° C,
and reduce it to a uniformly fine powder.
Aluminum Hydroxide is a white, bulky, amorphous powder, odorless and taste-
less; permanent in dry air.
It is insoluble in water and alcohol ; it is dissolved by hydrochloric or sulphuric
acid and by the fixed alkali hj'droxides.
Solutions of Aluminum Hydroxide in hydrochloric or sulphuric acid yield
with potassium hydroxide T.S. a white gelatinous precipitate, dissolved by an
excess of the reagent but again precipitated by the addition of an excess of
ammonium chloride.
When heated to redne.ss it loses about 34 per cent, of its weight.
Boil 1 Gm. of Aluminum Hydroxide with 20 mils of distilled water, and filter
the liquid; the filtrate does not show an alkaline reaction, and, on evaporation,
does not leave a residue weighing more than 0.005 Gm. {alkali salts).
Heat 1 Gm. of Aluminum Hydroxide with 10 mils of hydrochloric acid,
evaporate the solution to dryness, and dissolve the residue in 50 mils of distilled
water. Ten mils of this solution does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3).
Heat 1 Gm. of Aluminum Hydroxide with 5 mils of sulphuric acid and 5 mils
of distilled water, on a water bath, for fifteen minutes. Then dilute it to 25 mils
with distilled water and filter. Five mils of this filtrate meets the requirements
of the Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1).
AMMONII BENZOAS
Ammonium Benzoate
Ammon. Benz.
It contains, when dried for twenty-four hours in a desiccator over
sulphuric acid, not less than 98 per cent, of NH4C7H5O2 or CeHs.
COONH4 (139.08). Preserve it in well-closed containers in a cool place.
Ammonium Benzoate occurs in thin, white, laminar crystals or as a crystalline
powder; gradually losing ammonia on exposure to air; odorless, or having a
slight odor of benzoic acid, a saline, bitter, afterwards slightly acrid taste.
One Gm. of Ammonium Benzoate dissolves in about 10 mils of water, 35.5
mils of alcohol, and about 8 mils of glycerin at 25° C.
When strongly heated it evolves ammonia and benzoic acid, and is finally
volatilized leaving not more than 0.05 per cent, of ash.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is neutral or not more than shghtly
acid to litmus.
An acjueous solution of Ammonium Benzoate (1 in 10) yields with ferric
chloride T.S. a pink precipitate, and when such a solution is gently heated with
potassium hydroxide T.S., ammonia is evolved.
Acidulate 10 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 50) with hydrochloric
acid and filter it; the filtrate does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3).
Assay — Di.ssolve about 0.5 Gm. of Ammonium Benzoate, previously dried
for twenty-four hours in a desiccator over sulphuric acid and accurately weighed,
in 10 mils of distilled water in a separator. Add to the solution 5 mils of diluted
eulphuric acid, and extract the liberated benzoic acid by shaking out with 3
successive portions of 25, 15 and 10 mils respectively of chloroform, passing
the chloroform solution through a filter previously moistened with chloroform
and removing any benzoic acid adhering to the stem of the funnel with a few
mils of chloroform. Evaporate the chloroform solution at a low temperature,
trtJiTEli STA-TES OF AMERICA 43
preferably spontaneously, to about 5 mils, add 25 mils of diluted alcohol which
has been previously neutrahzed with tenth-normal potassium hydroxide V.S.,
phenolphthalein T.S. being used as indicator, and titrate this solution with
tenth-norrnal barium hydroxide V.S., using phenolphthalein T.S. as indicator.
It shows, in the dried salt, not less than 98 per cent, of NII4C7II5O2.
Each mil of tenth-normal barium hydroxide \'.S. corresponds to 0.013908
Gm. of NH4C7H5O2. Each gramme of Ammonium l^enzoate, previously dried,
corresponds to not less than 70.5 mils of tenth-normal barium hydroxide V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
AMMONII BROMIDUM
Ammonium Bromide
Ammon. Brom.
It contains, when dried to constant weight at 100° C, not less than
98.5 per cent, of NH4Br (97.96). Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Ammonium Bromide occurs in colorless, transparent, prismatic cr3-stals, or as
a white, crj-stalline or granular powder; odorless, of a pimgent, sahne taste;
somewhat hygroscopic.
One Gm. of Ammoniimi Bromide dissolves in 1.3 mils of water and in 12 mils
of alcohol at 25° C; also in 0.9 mil of boiling water and 1.2 mils of boiling
alcohol.
When heated, Ammonium Bromide volatilizes without fusing.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is neutral or not more than slightly
acid to litmus.
An aqueous solution of Ammonium Bromide when gently heated with potas-
sium hydroxide T.S. evolves ammonia.
Silver nitrate T.S. added to an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) produces
a yellowish-white precipitate, insoluble in nitric acid or in a moderate excess of
ammonia water.
Add 2 mils of nitric acid to about 2 Gm. of the salt and evaporate the mixture
to drjTiess in a porcelain dish on a water bath and ignite the residue; it yields
not more than 0.05 p)er cent, of non-volatile matter.
Add 1 mil of chloroform to 10 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in
20) and cautiously introduce chlorine water, which has been diluted with an equal
volume of distilled water, drop by drop and with constant agitation. The
liberated bromine dissolves in the chlorofonn and imparts to it a yellow or orange
color, which is free from any violet tint (iodide).
Drop 1 mil of diluted sulphuric acid upon about 1 Gm. of the powdered salt;
no yellow color appears at once ihromate).
A- blue color is not produced at once on adding potassium ferrocyanide T.S.
to 20 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 250) {iron).
Add 1 mil of potassium sulphate T.S. to 10 mils of an aqueous solution of
Anmaonium Bromide (1 in 20), acidulated with acetic acid; no turbidity is pro-
duced immediately (harium); under similar conditions the addition of barium
chloride T.S. produces no turbidity (sulphate).
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part 11, Test No. 3).
Assay — Proceed as directed under the Assay for bromides (see Part II, Test
No. 5), using about 0.4 Gm. of Ammonium Bromide, previously dried to con-
stant weight at 100° C. and accurately weighed. It shows, in the dried salt,
not less than 98.5 per cent, of NH4Br.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. corresponds to 0.009796 Gm.
of NH4Br. Each gramme of .\mmonium Bromide, previously dried, corresponds
to not less than 100.5 mils nor more than 103.4 mils of tenth-normal silver
nitrate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
44 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
a:mmoxii carbonas
Ammonium Carbonate
Ammon. Carb.
It consists of varying proportions of a mixture of acid ammonium
carbonate [NH4HC03 = 79.05] and ammonium carbamate [XH4XH2CO2
= 78.07], and yields not less than 30 per cent, nor more than 32 per
cent, of XH3. Preserve it in well-closed containers in a cool place.
For medicinal purposes, use only the translucent portions.
Ammonium Carbonate occurs in white, hard, translucent, striated masses,
having a strong odor of ammonia, without empjTeuma, and a sharp, ammoniacal
taste. On exposure to the air, the salt loses both ammonia and carbon dioxide,
becoming opaque, and is finally converted into friable, porous lumps, or a white
powder. .
When heated, Ammonium Carbonate is volatilized, without charring, the
vapor showing a strongly alkaline reaction with litmus; not more than 0.05
per cent, of residue remains.
One Gm. of Ammonium Carbonate dissolves very slowly in 4 mils of water
at 25° C. ; it is decomposed by hot water, with the elimination of carbon dioxide
and ammonia. By prolonged boiling with water the salt is completely volatil-
ized. Alcohol dissolves the carbamate leaving the acid carbonate.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20j effervesces with acids, and is alkaUne
to htmus.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 50), when slightly supersaturated with
hydrochloric acid, does not respond to the Test for heavy metals (see Part II,
Test No. .3). Five mils of a similar solution is not immediately affected by
barium chloride T.S. (sulphate).
Ten mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20), on the addition of a
slight excess of silver nitrate T.S., and subsequent supersaturation with nitric
acid, neither assumes a brown color (ihiosulphate) , nor becomes more than slightly
opalescent within two minutes (chloride).
On slightly supersaturating an aqueous solution, containing 1 Gm. of the
salt, with nitric acid, and then evaporating it to dryness on a water bath, a
colorless and odorless residue is obtained (empyreumatic mailer).
Assay — Introduce about 2 Gm. of unaltered, translucent Ammonium Carbon-
ate into a tared weighing-bottle containing 10 mils of distilled water, stopper,
weigh accurately and add 40 mils of distilled water and 50 mils of normal sul-
phuric acid V.S. and when solution is effected titrate the excess of acid with
normal potassium hydroxide V.S., using methyl orange T.S. as indicator. It
shows not less than .30 per cent, nor more than 32 per cent, of XH3.
Each mil of normal sulphuric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.01703 Gm.
of NH3. Each gramme of Ammonium Carbonate corresponds to not less than
17.6 mils nor more than 18.8 mils of normal sulphuric acid V.S.
Preparation — Spiritus Ammonii Aromaticus.
Average dose — Metric, 0.3 Gm. — Apothecaries, 5 grains.
AMMONII CHLORIDUM
Ammonium Chloride
Ammon. Chlor.
It contains, when dried to constant weight at 100° C, not less than
90.5 per cent, of NH4CI (53.50).
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 45
Ammonium Chloride is a white, crystalHne or granular powder, without odor,
having a cooling; and saline taste; somewhat hygroscopic.
One Gm. of Ammonium Chloride dissolves in 2.6 mils of water, 100 mils of
alcohol and in 8 mils of glycerin at 25° C; also in 1.4 mils of boiling water.
Ammonium Chloride, on ignition, is volatilized without fu.sing.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) in ice-cold water does not show an
immediate acid reaction with litmus.
Silver nitrate T.S. added to an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) produces
a white, curdy precipitate, insoluble in nitric acid but readily soluble in ammonia
water.
An aqueous solution of the salt, when heated with potassium hydroxide T.S.,
evolves ammonia.
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3).
When acidulated with hydrochloric acid, 10 mils of an aqueous solution of
the salt (1 in 10) does not assume a red color on the addition of a few drops of
ferric chloride T.S. (sulphocyanate) .
Add 2 mils of nitric acid to 2 Gm. of the salt and evaporate the mixture to dry-
ness in a porcelain dish on a water bath; a white residue is obtained, which,
when ignited, yields not more than 0.05 per cent, of non-volatile substances.
Assay — Proceed as directed under the Assay for chlorides (see Part II, Test
No. 5), using about 0.2 Gm. of Ammonium Chloride, previously dried to constant
weight at 100° C. and accuratelv weighed. It shows, in the dried salt, not less
than 99.5 per cent, of NH4CI.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. corresponds to 0.005350 Gm. of
NH4CI. Each gramme of Ammonium Chloride, previously dried, corresponds
to not less than 186.0 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.
Preparation — Trochisci Ammonii Chloridi.
Average dose — JMetric, 0.3 Gm. — Apothecaries, 5 grains.
AMMONII lODIDUM
Ammonium Iodide
Ammon. lod.
It contains, when dried to constant weight at 100° C, not less than
99 per cent, of NH4I (144.96). Preserve it in small, well-closed con-
tainers, protected from light.
Ammonium Iodide occurs in minute, colorless, cubical crystals, or as a white,
granular powder, odorless and having a sharp, saline taste. The salt is very
hj'groscopic, and soon becomes yellow or yellowish-bro^Mi on exposure to air
and hght, owing to the loss of ammonia and the liberation of iodine.
One Gm. of Ammonium Iodide dissolves in 0.6 mil of water, 3.7 mils of
alcohol and in 1.5 mils of glycerin at 25° C; also in 0.5 mil of boiling water.
When strongly heated, Ammonium Iodide evolves vapor of iodine, and vola-
tihzes without fusing, leaving not more than 0.1 per cent, of residue.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is neutral or not more than slightly
acid to litmus. When heated with potassium hydroxide T.S., ammonia is
liberated.
Add a few drops of ferric chloride T.S. to 5 mils of an aqueous solution of
the salt (1 in 20); iodine is liberated which imparts a violet color to chloroform
when shaken with the solution.
Ten mils of an aqueous solution of Ammonium Iodide (1 in 20), when acidu-
lated with hydrochloric acid, is not rendered turbid by the addition of 1 mil of
potassium sulphate TtS. {barium).
46 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Ten mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 150) does not at once assume
a blue color upon the addition of 3 drops of potassium ferrocyanide T.S. (iron).
Shake 5 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 150) with 1 mil of chloro-
form; no violet color is imparted to the latter (free iodine).
An aqueous solution of Ammonium Iodide does not respond to the Test for
heavy metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Assay — Proceed as directed under the Assay for iodides (see Part II, Test
No. 5), using about 0.5 Gm. of Ammonium Iodide, previously dried to constant
weight at 100° C. and accurately weighed in a stoppered weighing-bottle. It
shows, in the dried salt, not less than 99 per cent, of NH4I.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. corresponds to 0.014496 Gm. of
NH4I. Each gramme of Ammonium Iodide, previously dried, corresponds to
not less than G8.3 mils nor more than 70.1 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate
V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.3 Gm. — Apothecaries, 5 grains.
AMMONII SALICYLAS
Ammonium Salicylate
Ammon. Salicyl.
It contains, when dried for twenty-four hours in a desiccator over
-sulphuric acid, not less than 98 per cent, of NH4C7H5O3 or C6H4(0H)
COONH4 (155.08). Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected from
heat and light.
Ammonium Salicylate occurs in colorless, lustrous, monoclinic prisms, or
plates, or as a white, crystalline powder; odorless, and having at first a slightly
saline, bitter taste, with a sweetish after-taste. Permanent in dry air.
One Gm. of Ammonium Salicylate dissolves in 1 mil of water and in 3 mils
of alcohol at 25° C.
When heated, the salt fuses with decomposition, giving off inflammable vapors
and an odor of phenol, and is finally volatilized, leaving not more than 0.1 per
cent, of ash.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) is colorless and neutral or slightly
acid to litmus. When heated with potassium hydroxide T.S. ammonia is evolved.
Add a few drops of ferric chloride T.S. to an excess of a concentrated aqueous
solution of Ammonium Salicylate (1 in 4); a dark red color and a precipitate
are produced. In dilute solution (1 in 100) a deep violet-blue color appears.
Diluted hydrochloric or sulphuric acid produces, in a concentrated aqueous
solution of the salt, a voluminous, white precipitate.
Acidulate 10 mils of an aqueous solution of Ammonium Salicylate (1 in 50)
with hydrochloric acid and filter; the filtrate does not respond to the Test for
heavy metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Assay — Dissolve about 0.5 Gm. of Ammonium Salicylate, previously dried
for twenty-four hours in a desiccator over sulphuric acid and accurately weighed,
in 10 mils of distilled water in a separator. Add to the solution 5 mils of diluted
sulphuric acid, and extract the liberated .salicylic acid by shaking out with three
successive portions of 25, 15 and 10 mils respectively of chloroform, passing
the chloroform solution through a filter previously moistened with chloroform
and removing any salicylic acid adhering to the stem of the funnel with a few
mils of chloroform. Evaporate the chloroform to about 5 mils, add 25 mils
of diluted alcohol which has been previously neutralized with tenth-normal
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 47
potassium hydroxide V.S., phenolplithalein T.S. being \ised as indicator, and
titrate this solution with tenth-normal barium hydroxide V.S., using phenol-
phthalein T.S. as indicator. It shows, in the dried salt, not less than 9S per cent.
of NH4C7H5O3.
Each mil of tenth-normal barium hydroxide V.S. corresponds to 0.015508
Gm. of XH4C7H5O3. Each gramme of Ammonium Salicylate, previously dried,
corresponds to not less than 63.2 mils of tenth-normal barium hydroxide V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
AMMONII VALERAS
Ammonium Valerate
Ammon. Valer. — Ammonium Valerianate
A compound of ammonia and valeric acid having a somewhat varying
composition. Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Ammonium Valerate occurs in colorless, or white, quadrangular plates, emit-
ting the odor of valeric acid; it is deUquescent in moist air, and has a sharp and
sweetish taste.
One Gm. of Ammonium Valerate dissolves in 0.3 mil of water and in 0.6
mil of alcohol at 25° C; soluble in ether.
When heated, the salt fuses, gives off vapors of ammonia and valeric acid,
and is finally volatilized, leaving not more than 0.05 per cent, of residue.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is acid to litmus, and when heated
with potassium hydroxide T.S. evolves ammonia.
Supersaturate slightly a concentrated aqueous solution of Ammonium Valer-
ate with sulphuric acid; an oily layer of valeric acid rises to the surface.
Precipitate completely 10 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20)
with ferric chloride T.S.; the filtrate does not possess a deep red color (acetate).
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 50), when slightly acidulated with hydro-
chloric acid and filtered through a small, wetted filter, does not respond to the
Test for heavy metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
AMYGDALA DULCIS
Sweet Almond
Amygd. Dulc.
The ripe seeds of Prunus Aniygdalus dulcis De Candolle (Fam.
Rosacea). Preserve Sweet Almond in tightly-closed containers, adding
a few drops of chloroform or carbon tetrachloride from time to time to
prevent attack by insects.
Ovate or oblong lanceolate, 17 to 25 mm. in length, 10 to 13 mm. in breadth
and 4 to 7 mm. in thickness; seed-coat light brown with numerous parallel veins,
thin and easily removed on soaking the seed in water; embryo straight, white,
and with two plano-convex cotyledons; taste bland, sweet.
48 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Triturate Sweet Almond with water; a milk-white emulsion is produced
which is not acid to Utmus, and has no odor of benzaldehyde or hydrocyanic
acid {bitter almond).
The powder is creamy-white, exhibiting numerous very small oil globules,
0.001 mm. or less in diameter, and larger oil globules and crystalloids, the latter
sometimes with adhering globoids; fragments of parenchyma of endosperm,
containing oil globules and aleurone grains; also occasional fragments of seed-
coat with characteristic, more or less scattered, large, elliptical, thin-walled,
strongly lignified epidermal cells and narrow, closely spiral trachea;. Starch
grains are absent.
Sweet Almond yields not more than 4 per cent, of ash.
Preparation — Emulsum Amygdalae.
AMYLIS NITRIS
Amyl Nitrite
Amyl. Nitris
A liquid containing not less than 80 per cent, of C5HUNO2 (117.10)
(chiefly iso-amyl nitrite). Preserve it in hermetically sealed glass bulbs,
or in glass-stoppered vials, in a cool place, protected from light.
Amyl Nitrite is a clear, yellowish liquid, of a pecuUar, ethereal, fruity odor
and a pungent, aromatic taste.
It is almost insoluble in water, miscible with alcohol or ether.
Specific gravity: 0.865 to 0.875 at 25° C.
Amyl Nitrite is very volatile, even at a low temperature, and is inflammable,
burning with a yellow, luminous and sooty flame.
Add 2 mils of sulphuric acid to a mixture of 2 drops of Amyl Nitrite and 2
drops of water; amyl valerate is produced, recognizable by its odor on dilution
with water.
Add a few drops of Amyl Nitrite to a mixture of 1 mil of ferrous sulphate T.S.
and 5 mils of diluted hydrochloric acid; a greenish-brown color is produced.
Mix 1 mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. and 10 mils of distilled water
in a test tube with a drop of phenolphthalein T.S. and add 5 mils of Amyl
Nitrite; after inverting the tube a few times, the red tint of the aqueous layer ia
still perceptible (free acid).
A mixture of 1.5 mils of silver nitrate T.S. and 1.5 mils of alcohol with a few
drops of ammonia water does not become brown or black on adding 1 mil of
Amyl Nitrite and gently heating the mixture (aldehyde).
Assay — -Transfer about 3 mils of Amyl Nitrite, which has been previously
shaken with 0.5 Gra. of potassium bicarbonate and carefully decanted, to a tared
100 mil measuring-flask, containing about 20 mils of alcohol, and weigh it
accurately. Add sufficient alcohol to bring the volume to exactly 100 mils and
mix thoroughly. Introduce into a nitrometer (see Part II, Test No. 19) ex-
actly 10 mils of the alcoholic solution, followed by 10 mils of potassium iodide
T.S., and afterwards by 5 mils of diluted sulphuric acid. When the volume
of gas has become constant (within thirty to sixty minutes), note Mie amount
collected, multiply this volume in mils by 4.8 and divide the product by the
original weight in grammes of the Amyl Nitrite. At standard temperature
and j)ressure, the quotient represents the percentage of Amyl Nitrite in the
liquid. The temperature correction is one-third of one per cent, of the total
percentage just found for each degree, — additive if the temperature is below
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 49
25° C., and subtract! ve if it is above 25° C. The barometric correction is four-
thirtieths of one per cent, of the total percentase just found for each milUmeter,
— additive if it is above 760 mm., and subtract! ve if it is below 760 mm.
Average dose — By inhalation, Metric, 0.2 mil — Apothecaries,
3 minims.
AMYLUM
Starch
Amyl. — Corn Starch
The starch separated from the grain of Zea Mays Linn6 (Fam.
GraminecE.) .
In fine powder, or irregular, angular, white masses; consisting chiefly of
polygonal, rounded or spheroidal starch grains from 0.003 to 0.035 nun. in diam-
eter, usually with a lenticular or 3- to 4-rayed central cleft, or in the rounded
grains, with a circular marking; inodorous; taste slight, characteristic.
The indi\-idual starch grains are colored a deep blue by iodine T.S. Com
starch is insoluble in cold water and in alcohol; upon boiling 1 Gm. of Starch
with 15 mils of water and cooling, it yields a translucent, whitish jelly.
Incinerate about 0.5 Gm. of Starch; not more than 0.5 per cent, of ash remains.
Triturate about 0.5 Gm. of Starch with 5 mils of distilled water; the mixture
is neutral to litmus.
Preparation — Glyceritum Amyli.
ANISUM
Anise
Anis. — Aniseed
The dried ripe fruit of Pimpinella Anisum Linne (Fam. Umhelliferce)
without the presence or admixture of more than 3 per cent, of foreign
seeds or other vegetable matter.
Cremocarp broadly ovoid or pyriform, laterally compressed, from 3 to 6 mm. in
length and from 2 to 3 mm. in breadth; mericarps usually cohering and attached
to a slender pedicel from 2 to 12 mm. in length; summit with a ring-like disk and
2 projecting, diverging styles; externally grayish or greenish-gray, seldom grayish-
brown, slightly pubescent ; each with five light brown filiform ridges and in cross-
section with from 15 to 45 vittae. Odor and taste agreeable and aromatic.
Under the microscope transverse sections of Anise show an epidermal layer
with numerous papillae and short, one-celled, non-glandular hairs having very
thick papillose walls; primary ribs each with a small fibro-vascular bundle,
surroimded by a few sclerenchymatous fibers; vittae or oil-tubes from 15 to 45
in number, extending as a more or less interrupted circle in the tissues of the
mesocarp on the dorsal side of each mericarp; 2 large xiitad on the commissural
surface, each separated from the other tissues of the mericarp by a large cavity
due to shrinkage of the seed-coat; inner epidermis of pericarp consisting of a
layer of narrow, tangentially elongated cells closely united with the 1-layered
seed-coat, the inner walls of which are yellowish-brown and considerably thick-
ened; endosperm of polygonal, thick-walled cells filled with spherical or ellip-
soidal aleurone grains, each containing a small rosette aggregate of calcium
oxalate; the aleurone grains surroimded with an oily protoplasm, the oil of which
9
50 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
is liberated upon mounting sections in hydrated chloral T.S., in the form of small
globules; epidermal layer near the middle of the commissural surface composed
of 2 or 3 rows of cells with thick porous walls, and beneath which occur small
groups of thick-walled cells resembling stone cells.
The powder is yellowish-brown; consisting of nmnerous irregular fragments
of pericarp showing portions of the yellowish vitta?, fragments with tracheae and
sclerenchymatous fibers of carpophore; cells of endosperm filled with aleurone
grains about 0.006 mm. in diameter, each usually enclosing a rosette aggregate
crystal of calcium oxalate about 0.002 mm. in diameter; non-glandular hairs
1-celled, from 0.025 to 0.2 mm. in length, either straight or curved and with
numerous, slight, centrifugal projections on the outer surface.
Heat 1 Gm. of the whole drug or powdered drug with 10 mils of potassium
hj'drqxideT.S.; no mouse-like odor develops (fruits of Conium maculatum Linne).
Anise yields not more than 9 per cent, of ash.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
ANTIMONII ET POTASSII TARTRAS
Antimony and Potassium Tartrate
Antim. et Pot. Tart. — Antimonyl Potassium Tartrate Tartrated Antimony
Tartar Emetic
It contains not less than 98.5 per cent, of K(SbO)C4H406+3^H20
(332.34). Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Antimony and Potassium Tartrate occurs as colorless,'transparent crystals of
the rhombic system, or as a wlaite granular powder; without odor, and having
a sweet, afterwards disagreeable, metalUc taste. The crystals effioresce upon
exposure to the air.
One Gm. of Antimony and Potassium Tartrate dissolves in 12 mils of water
and in 15 mils of glycerm at 25° C; also in 3 mils of boiling water; insoluble
in alcohol.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 20) is slightly acid to litmus.
When heated to redness it chars, emits an odor resembling that of burning
sugar, and leaves a blackened residue having an alkaline reaction and imparting
a violet color when a small fragment is held in a non-luminous flame.
In an aqueous solution of Antimony and Potassium Tartrate (1 in 20), acidu-
lated with hydrochloric acid, hydrogen sulphide T.S. produces an orange-
red precipitate, which is soluble in ammonium sulphide T.S. or potassium
hydroxide T.S.
Ten mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 100), acidulated with acetic
acid, does not at once assume a blue color on the addition of 5 drops of potassium
ferrocyanide T.S. {iron).
Dissolve 0.2 Gm. of Antimony and Potassimn Tartrate in 5 mils of hydro-
chloric acid; the solution does not respond to Bettendorf's Test for arsenic (see
Part II, Test No. 2).
Assay — Dissolve about 0.5 Gm. of Antimony and Potassium Tartrate,
accurately weighed, in 30 mils of distilled water, add 25 mils of a cold, saturated
solution of sodium bicarbonate and a few drops of starch T.S. and immediately
titrate this solution with tenth-normal iodine V.S., to the production of a perma-
nent blue color. It shows not less than 98.5 per cent, of K(SbO)C4H406+ 3^H20.
Each mil of tenth-normal iodine V.S. used corresponds to 0.016617 Gm.
of K(SbO)C4H406 + 3^H20. Each gramme of Antimony and Potassium Tar-
trate corresponds to not less than 59.3 mils of tenth-normal iodine V.S.
Preparations — Mistura Glycyrrhizse Composita Syrupus Scilla) Compositus.
Average dose — Expectorant, Metric, 0.005 Gm. — Apothe-
caries, K2 grain.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 51
ANTIPYRINA
Antipyrine
Antipyr. — Phenazone
Phenyldimethylpyrazolon [C11H12ON2 or C3H0N2(CH3)2.C6H6 =
188.12]. Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Antipyrine occurs as a white, almost odorless, crystalline powder or in tabular
crystals, with a slightly bitter taste.
One Gm. of Antipyrine dissolves in less than 1 mil of water, in 1.3 mils of
alcohol, 1 mil of chloroform, and in 43 mils of ether, at 25° C
Its aqueous solution (1 in 20) is neutral to litmus.
It melts between 111° and 113° C.
The addition of tannic acid T.S. to an aqueous solution of Antipyrine produces
an abundant white precipitate.
Mix 0.1 Gm. of sodium nitrite and 12 mils of an aqueous solution of Anti-
pjoine (1 in 100); a nearly colorless liquid is obtained, which, upon the addition
of 1 mil of diluted sulphuric acid, develops a deep green color due to the forma-
tion of isonitroso-antip>Tine.
One drop of ferric chloride T.S. added to 2 mils of a dilute aqueous solution
of Antipyrine (1 in 1000) produces a deep red color, which, upon the addition
of 10 drops of sulphuric acid, is changed to light yellow.
Incinerate about 1 Gm. of Antipj^rine; not more than 0.1 per cent, of ash
remains.
Antipyrine is completely soluble in 1 part of cold distilled water, the solution
being colorless or at most sUghtly yellow when viewed crosswise in a test tube
of about 20 mm. in diameter.
An aqueous solution of Antipyrine does not respond to the Test for heavy
metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Average dose — Metric, 0.3 Gm. — Apothecaries, 5 grains.
APOMORPHIN^ HYDROCHLORIDUM
Apomorphine Hydrochloride
Apomorph. Hydrochl. — Apomorphine Chloride
The hydrochloride [Ci7Hi702NHCl+>^H20 = 312.62] of an alkaloid
prepared from morphine by the abstraction of one molecule of water.
Preserve it, protected from light, in small, well-stoppered vials, which
have been previously rinsed with diluted hydrochloric acid and dried.
Apomorphine Hydrochloride must be rejected if it imparts at once
an emerald-green color to 100 parts of distilled water when shaken with
it in a test tube.
Apomorphine Hydrochloride occurs in minute, white or grayish-white, glisten-
ing, monocUnic prisms; odorless, and acquiring a greenish tint upon exposure
to light and air.
One Gm. of Apomorphine Hydrochloride dissolves in 50 mils of water and in
60 mils of alcohol at 25° C; also in 17 mils of water at 80° C; very sUghtly
soluble in chloroform or ether.
Its saturated aqueous solution is neutral to litmus.
52 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE.
The salt loses its water of crystallization slowly over sulphuric acid and the
anhydrous salt regains the water lost when exposed to the air.
The addition of a solution of sodium bicarbonate to an aqueous solution of
the salt (1 in 100) produces a white or pale greenish-white precipitate, which
rapidly becomes green on exposure to air and then dissolves in ether with a
violet color and in chloroform with a violet-blue color. The salt dissolves in
nitric acid with a dark purple color.
Silver nitrate T.S., added to an aqueous solution of the salt, produces a white
precipitate, insoluble in nitric acid; the precipitate soon turns black by reduc-
tion to metalhc silver, and is instantly reduced by the addition of ammonia
water.
No weighable ash remains on incinerating 0.2 Gm. of Apomorphine Hydro-
chloride.
Shake about 0.1 Gm. of the salt with 10 mils of ether; the latter acquires not
more than a pale reddish color {decomposition products).
Metric Apothecaries
Average dose — Expectorant, 0.003 Gm. — ^^q grain.
Emetic, by mouth, 0.01 Gm. — y^ grain.
Emetic, hypodermic, 0.005 Gm. — 3^2 grain.
AQUA
Water
Water is a colorless, limpid liqmd, practically tasteless and odorless. When
heated nearly to the boiling point and agitated, no disagreeable odor is evolved.
Water is neutral to litmus.
Evaporate 100 mils of Water in a platinum dish; it leaves a residue weighing
not more than 0.03 Gm. {solids) and this residue, when carefully heated to
redness, evolves no visible fumes and shows no appreciable charring {organic
impurities).
Add 1 mil of hydrochloric acid to 100 mils of Water and then add 50 mils
of hydrogen sulphide T.S. ; it shows no darkening after standing fifteen minutes
{lead or copper).
Add 1 mil of hydrochloric acid to 100 mils of Water and then add 1 mil of
potassium ferrocyanide T.S.; no blue coloration is produced immediately {iron).
Add 0.5 mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. to 200 mils of Water, heat to
boiUng, filter and add to the filtrate 3 drops of potassium chromate T.S.; a
red precipitate is produced {chloride).
Add 1 drop of hydrochloric acid, 1 mil of sulphanilic acid T.S. and 1 mil of
naphthylamine hydrochloride T.S. to 100 mils of Water in a Nessler jar, stirring
with a gla.ss rod after each addition. Closely cover the jar with a glass plate,
place it upon a white surface and view it from above; no pink coloration appears
within five minutes {nitrite).
Add 1 mil of sodium carbonate T.S. to 100 mils of Water and evaporate the
liquid in a small porcelain dish just to dryness. Moisten the residue thoroughly
with 2 mils of phenolsulphonic acid T.S., gently warm the dish, add 20 mils of
ammonia water and sufficient distilled water to measure 100 mils. Any yellow
color produced is not greater than that obtained by evaporating 0.0021 Gm. of
pota.ssiimi nitrate, dissolved in 3 mils of distilled water and 1 mil of sodium
carbonate T.S., to dryness and treating the residue in the same manner as the
residue from the Water. The comparison of colors must be made in Nessler
jars of the same diameter and size {nitrate).
Add 2 mils of alkaline mercuric potassium iodide T.S. to 100 mils of Water
in a Nes.sler jar and mix thoroughly. Place the jar on a white surface and view
the contents from above; the water does not at once assume a deep yellow or
orange color {ammonium compounds).
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 63
Mix 100 mils of Water with 10 mils of diluted sulphuric acid in a clean porcelain
dish and heat it rapidly to boiling, then add 0.4 mil of tenth-normal potassium
permanganate V.S. and boil the hquid for ten minutes; the color of the liquid
is not completely destroyed (oxygen consuming capacity as a measure of organic
impurities).
AQUA AMMONITE
Ammonia Water
Aq. Ammon.
An aqueous solution of ammonia [NH3 = 17.03] containing not less
than 9.5 per cent, nor more than 10.5 per cent, by weight of NH3. This
solution deteriorates on keeping, and must be tested frequently. Pre-
serve it in a cool place in glass-stoppered bottles made of hard glass free
from lead.
Ammonia Water is a colorless, transparent liquid, having a very pungent
characteristic odor and a caustic, alkaline taste. Dense white fumes are produced
on bringing a glass rod, dipped into hydrochloric acid, near the surface of Am-
monia Water.
Ammonia Water is strongly alkaline to litmus.
Specific gravity: about 0.958 at 25° C.
Add 0.1 mil of tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S. to 10 mils of
Ammonia Water, which has been slightly supersaturated with diluted sulphuric
acid; the pink color is not completely destroyed within ten minutes {oxidizable
and empyreumatic substances).
When neutrahzed and made slightly acid with hydrochloric acid, 10 mils of
Ammonia Water does not respond to the Test for heavy metals (see Part II,
Test No. 3). _
Twenty-five mils of Ammonia Water, when evaporated to dryness in a plati-
num or porcelain dish and heated to constant weight at 120° C, leaves not more
than 0.005 Gm. of residue.
Assay — Pour about 5 mils of Ammonia Water into a tared, stoppered weighing-
bottle containing about 10 mils of distilled water and weigh accurately. Dilute
the liquid with 50 mils of distilled water and titrate with normal sulphuric
acid V.S., using litmus or methyl orange T.S. as indicator. It shows not less
than 9.5 per cent, nor more th^n 10.5 per cent., by weight, of NH3.
Each mil of normal sulphuric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.01703 Gm.
of NH3. Each gramme of Ammonia Water corresponds to not less than 5.57
mils nor more than 6.16 mils of normal sulphuric acid V.S.
Preparations — Linimentum Ammonise Spiritus Ammoniae Aromaticus.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
AQUA AMMONUE FORTIOR
Stronger Ammonia Water
Aq. Ammon. Fort.
An aqueous solution of ammonia [NH 3 = 17.03] containing not less
than 27 per cent, nor more than 29 per cent., by weight, of NH3. This
solution deteriorates on keeping, and must be tested frequently. Pre-
54 THE PHAIUIACOPCEIA OF THE
serve it in a cool place in partially filled, strong, glass-stoppered bottles
made of hard glass free from lead. Great caution should be used in hand-
ling this liquid.
Stronger Ammonia Water is a colorless, transparent liquid, having an exces-
sively pungent, characteristic odor and a very caustic and alkaline taste.
Wronger Ammonia Water tnust never be tasted unless greatly diluted.
Stronger Ammonia Water is strongly alkaline to litmus.
Specific gravity: about 0.897 at 25° C.
Stronger Ammonia Water, when diluted with twice its volume of distilled
water, responds to the tests for identity and purity under Aqua Ammonice.
Assay — Pour about 2 mils of Stronger Ammonia Water into a tared flask con-
taining about 50 mils of distilled water, weigh accurately, and titrate with normal
sulphuric acid V.S., using litmus or methyl orange T.S. as indicator. It shows
not less than 27 per cent, nor more than 29 per cent., by weight, of NH3.
Each mil of normal sulphuric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.01703 Gm.
of XH3. Each gramme of Stronger .Ammonia Water corresponds to not less
than 15.8 mils nor more than 17 mils of normal sulphuric acid V.S.
AQUA AMYGDAL.^ AMAR^
Bitter Almond Water
Aq. Amygd. Amar.
Oil of Bitter Almond, one milliliter 1 mil
Distilled Water, recently boiled, nine hundred and
ninety-nine milliliters 999 mils
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Dissolve the oil of bitter almond in the recently boiled distilled water
by agitation, and filter.
Note — Bitter Almond Water contains a mere trace of hydrocyanic
acid and differs from the preparation of the same name, recommended
by the International Protocol, 1906, which contains 0.1 per cent, of
hydrocyanic acid.
Average dose — Metric, 4 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fluidrachm.
AQUA ANISI
Anise Water
Aq. Anisi
Oil of Anise, two milliliters 2 mils
Purified Talc, Jifteen grammes 15 Gm.
Distilled Water, recently boiled, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 55
Prepare the Anise Water by the General Process described under
AgucB AromaticcB (page 60).
Average dose — Metric, 15 mils — Apothecaries, 4 fluidrachma
AQUA AURANTII FLORUM
Orange Flower Water
Aq. Aurant. Flor.
Stronger Orange Flower Water,
Distilled Water, recently boiled, each, one volume.
Mix them immediately before use.
Orange Flower Water complies with the testa for identity and purity given
under Aqua Aurantii Florum Forlior.
Preparation — Syrupus Aurantii Florum.
AQUA AURANTII FLORUM FORTIOR
Stronger Orange Flower Water
Aq. Aurant. Flor. Fort.
The saturated aqueous distillate prepared by distilling the fresh
flowers of Citrus Aurantium amara Linne (Fam. Rutacece) with water.
Preserve it in bottles stoppered with a pledget of purified cotton and in
a dark, cool place.
Stronger Orange Flower Water is colorless and clear or only faintly opalescent,
and possesses a strong and pleasant odor and taste of orange blossoms, and
must be free from empyreuma, mustiness, or mucoid growths.
It is neutral or only slightly acid to litmus, and 100 mils, when evaporated
to dryness on a water bath and the residue subsequently dried in an oven to
constant weight at 100° C, yields not more than 0.001 Gra. of residue. It
gives no reaction with hydrogen sulphide T.S. or with sodium sulphide T.S.
(metallic impurities) .
Preparation — Aqua Aurantii Florum.
AQUA CAMPHOR.E
Camphor Water
Aq. Camph.
Camphor, eight grammes 8 Gm,
Alcohol, eight inilliliters 8 mils
Purified Talc, fifteen grammes 15 Gm.
Distilled Water, recently boiled, a sufficien'. quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
56 THE PHARMACOPCEL^ OF THE
Triturate the camphor with the alcohol in a mortar, add the puri-
fied talc; continue the trituration until the alcohol has evaporated and
add the recently boiled distilled water. Filter the mixture, and pass
the filtrate repeatedly through the filter until the Camphor Water is
perfectly clear.
Average dose — ^Metric, 10 mils — Apothecaries, 23^ fluidrachms.
AQUA CHLOROFORMI
Chloroform Water
Aq. Chlorof.
Chloroform,
Distilled Water, recently boiled, each, a sufficient quantity.
To a convenient quantity of recently boiled distilled water, contained
in a dark amber-colored bottle, add enough chloroform to maintain
a slight excess of the chloroform after the contents have been repeatedly
and thoroughly shaken. Preserve it in a cool, dark place.
When Chloroform Water is required for use, pour off the needed quan-
tity, refill the bottle with recently boiled distilled water and saturate it
by thorough agitation, taking care that there be always an excess of
chloroform present.
Average dose — ]\Ietric, 15 mils — Apothecaries, 4 fluidrachms.
AQUA CINNAMOMI
Cinnamon Water
Aq. Cinnam.
Oil of Cinnamon, two milliliters 2 mils
Purified Talc, fifteen grammes 15 Gm.
Distilled Water, recently boiled, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare the Cinnamon Water by the General Process described under
Aqu/s AromaticoB (page 60).
Average dose — Metric, 15 mils — Apothecaries, 4 fluidrachms.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 57
AQUA CREOSOTI
Creosote Water
Aq. Creosot.
Creosote, ten milliliters 10 mils
Distilled Water, recently boiled, nine hundred and
ninety milliliters 990 mils
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Agitate the creosote vigorously with the recently boiled distilled water
and filter, returning the filtrate to the filter until it is perfectly clear.
This preparation must not be dispensed unless it has been recently
prepared.
Average dose — Metric, 10 mils — Apothecaries, 23^^ fluidrachms.
AQUA DESTILLATA
Distilled Water
Aq. Dest
Water [H20 = 18.016] purified by distillation.
Water, one thousand volumes 1000 vol.
To make seven hundred and fifty volumes 750 vol.
Distil the water from a suitable apparatus provided with a block-tin
or glass condenser. Collect the first one hundred volumes and reject this
portion. Then collect seven hundred and fifty volumes and keep the
Distilled Water in glass-stoppered bottles, which have been rmsed with
hot distilled water immediately before being filled.
Distilled Water is a colorless, limpid liquid, without odor or taste, and neutral
to the official indicators (see Part II).
Separate portions of 100 mils each of Distilled Water are not affected by
the addition of barium chloride T.S. (sulphale); silver nitrate T.S. (chloride);
ammonium oxalate T.S.{ calciurn); hydrogen sulphide T.S., or sodium sulphide
T.S. {ynetals).
Distilled Water shows no deep yellow, orange or brown coloration when 1 mil of
Nessler's reagent is added to 100 mils of the Water {ammonia).
Add 50 mils of calcium hydi-oxide T.S. to 25 mils of Distilled Water; the
mixture remains clear and transparent (carbon dioxide).
Evaporate 100 mils of Distilled Water to dryness on a water bath and sub-
sequently dry the residue in an oven to constant weight at 100° C; not more
than 0.001 Gm. of residue remains.
Heat 100 mils of Distilled Water to boiling, acidulate it with 10 mils of
diluted sulphuric acid, and subsequently add 0.1 mil of tenth-normal potassium
permanganate V.S. The color of the Hquid is not completely destroyed by boil-
ing it for ten minutes (organic or other oxidizable substances).
58 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
AQUA DESTILLATA STERILISATA
Sterilized Distilled Water
Aq. Dest. Steril.
Water, freshly distilled, a sufficient quantity.
Transfer the necessary quantity of freshly distilled water to a flask
of hard glass of sufficient size which has previously been cleansed and
sterilized as described under Sterilization (see Part II). Close the mouth
of the flask with a pledget of sterilized purified cotton, boil the contents
for thirty minutes and allow the water to cool without removing the
cotton plug. Finally protect the mouth of the flask and the cotton
pledget from infection through dust by wrapping the top of the flask
tightly with paper.
Sterilized Distilled Water should be used within forty-eight hours
after its preparation.
AQUA FCENICULI
Fennel Water
Aq. Fcenic.
Oil of Fennel, two milliliters 2 mils
Purified Talc, fifteen grammes 15 Gm.
Distilled Water, recently boiled, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare the Fennel Water by the General Process described under
AquoB Aromaticce (page 60).
Average dose — Metric, 15 mils — Apothecaries, 4 fluidrachms.
AQUA HAMAMELIDIS
Hamamelis Water
Aq. liamam. — Witch Hazel Water Distilled Extract of Witch Hazel
A saturated aqueous liquid obtained by distilling with steam or
water the bark, twigs, smaller stems or the entire shrub of Hamamelis
virginiana Linne (Fam. Hamamelidacece) collected in the autumn, and
adding one hundred and fifty mils of alcohol to each eight hundred and
fifty mils of distillate. Preserve it in tightly-closed containers in a
cool place.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 59
Hamamelis Water is a clear and colorless, or not more than faintly opalescent
or slightly yellowish liquid having a characteristic odor and taste. It is
neutral or only faintly acid to litmus.
Specific gravity: 0.979 to 0.982 at 25° C.
It must be free from mucoid or fungous growths and must not have an
acetous odor. It gives no reaction with hydrogen sulphide T.S. or with sodium
sulphide T.S. (metallic impurities).
Evaporate 100 mils of Hamamelis Water to dryness on a water bath; not
more than 0.025 Gm. of residue remains {disaolved im-purities) .
It contains not less than 14 per cent, of absolute alcohol, by volume, when
estimated as directed under Determination of alcohol in official preparations
(see Part II, Test No. 14).
Add 8 drops of an aqueous solution of resorcinol (1 in 200) to 5 mils of Hama-
melis Water and then carefully pour this upon 5 mils of sulphuric acid, con-
tained in a test tube, in such a manner that the two liquids do not mix. After
standing for three minutes a rose-red ring does not appear at the line of con-
tact of the liquids nor does a distinct, white layer appear above this zone
{formaldehyde).
Ten mils of Hamamelis Water gives no reaction for methyl alcohol when
tested as directed under Alcohol for the detection of methyl alcohol.
AQUA MENTHA PIPERITA
Peppermint Water
Aq. Menth. Pip.
Oil of Peppermint, two milliliters 2 mils
Purified Talc, fifteen gramvies 15 Gm.
Distilled Water, recently boiled, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare the Peppermint M'ater by the General Process described under
Aqua Aromaticce (page 60).
Average dose— IMetric, 15 mils — Apothecaries, 4 fluidrachms.
AQUA MENTHiE \ IRIDIS
Spearmint Water
Aq. Menth. Vir.
Oil of Spearmint, two milliliters 2 mils
Purified Talc, fifteen grammes ' 15 Gm.
Distilled Water, recently boiled, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare the Spearmint Water by the General Process described under
Aquce Aromaticce (page 60).
Average dose — INIetric, 15 mils — Apothecaries, 4 fluidrachms.
60 THE PHARMACOPCEIA Or THE
AQUA ROS.E
Rose Water
Aq. Ros.
Stronger Rose Water,
Distilled Water, recently boiled, each, one volume.
Mix them immediately before use.
Rose Water complies with the tests for identity and purity described under
Aqua Rosce Fortior.
AQUA ROS.E FORTIOR
Stronger Rose Water
Aq. Ros. Fort.
The saturated aqueous distillate prepared by distilling the fresh flowers
of Rosa centifolia Linne (Fam. Rosaceoe) with water. Preserve it in bot-
tles stoppered with a pledget of purified cotton, in a cool, dark place.
Stronger Rose Water is colorless and clear, and possesses a strong and pleasant
odor and a taste of fresh rose blossoms, and must be free from empyreuma,
mustiness, or mucoid growths.
It is neutral or only slightly acid to litmus and 100 mils, when evaporated to
dryness on a water bath and the residue subsequently dried in an oven to con-
stant weight at 100° C, yields not more than 0.001 Gm. of residue. It gives
no reaction with hydrogen sulphide T.S. or with sodium sulphide T.S. (metallic
impurities).
Preparations — Aqua Rosae Unguentum Aquae Rosse.
AQU^ AROMATIC.^
Aromatic Waters
Aromatic Waters, when prepared from volatile oils, are intended to be,
as nearly as practicable, saturated solutions, which must be clear and
free from solid impurities, and, unless otherwise directed, should be
made by the following general process:
General Process
Volatile Oil, two milliliters 2 mils
Purified Talc, fifteen grammes 15 Gm.
Distilled Water, recently boiled, one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Triturate the volatile oil with the purified talc, add the recently
boiled distilled water gradually with continued trituration, filter, and
pass the filtrate through the filter repeatedly until the Aromatic Water
is perfectly clear.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 61
If preferred, the solution of the volatile oil may be made by replacing
the purified talc by purified siliceous earth, or by pulped filter paper;
or a solution of the volatile oil may be prepared with recently boiled
distilled water, by direct addition and filtration, after shaking. Aro-
matic Waters may also be made by the distillation of a mixture of the
drug or volatile oil with water. In each case the method used must
yield a finished product which meets the official requirements and cor-
responds with that obtained by the general process. Aromatic Waters
should not be permitted to freeze.
ARGENTI NITRAS
Silver Nitrate
Arg. Nit.
It contains, when finely powdered and dried to constant weight in a
desiccator over sulphuric acid, in the dark, not less than 99.8 per cent,
of AgNOa (169.89). Preserve it in dark amber-colored vials, protected
from light.
Silver Nitrate occurs as colorless, transparent, tabular, rhombic crj^stals,
becoming gray or grayish-black on exposure to light in the presence of organic
matter; without odor, but having a bitter, caustic and strongly metallic taste.
One Gm. of Silver Nitrate dissolves in 0.4 mil of water and in 30 mils of
alcohol at 25° C. ; also in slightly more than 0. 1 nul of boiling water and in 6.5
mils of boihng alcohol; slightly soluble in ether.
When heated in a porcelain crucible to about 200° C, the salt melts, forming
a faintly yellow liquid, which, on cooling, congeals to a pure white, crystalline
mass. At a higher temperature it is gradually decomposed with the evolution
of nitrogen oxides.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) is clear and colorless and is neutral
to litmus.
Hydrochloric acid added to an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 50) produces
a white, curdy precipitate, insoluble in nitric acid, but readily soluble in ammonia
water.
Mix an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) in a test tube with a drop of
diphenylamine T.S. and then carefully pour on sulphuric acid so as to form a
separate layer; a deep blue color appears at the hne of contact.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) is not colored even faintly blue by the
addition of an excess of ammonia water (copper).
Assay — Dissolve about 0.8 Gm. of finely powdered Silver Nitrate, previously
dried in a desiccator over sulphuric acid, in the dark, and accurately weighed, in
50 mils of distilled water, add 2 mils of nitric acid and 2 mils of ferric ammonium
sulphate T.S. and titrate the mixture with tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate
V.S. It shows, in the dried salt, not le.ss than 99.8 per cent, of AgNOa.
Each mil of tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S. used corresponds to
0.016989 Gm. of AgNOs. Each gramme of Silver Nitrate, dried to constant
weight, corresponds to not less than 58.7 mils of tenth-normal potassium sul-
phocyanate V.S.
Preparation — Argenti Nitras Fusus.
Average dose — Metric, 0.01 Gm. — Apothecaries, }4 grain.
62 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
ARGENTI NITRAS FUSUS
Moulded Silver Nitrate
Arg. Nit. Fus. — Fused Silver Nitrate Lunar Caustic
It contains not less than 94.5 per cent, of AgNOa (169.89).
Silver Nitrate, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Hydrochloric Acid, jour grammes 4 Gm.
Add the hydrochloric acid to the silver nitrate, contained in a porce-
lain dish, and melt the mixture at as low a temperature as possible.
Stir it well, and pour the melted mass into suitable moulds. Preserve
it in dark amber-colored vials, protected from light.
Moulded Silver Nitrate is a white, hard solid, generally in the form of pencils
or cones, showing a fibrous fracture, becoming gray or grayish-black on exposure
to light; odorless, and having a bitter, caustic, and strongly metallic taste.
One Gm. of Moulded Silver Nitrate, \vith the exception of about 5 per cent,
which is silver chloride, dissolves in 0.4 mil of water and in 30 mils of alcohol
at 25° C; also in slightly more than 0.1 mU of boiling water and in 6.5 mils of
boiling alcohol; slightly soluble in ether.
A filtered, aqueous solution of Moulded Silver Nitrate (1 in 10) is neutral to
litmus, and responds to the tests for identity and purity under Argenti Nitras.
Assay — Add about 0.8 Gm. of Moulded Silver Nitrate, accurately weighed, to
50 mils of distilled water and, when the silver nitrate has dissolved, filter the
solution. Thoroughly wash the filter and sediment with distilled water, add
2 mils of nitric acid and 2 mils of ferric ammonium sulphate T.S. to the mixed
filtrate and washings and titrate this liquid with tenth-normal potassium sulpho-
cyanate V.S. It shows not less than 94.5 per cent, of AgNOs.
Each mil of tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S. used corresponds to
0.016989 Gm. of AgNOp. P^ach gramme of Moulded Silver Nitrate corresponds
to not less than 55.6 mils of tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S.
ARGENTI OXIDUM
Silver Oxide
Arg. Oxid.
It contains, when dried to constant weight at 120° C., not less than
99.6 per cent, of Ag20 (231.76). Preserve it in well-stoppered, dark am-
ber-colored vials. It must not be triturated with readily oxidizable or com-
bustible substances, and must not be brought in contact with ammonia.
Silver Oxide is a heavy, dark brownish-black powder, easily reduced by ex-
posure to light; odorle.ss, and having a metallic taste.
Silver Oxide is very slightly soluble in water, to which, however, it imparts an
alkaline reaction; insoluble in alcohol; it is dissolved by nitric acid.
When heated in a porcelain crucible to about 250° to 300° C, Silver Oxide is
rapidly decomposed, with the evolution of oxygen, leaving a residue of metallic
silver.
\
tJNITED STATES OF AMERICA 63
Dissolve about 0.2 Gm. of the Oxide in a mixture of 1 mil of nitric acid and
2 mils of distilled water, add 10 mils of ammonia water and dilute the liquid
to 60 mils; 10 mils of this solution does not immediately become cloudy upon
the addition of 1 mil of nitric acid {chloride).
A solution of the Oxide in nitric acid is colorless, and responds to the tests
for identity and purity under Argenti Nitras when the tests are appUed to a
solution of proportionate strength.
Assay— Dissolve about 0.5 Gm. of Silver Oxide, previously dried to constant
weight at 120° C. and accurately weighed, in 3 mils of nitric acid and 50 mils of
distilled water in a flask, add 2 mils of ferric ammonium suli)hate T.S. and titrate
the mixture with tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S. It shows, in the
dried Silver Oxide, not less than 99.6 per cent, of Ag20.
Each mil of tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S. used corresponds to
0.011588 Gm. of AggO. Each gramme of Silver Oxide, dried to constant
weight, corresponds to not less than 86.0 mils of tenth-normal potassium
sulphocyanate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
ARNICA
Arnica
Arnic. — Arnica Flowers
The dried flower-heads of Arnica montana Liime (Fam. Composite).
Consisting chiefly of the tubular and ligulate flowers, occasionally with the
involucre and receptacle present; involucral bracts narrowly lanceolate, about
1 cm. in length, dark gi-een and pubescent; receptacle slightly convex, deeply
pitted and densely short-hairy; ray flowers bright yellow, the ligulate portion
2 cm. in length, more or less folded lengthwise, 3-toothed, 7- to 12-veined,
pistillate; tubular flowers perfect, reddish-3^ellow, stamens without a tail-like
appendage (distinguished from anthers in flowers of Inula Hiienium Linne,
which have two bristles or long tails at the base); the achenes spindle-shaped,
from 5 to 7 mm. in length, dark brown, finely striate, glandular-pubescent and sur-
mounted by a pappus a little longer than the achene and composed of a single
circle of nearly white barbellate bristles; odor charactei'istic and* agreeable;
taste bitter and acrid.
The powder is yellowish-brown; pollen grains numerous, from 0.025 to 0.035
mm. in diameter, spherical, triangular in section and spinose; non-glandular
hairs of three kinds, either uniceflular, 4- to 6-celled, or consisting of a pair of
unicellular hairs with numerous pores on the dividing wall; glandular hairs of
three kinds, either with a large unicellular stalk and a unicellular, glandular
head, or with a 4-celled stalk and a unicellular, glandular head, or a stalk of a
double row of 5 cells and a 2-celled, glandular head; pappus consisting of a
multicellular axis with unicellular branches.
Arnica jnelds not more than 9 per cent, of ash.
Preparation — Tinctura ArnicaR.
ARSENI lODIDUM
Arsenous Iodide
Arsen. lod. — Arsenic Iodide
It contains, when dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sul-
phuric acid, not less than 99 per cent, of Asia (455.72). Preserve it in
amber-colored, glass-stoppered vials, in a cool place, protected from light.
64 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Arsenous Iodide is an orange-red, inodorous, crystalline powder, stable when
protected from direct sunlight and kept in a cool place.
One Gm. of Arsenous Iodide dissolves in about 12 mils of water at 25° C,
with partial decomposition; soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, or carbon
disulphide.
No loss of iodine occurs when dry Arsenous Iodide is heated on a water bath,
but at higher temperatures it volatilizes, leaving not more than 0.5 per cent,
of residue. \\Tien warmed wath a few drops of nitric acid, brown vapors of nitro-
gen oxides are evolved, followed by violet vapors of iodine.
A freshly prepared aqueous solution of the salt is colorless, but upon standing
it gradually decomposes with the formation of arsenous and hydriodic acids and
becomes yellow.
Add hydrogen sulphide T.S. to an aqueous solution of Arsenous Iodide, acidu-
lated with hydrochloric acid; a lemon-yellow precipitate of arsenous sulphide is
produced.
Add 1 mil of chlorine water to 5 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1
in 20); iodine is liberated and imparts to the solution a light reddish-brown
color. Agitate this mixture with 1 mil of chloroform; the latter acquires a
violet color.
Assay — Proceed as directed under the Assay for iodides (see Part II, T'"it
No. 5), using about 0.5 Gm. of Arsenous Iodide, previously dried to const it
weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid and accurately weighed. It shows, in
the dried salt, not less than 99 per cent, of Asia.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. corresponds to 0.015191 Gm. of
Asia. Each gramme of Ai'senous Iodide, dried to constant weight, correspoads
to not less than 65.2 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.
Preparation — Liquor Arseni et Hydrarg3Ti lodidi.
Average dose — Metric, 0.005 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3^12 grain.
ARSENI TRIOXIDUM
Arsenic Trioxide
Arsen. Triox. — Arsenous Acid Arsenous Oxide White Arsenic
It contains, when dried to constant weight at 100° C, not less than
99.8 per cent, of AS2O3 (197.92).
Arsenic Trioxide occurs either as an opaque, white powder, or in irregular
masses of two varieties: one, amorphous, transparent, and colorless, like glass;
the other, crystalline, opaque, and white, resembling porcelain. Frequently
the same piece has an opaque, white outer crust enclosing the glassy variety.
Contact with moist air gradually changes the glassy into the white, opaque
variety. Both are odorless.
Arsenic Trioxide is soluble in water, the amorphous or glassy variety being
somewhat more soluble than the crystalline variety; it is slightly soluble in
alcohol and in ether and freely soluble in glycerin and is dissolved by hydro-
chloric acid and alkaline solutions.
An aqueous solution of Arsenic Trioxide is faintly acid to litmus.
When slowly heated in a dry test tube of hard glass. Arsenic Trioxide yields
a sublimate of minute, brilliant, transparent, octahedral crystals and does not
show a yellow color (arsenous sulphide). When heated rapidly to about 200° C,
the amorphous variety fuses, then sublimes, while the crystalline variety sub-
limes without fusing. Not more than 0.1 per cent of residue remains after
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 65
sublimation. When covered with charcoal in an ignition tube, and strongly
heated, Arsenic Trioxide is reduced, and metallic arsenic is deposited on the
cooler portion of the tube as a mirror, having a metallic luster, and this mirror
is readily dissolved by solutions of sodium or calcium hypochlorite.
Hydrogen sulphide T.S. colors an aqueous solution of Arsenic Trioxide (1 in
100) yellow; on adding a few drops of hydrochloric acid to the colored solution,
a lemon-j-ellow precipitate of arsenic trisulphide is produced, w^hich is completely
soluble in ammonium carbonate T.S. {antimony, tin, and cadmium).
Dissolve 1 Gm. of Arsenic Trioxide in 10 mils of ammonia water with the
aid of a gentle heat; a colorless solution is produced.
Assay — Dissolve about 0.2 Gm. of Arsenic Trioxide, previously dried to
constant weight at 100° C. and accurately weighed, in 20 mils of boiling dis-
tilled water by the gradual addition of sodium hydroxide T.8. until complete
solution results. Neutralize this solution ■svith diluted sulphuric acid V.S.,
using phenolphthalein T.S. as indicator, cool, dissolve in it 2 Gm. of sodium
bicarbonate and titrate the mixture with tenth-normal iodine V.S., using starch
T.S. as indicator. It shows, in the dried Arsenic Trioxide, not less than 99.8
per cent, of AS2O3.
Each mil of tenth-normal iodine V.S. used corresponds to 0.004948 Gm.
of AS2O3. Each gramme of Arsenic Trioxide, dried to constant W'eight, corre-
sponds to not less than 201.7 mils of tenth-normal iodine V.S.
Preparations — Liquor Acidi Arsenosi Liquor Potassii Arsenitis.
Average dose — Metric, 0.002 Gm. — Apothecaries, }io grain.
ASAFCETIDA
Asafetida
Asafoet. — Gum Asafetida
The gum-resin obtained by incising the rhizomes and roots of Ferula
Asafoetida Linne and Ferula foetida Regel and of some other species of
Ferula (Fam. Umhelliferce) , indigenous to Persia and adjacent countries,
and yielding not less than 60 per cent, (or if powdered 50 per cent.) of
alcohol-soluble constituents.
In a soft mass, sometimes almost semi-liquid, or in irregular, more or less
pliable masses composed of agglutinated tears of variable size imbedded in a
yellowish-brown or dark brown matrix, or in loose ovoid tears, from 1 to 4 cm.
in diameter, the surface sometimes containing streaks of violet, yellowish-red
or brownish-red and with a few vegetable fragments; when fresh the mass is
either soft or tough, becoming hard and occasionally even brittle on drying;
the surface of the freshly fractured tears is milky-white and opaque, changing
gradually on exposure to a pinkish or reddish-purple or even reddish-brown ; on
moistening with water, the tears become milky-white; odor persistent, aUia-
ceous; taste bitter, alliaceous and acrid.
Triturate one part of Asafetida with three parts of water; it forms a milk-
white emulsion which becomes yellowish on the addition of alkalies. Heat a
fragment of one of the tears of Asafetida with sulphuric acid; a reddish-brown
solution is formed; greatly dilute the latter with water, filter, and add an excess
of any of the alkalies; the solution acquires a blue fluorescence, which becomes
more pronoimced upon the addition of a slight excess of ammonia water. An
10
66 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
alcoholic solution of Asafetida, on the addition of a few drops of phloroglucinol
T.S. and a few drops of hydrochloric acid, acquires a cherrj'-red color.
Add a few drops of ferric chloride T.S. to a portion of the alcohohc solution
of Asafetida, obtained in the assay process given below; an olive-green color is
produced {most foreign resins).
Add hydrochloric acid to another portion of the same alcohohc solution of
Asafetida until a faint turbidity results; a bluish-green color is developed, which
fades on standing (galbanum).
Evaporate a quantity of the same alcoholic solution, representing 5 Gm. of
Asafetida, to 25 mils, mix it with 25 mils of petroleum benzin, in a separatory
funnel, and afterwards add to it twice its volume of water and agitate. The
petroleum benzin layer, after washing with water and subsequent separation,
exhibits no green color when shaken with 30 mils of a freshly made aqueous
solution of copper acetate (1 in 20) {rosin).
Mix 2 mils of emulsion, prepared as directed under Emvlsum Asafoetidoe, with
5 mils of water and add 5 mils of sodium hypobromite T.S., so as to form a
separate layer; a red color is not produced {ammoniac).
The yield of ash of the gum-resin does not exceed 15 per cent.
The powder is prepared by dr\ing the gum-resin over freshly-burnt hme or
by exposure to currents of warm air until it ceases to lose weight and then reducing
it to a powder at a low temperature. Diluents of starch or magnesium carbonate
may be added in order to maintain the powdered form. The color of powdered
Asafetida is light brown.
The jield of ash of powdered Asafetida does not exceed 30 per cent.
Assay — Introduce about 10 Gm. of Asafetida into a tared, 250 mil Erlenmeyer
flask, determine the exact w^eight of the drug, add 100 mils of alcohol, and
having connected the flask with an upright condenser, boil the mixture in the
flask during one hour or until the di-ug is completely disintegrated. Then
transfer the contents of the flask to two counterpoised, plainly folded filters
one within the other, so that the triple fold of the inner filter is laid against the
single side of the outer, and wash the flask and filter with consecutive, small por-
tions of boiling alcohol until the wasliings no longer produce a cloudiness when
dropped into water. Collect and reserve the mixed alcoholic solutions, for the
qualitative tests given above. Dry the filters and flask to a constant weight
at a temperature of about 115" C. Now determine the weight of the residue
on the filter and in the flask and calculate its percentage from the amount of
Asafetida originally taken. This percentage of alcohol-insoluble material, when
subtracted from 100, gives the percentage of alcohol-soluble constituents con-
tained in the Asafetida.
Preparations — Emulsum Asafoetidae PiluljE AsafcEtidae Tinctura Asafoetidae.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
ASPIDIUM
Aspidium
Male Fern
The rhizome and stipes of Dnjopteris Filix-mas (Linn6) Schott, or
of Dryopteris marginalis (Linne) Asa Gray (Fam. Polypodiaceoe), col-
lected in the autumn, freed from the roots and dead portions of rhizome
and stipes and dried at a temperature not exceeding 70° C. Preserve
Aspidium in tightly-closed containers and protect from light.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 67
Usually with the blackish-brown outer layers removed; rhizome 1 to 3 cm.
in thickness, cyhndraceous and nearly straight, or curved and tapering toward
one end, usually split longitudinally, roughly scarred with remains of the stipe-
bases, or bearing several coarse longitudinal ridges and grooves; stipes cylindri-
cal, 3 to 5 cm. in length, about 6 mm. in thickness, nearly straight or somewhat
curved, tapering toward one end, and with occasional elongated patches of the
etill-adhering, blackish-brown outer la3'ers; fracture short, pale green in the
inner half, the texture rather spongy, and exliibiting, in an interrupted circle,
from 6 to 12 vascular bundles, each surrounded with an endodermis; odor slight;
taste sweetish, astringent, bitter, acrid. Use only such portions as have retained
their green color.
Aspidium yields not more than 3 per cent, of ash.
Preparation — Oleoresina Aspidii.
Average dose — Metric, 4 Gm. — Apothecaries, 60 grains.
ASPIDOSPERMA
Aspidosperma
Aspidosp. — Quebracho
The dried bark of Aspidosperma Quebracho bianco Schlechtendal (Fam.
Apocynacece) , without the presence or admixture of more than 2 per
cent, of wood or other foreign matter.
In irregular chips or in longitudinal pieces attaining a length of 14 cm. and
a tliickness of 35 mm. ; outer corky layer from 3 to 25 mm. in thickness, brownish-
gray or reddish-bro\\'n and deeply furrowed, frequently somewhat reticulate
with longitudinal and shallow transverse fissm-es, the crevices being occasionally
Uned with the mycelia of a grayish mould; outer surface of bark, from which
the cork has been separated, light brown or reddish-brown and usually more or
less roughened; inner surface occasionally with adhering wood, otherwise light
yellowish-brown to light reddish-brown, longitudinally finely striate and finely
porous; fracture short-fibrous with projecting bast-fibers; nearly inodorous,
taste bitter and slightly aromatic.
Under the microscope, transverse sections of Aspidosperma show a number
of successive layers of cork separated by large groups of stone cells, isolated
bast-fibers and parenchyma; inner bark with starch-bearing medullary rays 1 to
5 cells in width, separating narrow wedges composed of large prominent groups
of stone cells in which are occasionally included one or more thick-walled bast-
fibers; bast-fibers usually single, very thick-walled, strongly lignified and sur-
rounded with crystal fibers and starch-bearing parenchyma.
The powder is reddish-brown; bast-fibers single, very long and surrounded by
crystal fibers, the crystals being in prisms frequently terminated by pyramids
and from 0.008 to 0.03 mm. in length; stone cells in large thick groups composed
of nimierous more or less tabular cells; cork cells more or less polygonal in out-
line with thick, slightly lignified walls; starch grains single or 2- to -i-compound,
the individual grains spherical, ovoid or more or less plano-convex, from 0.003
to 0.025 mm. in diameter.
Preparation — Fluidcxtractum Aspidospermatis.
Average dose — Metric, 4 Gm. — Apothecaries, 60 grains.
68 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
ATROPINA
Atropine
Atrop.
An alkaloid [Ci7H2303N = 289.19] obtained from belladonna and
from some other plants of the Solanacece. Preserve it in well-closed
containers, protected from light.
Atropine occurs in white rhombic prisms; odorless. Great caution must he
used in tasting it and then only in very dilute solution.
One Gm. of Atropine dissolves in 455 mils of water, 2 mils of alcohol, about
27 mils of glycerin, 1 mil of chloroform, and in 25 mils of ether at 25° C. ; also
in 90 mils of water at 80° C. and in 1.2 mils of alcohol at 60° C.
Its saturated aqueous solutions are alkaline to litmus, and to phenol-
phthalein T.S.
It melts between 114° and 116° C.
Gold chloride T.S. yields in a solution of Atropine in dilute hydrochloric acid
(1 in 50) a lusterless precipitate (distinction from hyoscyamine, which yields a
lustrous precipitate).
Evaporate about 0.01 Gm. of Atropine to dryness in a porcelain dish on a
water bath with a few drops of nitric acid; a yellow colored residue is produced.
Cool this residue and add a few drops of alcohohc potassium hydroxide T.S.
and a fragment of pota.ssium hydroxide; an intensely violet color is produced
Hyoscyamine and hyoscine produce the same color, but the presence of strj'ch-
nine or other alkaloids masks the reaction.
No weighable ash remains on incinerating 0. 1 Gm. of Atropine.
About 0.1 Gm. of Atropine, dissolved in 2 mils of sulphuric acid, does not
produce more than a slightly yellow solution {readily carbonizable impurities)
and only a light yellow color is produced upon the further addition of 0.1 mi/
of nitric acid {foreign alkaloids).
In a solution of Atropine in dilute hydrochloric acid (1 in 50) platinic
chloride T.S. produces no precipitate {foreign alkaloids).
An aqueous solution of Atropine (1 in 60), made with the aid of a slight excess
of diluted sulphuric acid, is rendered turbid by the addition of a slight excess
of sodium hydroxide T.S., but no turbidity is produced immediately upon the
addition of 2 mils of ammonia water to 5 mils of the solution {apoatropine,
helladonnine).
Average DOSE — Metric, 0.0005 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3^120 grain.
ATROPINE SULPHAS
Atropine Sulphate
Atrop. Sulph.
The sulphate [(Ci7H2303N)2H2S04+H20 = 694.49] of the alkaloid
atropine.
Atropine Sulphate occurs as a white, crystalline powder or in microscopical
needles and prisms; efflorescent in dry air; odorless. Great caution must be u^ed
in tasting it and then only in very dilute solution.
One Gm. of Atropine Sulphate dissolves in 0.4 mil of water, 5 mils of alcohol,
2.5 mils of glycerin, 420 mils of chloroform and in 3000 mils of ether at 25° C;
also in 2.5 mils of boihng alcohol.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 69
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is neutral to litmus.
It usually melts between 188° and 191° C, but when anhydrous and free
from hyoscyamine, it melts between 181° and 183° C.
It responds to the other tests of identity and purity under Atropina.
Average dose — Metric, 0.0005 Gm. — Apothecaries, K20 grain.
AURANTII AMARI CORTEX
Bitter Orange Peel
Aurant. Amar. Cort.
The dried rind of the fruit of Citrus Aurantium amara Linne (Fam.
Rutacece).
In narrow, thin bands (ribbons), or more often elliptical, flattened, more or
less curved, pieces (quarters), varying from 3 to 6 cm. in length; outer surface
convex, varying from reddish- or yellowish-brown (ribbons) to greenish-brown
(quarters), coarsely reticulate and with the edges recurved; inner surface con-
cave, wliitish, with numerous conical projections and yellowish-white, linear
more or less anastomosing fibro-vascular bundles; fracture hard; transverse
section light brown, somewhat spongj', outer layer with 1 or 2 rows of oil reser-
voirs; odor fragrant; taste aromatic and bitter.
The powder is yellowish-white or light brown; fragments of parenchyma cells
numerous, the walls from 0.004 to 0.012 mm. in thickness; few fragments of
trachea? with close spiral markings or simple pores; occasional membrane crystals
of calcium oxalate in monoclinic prisms, from 0.02 to 0.035 mm. in diameter.
Powdered Bitter Orange Peel is colored yellowish upon the addition of potassium
hydroxide T.S.
Bitter Orange Peel yields not more than 7 per cent, of ash.
Preparations — Fluidextractum Aurantii Amari Tinctura Aurantii Amari
Tmctura Cinchonae Composita Tinctura Gentiana) Composita.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
AURANTII DULCIS CORTEX
Sweet Orange Peel
Aurant. Dulc. Cort.
The outer rind of the fresh, ripe fruit of Citrus Aurantium sinensis
Gallesio (Fam. Rutaceoe).
The outer, orange-yellow layer recently separated by grating or paring and
consisting of epidermal cells, parenchyma cells of the sarcocarp with chromo-
plastids, oil reservoirs and globules of volatile oil; odor highly fragrant; taste
pungently aromatic.
Preparation — Tinctura Aurantii Dulcis.
AURI ET SODII CHLORIDUM
Gold and Sodium Chloride
Aur. et Sod. Chlor.
A mixture of equal parts of anhydrous gold chloride [AuCl3 = 303.58]
and anhydrous sodium chloride [NaCl = 58.46], representing, when dried
70 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
to constant weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid, not less than
30 per cent, of metallic gold [Au]. Preserve it in well-stoppered, amber-
colored vials.
Gold and Sodium Chloride occurs as an orange-yellow powder, odorless,
having a saline and metalhc taste, and deliquescent when exposed to damp air.
Gold and Sodium Chloride is very soluble in water; alcohol or ether dissolves
the gold chloride lea\'ing the sodium chloride.
A fragment imparts a persistent, intensely yellow color to a non-luminous
flame.
An aqueous solution (1 in 100) shows a slightly acid reaction, and yields with
silver nitrate T.S. a wliite precipitate insoluble in nitric acid but readily soluble
in ammonia water.
Hold a glass rod, moistened with ammonia water, close to a portion of Gold
and Sodium Chloride; no white fumes appear {free hydrochloric add).
The filtrate from the precipitated gold in the following assay process, after
acidulation with hydrochloric acid, is not affected by hydrogen sulphide T.S.
{metallic impurities).
Assay — Dissolve about 0.5 Gm. of Gold and Sodium Chloride, previously
dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid and accurately
weighed in a stoppered flask, in 10 mils of distilled water in a porcelain dish.
Render the solution alkaline by the addition of 10 mils of potassium hydroxide
T.S., heat it for five minutes on a water bath, add 25 mils or an excess of solu-
tion of hydrogen dioxide and continue the heating for an hour on a water bath,
or until the addition of a few drops of solution of hydrogen dioxide produces no
further precipitation in the clear liquid. (During the heating on the water bath
occasionally replace the liquid lost by evaporation by the addition of hot dis-
tilled water.) Wash the precipitate of metallic gold with distilled water slightly
acidulated with h3'drochioric acid, dry and ignite it. Its weight corresponds
to not less than 30 per cent, of the weight of the dried Gold and Sodium
Chloride taken.
Average dose — Metric, 0.005 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3'{2 grain.
BALSAMUM PERUVIANUM
Balsam of Peru
Bals. Peruv.— Peru Balsam
A balsam obtained from Toluifera Pereiroe (Royle) Baillon (Fam.
Leguminosoe).
Balsam of Peru is a viscid liquid of a dark brown color; free from stringiness
or stickiness; transparent and reddish-brown in thin layers; of an agreeable,
vanilla-like odor and a bitter, acrid taste, with a persistent after-taste. When
swallowed it leaves a burning sensation in the throat. It does not harden on
exjiosure to the air.
It is soluble in alcohol, chloroform, and glacial acetic acid with not more than
a slight opalescence; only partly soluble in ether or i)etroleum benzin.
Water, when agitated with the Balsam, is acid to litmus.
Specific gravity: 1.1.30 to 1.160 at 25° C.
One Gm. of the Balsam forms a clear solution when shaken with a solution
of 3 Gm. of hydrated chloral in 2 mils of distilled water {fixed oils).
Shake about 1 Gm. of the Balsam with 5 mils of purified petroleum benzin, and
warm the mixture on a water bath for 10 minutes, adding a sufficient quantity
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 71
of the solvent to replace the loss by evaporation. On evaporating 2 mils of the
benzin solution, no odor of turpentine is noticeable, and when the residue is
treated with a few drops of nitric acid, no green or bluish color is produced
{turpentine or rosin).
Weigh accurately about 1 Gm. of the Balsam and dissolve it in 100 mils
of alcohol, add 1 mil of phenolphthalein T.S. and titrate the solution with half-
normal potassium hydroxide V.S. The acid number thus obtained is not less
than 56 nor more than 84.
Mix about 3 Gm. of the Balsam, accurately weighed, with 30 mils of sodium
hydroxide T.S. and shake the mixture for a few minutes with GO mils of ether.
Then add about 3 Gm. of powdered tragacanth, filter and transfer 50 mils of
the ethereal filtrate (representing five-sixths of the weight of the Balsam taken)
into a tared, conical flask. Evaporate the ether and dry the residue to con.stant
weight at 100° C. The weight of the residue.of cinnamein so obtained is not less
than 50 per cent, nor more than 56 per cent, of the weight of the Balsam repre-
sented by the 50 mils of ethereal .solution taken. Dissolve this residue in 25
mils of alcohol, add 25 mils of half-normal alcoholic potassium hydroxide V.S.
and heat the mixture carefully in a flask provided with a reflux condenser,
during half an hour on a water bath. Then add 1 mil of phenolphthalein T.S. and
titrate the excess of alkali with half-normal hydrochloric acid V.S. The amount
of half-normal alcoholic potassium hydroxide V.S. consumed corresponds to
a saponification value for the cinnamein of from 235 to 238 (see Part II, Test
No. 10).
BALSAMUM TOLUTANUM
Balsam of Tolu
Bals. Tolu. — Tolu Balsam
A balsam obtained from Toluifera Balsamum Liime (Fam. Legu-
minosce).
Balsam of Tolu is a yellowish-brown, or brown, plastic solid, becoming
brittle when old, dried, or exposed to cold. It is transparent in thin layers,
has a pleasant, aromatic odor, resembling that of vanilla, and a mUd, aromatic
taste.
Balsam of Tolu is nearlj- insoluble in water and in petroleum benzin. It is
soluble in alcohol, chloroform, and ether. It is dissolved by solutions of the
fixed alkalies, usually leaving an insoluble residue.
An alcoholic solution of the Balsam (1 m 20) is acid to litmus.
Shake about 1 Gm. of the Balsam with 25 mils of carbon disulphide, allow it
to stand for thirty minutes, filter the liquid and evaporate 15 mils of the filtrate
to dryness. The residue thus obtained, when dissolved in glacial acetic acid,
does not show a green color on the addition of a few drops of sulphuric acid
(rosin). The remaining portion of the filtrate, when shaken with an equal
volume of an aqueous solution of copper acetate (1 in 1000), does not acquire
a green color [rosin or copaiba).
Dissolve about 1 Gm. of the Balsam, accurately weighed, in 50 mils of alcohol,
add 1 mil of phenolphthalein T.S. and titrate the solution with half-normal
alcoholic potassiimi hydroxide V.S. The acid number thus obtained is not
less than 112 nor more than 168. Now add sufficient half-normal alcoholic
potassium hydroxide V.S. to the neutralized liquid to make the total amount of
the volumetric alkali solution exactly 20 mils; heat the liquid on a water bath for
half an hour, under a reflux conden,ser, and allow it to cool. Mix this hquid with
200 mils of distilled water, or more if necessary', and titrate the excess of potas-
sium hydroxide with half-normal sulphuric acid V.S.; the total amount of half-
normal potassium hydroxide V.S. consumed corresponds to a saponification
value of not less than 151 nor more than 220 (see Part II, Test No. 10).
Preparations — Syrupus Tolutanus (from Tincture) Tinctura Benzoini
Composita Tinetura Tolutana.
72 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
BELLADONN.^ FOLIA
Belladonna Leaves
Bellad. Fol. — Deadly Nightshade Leaves Belladonnse foUum P. I.
The dried leaves'and tops of Atropa Belladonna Linne (Fam. Solana-
cece), without the presence or admixture of more than 10 per cent, of
its stems or other foreign matter, and yielding not less than 0.3 per
cent, of the total alkaloids of Belladonna Leaves.
Usually much twisted and matted together; leaves much crumpled; when
Boaked in water and spread out, the entire leaves from 6 to 20 cm. in length, 4 to
12 cm. in breadth, broadly ovate, summits acute, margins entire, narrowed into
the long petioles; upper surfaces brownish-green, lower surfaces grayish-green,
epidermis more or less papillose and shghtly hairy; flowers with yellowish-
purple, campanulate corollas; fruits globular, subtended by the calyx, dark green
or greenish-brown, and with numerous small seeds; odor distinct, especially on
moistening; taste somewhat bitter and acrid.
Stems of variable length not exceeding 7 mm. in diameter, longitudinally
wrinkled, older parts smooth and usually hollow, younger parts flattened and
finely hairy.
The powder is dark green, consisting of irregular fragments of leaf tissues
and woody elements; calcium oxalate in sphenoidal micro-crystals; hairs few,
the non-glandular being simple, 2- to 5-celled, the glandular with stalks of 1 to
3 cells; trachege with annular, spiral, scalariform or reticulate thickenings and
with bordered pores; starch grains and pollen grains few; occasional fragments
of the stems of Belladonna with long, thin-walled and shghtly lignified bast-
fibers.
Raphides must not be present (leaves and stems of Phytolacca decandra Linn6).
Belladonna Leaves yield not more than 20 per cent, of ash.
Assay — Proceed as directed under BelladonncB Radix (page 73), using 15 Gm.
of Belladonna Leaves, in No. 60 powder, increasing the amount of water added
after maceration to 25 mils and, before titration, treating the final residue twice
with 5 mils of ether, evaporating to dryness each time.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 28.92
milligrammes of the total alkaloids of Belladonna Leaves.
Preparations — Extractum Belladonnse Fohorum Tinctura Belladonnas
Foliorum Unguentum Belladonna; (from Extract).
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
BELLADONNA RADIX
Belladonna Root
Bellad. Rad.— Deadly Nightshade Root
The dried root of Atroya Belladonna Linnd (Fam. Solanacece), without
the presence or admixture of more than 10 per cent, of its stem-bases
or other foreign matter, and yielding not less than 0.45 per cent, of the
total alkaloids of Belladonna Root. Preserve Belladonna Root in
tightly-closed containers adding a few drops of chloroform or carbon
tetrachloride from time to time to prevent attack by insects.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 73
Cylindrical or somewhat tapering, usually split into longitudinal pieces,
from 0.5 to 2.5 cm. in thickness; externally pale brownish-gray, longitudinally
wrinkled, outer layers of the periderm rather\soft, frequently abraded, and thus
showing lighter patches; fracture nearly smooth, mealy, on breaking, emitting
a pulT of dust consisting chiefly of starch grains; internally whitish, with.a distinct
cambium zone and yellowish wood wedges; nearly inodorous; taste sweetish,
afterwards bitterish and strongly acrid.
Transverse sections of Belladonna Root when moistened with iodine T.S.
are colored bluish-black and by transmitted light show an imperfectly radiate
structure within and near a conspicuous cambium line. Under the microscope,
sections exhibit a bark and wood composed mainly of parenchyma, the cells
being filled with starch grains, single and 2- to 6- or more compound, the indi-
vidual grains being somewhat spherical and from 0.003 to 0.03 mm. in diameter.
A section cleared with hydrated chloral T.S. shows in both bark and wood
occasional cells of parenchyma filled with sphenoidal micro-crystals of calcium
oxalate; bark free from b:ist-fibers; wood containing scattered groups of large
trachea; with simple and bordered pores or reticulated tliickenings, and associated
in older roots with wood-fibers.
Stem fragments of Atropa Belladonna occur either separate or attached to
the roots; light brown or greenish-brown; finely, longitudinally wrinkled, with
transverse leaf-scars; pith frequently hollow.
Under the microscope, sections of Belladonna stem show beneath the endo-
dermis an interrupted circle of bast-fibers either singly or in small groups, the
walls of which are relatively thin and shghtly lignified. In the internal phloem
also occur isolated small groups of bast-fibers similar to those found in the inner
bark.
The powder is light brown; starch grains numerous, from 0.003 to 0.030 mm.
in diameter, spherical, plano-convex, polygonal, and 2- to 6- or more compound;
sphenoidal micro-crystals numerous, from 0.003 to 0.010 mm. in length;
fragments of cork cells and tracheae with wood-fibers few; occasional frag-
ments of stems of Belladonna showing long, thin-walled and shghtly Ugnified
bast-fibers.
Belladonna Root j-ields not more than 7 per cent, of ash.
Assa> — Introduce 15 Gm. of Belladonna Root, in No. 60 powder, into a 250 mil
flask and add 150 mils of a mixture of chloroform, 1 volume, and ether, 2 volumes.
Stopper the flask, shake it well and allow it to stand ten minutes, then add 5 mils of
ammonia water and shake the flask vigorously every ten minutes during two hours.
Now add 15 mils of distilled water, again shake the flask well, and, when the
drug has settled, decant 100 mils of the solution, representing 10 Gm. of Bella-
donna Root. Filter the solution through a pledget of purified cotton into a
separator, and rinse the graduate and cotton with a little ether. Completely
extract the alkaloids from the solution by shaking out repeatedly with weak
sulphuric acid. Collect the acid wasliings in a separator, add ammonia water
until the solution is decidedly alkaline to litmus, and completely extract the
alkaloids by shaking out repeatedly with cliloroform. Evaporate the combined
chloroform washings to dryness, dissolve the alkaloids from the residue in
exactly 5 mils of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S., and titrate the excess of
acid with fiftieth-normal potassium hydroxide V.S., using cochineal T.S. as
indicator.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 28.92
milligrammes of the total alkaloids of Belladonna Root (see Proximate Assays,
Part II).
Preparations — Fluidextractum BeUadonnse Radicis Linimentum Belladonnae
(from Fluidextract).
Average dose — ]\Ietric, 0.045 Gm. — Apothecaries, % grain.
74 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
BENZALDEHYDUM
Benzaldehyde
Benzaldehyd.
An aldehyde produced synthetically or obtained from oil of bitter
almond and containing not less than 85 per cent, of CvHeO or
CeHs.CHO (106.05). Preserve it in small, well-stoppered bottles, pro-
tected from light.
Benzaldehyde is a colorless, or yellowish, strongly refractive liquid, having a
bitter-almond-like odor, and a burning, aromatic taste.
It is slightly soluble in water, miscible with alcohol, ether, or fixed or vola-
tile oils.
Specific gravity: about 1.045 at 25° C.
Shake 10 drops of Benzaldehyde with 5 mils of distilled water, add 0.5 mil
of potassium hydroxide T.S. and 0.1 mil of ferrous sulphate T.S., and warm the
mixture gently. Now add a slight excess of hydrochloric acid to the mixture;
no greenish-blue color nor blue precipitate is produced within fifteen minutes
{hydrocyanic acid).
Hold the looped end of a piece of clean copper wire in a non-luminous flame
until it glows, without coloring the flame green, cool the wire, dip the loop
into Benzaldehyde, ignite the latter and hold it so that the liquid bums out-
side of the non-luminous flame. On slowly bringing the flame from the burn-
ing Benzaldehyde on the loop in contact with the lower outer edge of the non-
luminous flame, no green tinge is discernible {chlorinated products).
Dissolve 1 mil of Benzaldehyde in 20 mils of alcohol, add distilled water
until a slight turbidity is produced, and maintain a brisk evolution of hydrogen
for one hour by the addition of zinc and diluted sulphuric acid. Filter and
evaporate the liquid to about 20 mils and boil 10 mils of the evaporated liquid
with 1 drop of potassivun dichromate T.S.; no violet color is produced {nitro-
benzene).
Assay — Dissolve about 3 mils of freshly redistilled phenylhydrazine in 60
mils of alcohol and titrate 25 mils of the solution, which must always be freshly
prepared, with half-normal hydrochloric acid V.S., using methyl orange T.S.
as indicator. To about 1 Gm. of the Benzaldehyde, accurately weighed, add 25
mils of the phenylhydrazine solution just prepared and allow it to stand for
thirty minutes. Add a drop of methyl orange T.S., and acidify the mixture
by adding a measured excess of half -normal hydrochloric acid V.S. Filter the
mixture and wash the precipitate with small portions of distilled water until the
washings cease to redden blue litmus paper. Then titrate the excess of hydro-
cliloric acid in the filtrate with half-normal potassium hydroxide V.S. Subtract
the number of mils of half-normal hydrochloric acid V.S. consumed, from the
number of mils of half-normal hydrochloric acid V.S. used in titrating the 25
mils of phenylhydrazine solution; the difference multiplied by 0.053, gives the
weight of the Benzaldehyde present.
Average dose — Metric, 0.03 mil — Apothecaries, j^ minim.
BENZINUM PURIFICATUM
Purified Petroleum Benzin
Benzin. Purif.— Petroleum Ether
A purified distillate from American petroleum consisting of hydro-
carbons, ciiiefly of the marsh-gas series. Preserve it carefully in well-
closed containers, in a cool place, remote from fire.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 75
Purified Petroleum Benzin is a clear, colorless, non-fluorescent, volatile liquid,
of an ethereal or faint, petroleum-like odor, and having a neutral reacition. It is
highly inflammable and its vapor, when mixed with air and ignited, explodes
violently.
It is practically insoluble in water; freely soluble in alcohol, and miscible
with ether, chloroform, benzene, volatile oils, and fixed oils, with the exception
of castor oil.
Specific gravity: 0.638 to 0.660 at 25° C.
It distils completely between 40° and 80° C.
Evaporate 10 mils of Purified Petroleum Benzin from a piece of clean filter
paper; no greasy stain remain.s, and the odor is not disagreeable nor notably
sulphuretted. Not more than 0.0015 Gm. of residue remains on evaporating
50 mils of Purified Petroleum Benzin at a temperature not exceeding 40° C.
Boil 10 mils of Purified Petroleum Benzin for a few minutes with one-fourth
its volume of an alcoholic solution of ammonia (1 in 10) and a few drops of silver
nitrate T.S.; the liquid does not turn brown {pyrogenous -products and sulphur
compounds).
Add 5 drops of Purified Petroleum Benzin to a mixture of 40 drops of sul-
phuric acid and 10 drops of nitric acid in a test tube, warm the liquid for about
ten minutes, set it aside for half an hour, and chlute it in a shallow dish with
water; no odor of nitrobenzene is evolved {benzene).
BENZOINUM
Benzoin
Benzoin. — Gum Benjamin
A balsamic resin obtained from Styrax Benzoin Dryander and some
other species of Styrax (Fam. Styracacece) growing in the East Indies
and known in commerce as Sumatra Benzoin and Siam Benzoin.
Sumatra Benzoin — In blocks or lumps of var>-ing size, made up of tears,
compacted together with a reddish-brown, reddish-gray, or grayish-brown
resinous mass; tears externally yellowish or rusty-brown, milky-white on fresh
fracture; hard and brittle at ordinary temperatures, but softened by heat and
becoming gritty on chewnng; odor aromatic and upon digesting with boiUng
water suggesting the odor of cinnamic acid or storax; taste aromatic and slightly
acrid.
Heat a few fragments of Sumatra Benzoin in a test tube; a sublimate is formed
consisting of plates and small, rod-hke crystals that strongly polarize light.
Add carefully an ethereal solution of Sumatra Benzoin to a small quantity of
sulphuric acid contained in a porcelain di.sh; the solution is colored a brownish-
red. Not less than 75 per cent, of Sumatra Benzoin dissolves in alcohol; the
alcoholic solution, upon the addition of water, becomes milky and is acid to
litmus.
Sumatra Benzoin does not yield more than 2.5 per cent, of ash.
Siam Benzoin — In pebble-Uke tears of variable size, compressed, yellowish-
brown to rusty-brown externally, milkj'-white on fracture, separate or very
slightly agglutinated; hard and brittle at ordinary temperatures but softened
by heat and becoming plastic on chewing; odor agreeable, balsamic, vanilla-like;
taste slightly acrid.
Heat a few fragments of Siam Benzoin in a test tube; a sublimate is formed
directly above the melted mass consisting of numerous long, rod-shaped crystals,
which do not strongly polarize Ught.
76 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Add carefully an ethereal solution of Siam Benzoin to a small quantity of
sulphuric acid contained in a porcelain dish; the solution is colored purplish-red.
Not less than 90 per cent, of Siam Benzoin dissolves in alcohol; the alcoholic
solution upon the addition of water becomes milky and is acid to litmus.
Siam Benzoin does not yield more than 2 per cent, of ash.
The tests irhich follow apply to Sumatra and Siam Benzoin:
Heat gently 1 to 2 Gm. of Benzoin with 15 mils of purified petroleum benzin,
and, after cooling, transfer the supernatant liquid to a .separatory funnel, wash
once with 10 mils of saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and then with water
until free from bicarbonate; on the addition of 20 mils of a copper acetate solu-
tion (1 in 200) and vigorously shaking the mixture no green color is noticeable
in the petroleum benzin laj^er {rosin and foreign resins).
Treat about 1 Gm. of powdered Benzoin with 15 mils of warm carbon di-
sulphide, filter the solution, wa.sh the filter uith an additional 5 mils of carbon
disulphide and allow the mixed liquids to evaporate spontaneously; not le.ss
than 12.5 per cent, of residue remains, which corresponds to the tests for identity
under Acidum Benzoicum.
Preparations — Adeps Benzoinatus Tinctura Benzoini Tinctura Benzoini
Composita.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
BENZOSULPHINIDUM
Benzosulpliinide
Benzosulphinid.— Saccharin Glusidum
The anhydride [C7H5O3NS or C6H4S02.C0NH = 183.12] of ortho-
sulphamide-benzoic acid.
Benzosulphinide occurs as white crystals or as a white, crystalline powder;
odorless, or having a faint, aromatic odor; its solutions have an intensely
sweet taste.
One Gm. of Benzosulphinide dissolves in 290 mils of water and in 31 mils
of alcohol at 25° C.; also in about 25 mils of boiling water; slightly soluble in
chloroform or ether. It is easily dissolved by ammonia water, by alkali hydroxide
solutions, also by a solution of sodium bicarbonate, with the evolution of carbon
dioxide.
A saturated aqueous solution of Benzosulphinide is acid to litmus.
It melts between 219° and 222° C.
When Benzosulphinide is fused at a low temperatm-e with about 5 times its
weight of sodium hydroxide, ammonia vapors are evolved; continue the heating
until the evolution of ammonia has ceased, treat the residue with 10 mils of
distilled water, neutralize the solution with diluted hydrochloric acid, and filter;
the filtrate becomes violet on the addition of a dro]) of ferric chloride T.S.
Incinerate about 1 Gm. of Benzosulphinide; not more than 0.5 per cent, of
a.sh remains.
A solution of 0.2 Gm. of Benzosulphinide in 10 mils of sulphuric acid kept at
a temperature of from 48° to 50° C., on a water bath, develops not more than
a brown color within ten minutes {carbonizable impurities).
A solution of about 0.2 Gm. of Benzosulphinide in 5 mils of potassium hydrox-
ide T.S. remains clear, and, when mixed with 5 mils of alkaline cupric tartrate
\'.S., does not depo.sit cuprous oxide on heating (glucose, milk-sugar).
Add ferric chloride T.S., drop by drop, to 10 mils of a hot, saturated aqueous
solution of Benzosulphinide; no precipitate nor violet color appears {benzoic or
salicylic acid).
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 77
An aqueous solution of Benzosulphinide (1 in 10,000) lias a distinctly sweet
taste, comiJarable with that of an aqueous solution of sugar (1 in 20).
No odor of ammonia is noticeable on warming about 0.5 Gm. of Benzosul-
phinide with about 1 Gm. of magnesia and 10 mils of distilled water {ammonium
compounds).
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3 grains.
BETAEUCAIN.E HYDROCHLORIDUM
Betaeucaine Hydrochloride
Betaeucain. Hydrochl.— Eucaine Chloride Eucaine
A synthetic derivative of piperidine, containing, when dried to con-
stant weight at 100° C, not less than 99 per cent, of the hydrochloride
of 2, 6, 6-trimethyl-4 benzoyl-oxy-piperidine [C16H21O2NHCI or C5H7N
(CH3)30(C6H5CO)HCl = 283.65].
Betaeucaine Hydrochloride occurs as a white, crystalline powder; odorless.
It is permanent in the air.
One Gm. of Betaeucaine Hydrochloride is soluble in 30 mils of water, 35 mils
of alcohol and 6 mils of chloroform at 25° C; it is more soluble in boiling water
and boiling alcohol.
Its saturated aqueous solution is neutral to htmus.
Silver nitrate T.S. produces in an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 100) a
white precipitate, insoluble in nitric acid.
About 0.1 Gm. of Betaeucaine Hydi-o chloride dissolved in 20 mils of distilled
water yields with one drop of ammonia water a white precipitate, which dissolves
on agitation. On now adding three more drops of ammonia water to this solu-
tion, a white precipitate is again produced, which is dissolved on the addi-
tion of an equal volume of distilled water. The further addition of ammonia
water again produces a precipitate, which dissolves on adding 10 mils of dis-
tilled water, but this solution is not affected by the further addition of am-
monia water.
Separate portions of 10 mils each of a saturated aqueous solution of the salt
yield a white, curdy precipitate on the addition of a few drops of mercuric
chloride T.S., and a yellow, curdy precipitate on the addition of a few drops of a
mixture of equal volumes of potassium chromate T.S. and diluted sulphuric
acid.
No color is produced when 0.1 Gm. of Betaeucaine Hydrochloride is dis-
solved in 1 mil of sulphuric acid {readily carbonizable impurities).
Five mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 100) gives no permanent
precipitate on the addition of 5 mils of mercuric chloride T.S. {cocaine and
alphaeucaine) .
No weighable ash remains on incinerating 0.5 Gm. of Betaeucaine Hydro-
cliloride.
Assay — Dissolve about 0.5 Gm. of Betaeucaine Hydrochloride, previously
dried to constant weight at 100° C. and accurately weighed, in 100 mils of
alcohol, winch must be previously neutraUzed with tenth-normal potassium
hydroxide \".S., using phenolphthalein T.S. as indicator, and titrate this alco-
holic solution ^\-ith tenth-normal potassium hydroxide V.S. until the pink
color is restored. It shows, in the dried salt, not less than 99 per cent, of C15H21
O2NHCI.
Each mil of tenth-normal potassium hydroxide V.S. used corresponds to
0.028365 Gm. of C15H21O2NHCI. Each gramme of Betaeucaine Hydrochloride,
previously dried, corresponds to not less than 34.9 mils of tenth-normal potassium
hydroxide V.S.
78 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
BETANAPHTHOL
Betanaphtliol
Betanaph.— Naphthol
A monohydroxyphenol [CioIl70H = 144.06] of the naphthalene series.
Preserve it in well-closed containers protected from light.
Betanaphthol occurs in colorless or pale buff-colored, shining crystalline
lamina;, or as a white or yellowish-white, crystalline powder, having a faint,
phenol-like odor and a pungent taste. Permanent in the air.
One Gm. of Betanaphthol dissolves in about 1000 mils of water, 0.8 mil of
alcohol, 17 mils of chloroform and in 1.3 mils of ether at 25° C; also in 80 mils
of boiling water; soluble in glycerin and olive oil and easily dissolved by alkali
hydroxide solutions.
A hot, saturated aqueous solution of Betanaphthol is neutral to litmus.
Betanaphthol melts between 120° and 122° C.
Betanaphthol subUmes readily when heated and volatilizes with the vapors
of alcohol or water.
A cold, saturated aqueous solution of Betanaphthol, when mixed with ammonia
water, exhibits a faint, bluish fluorescence.
Add about 0.1 Gm. of Betanaphthol to 5 mils of an aqueous solution of potas-
sium hydroxide (1 in 4), then add 1 mil of chloroform, and gently warm the
mixture; the aqueous layer acquires a blue color, changing afterwards to green
and brown.
Ferric chloride T.S. colors a cold, saturated aqueous solution of Betanaphthol
greenish, and after some time causes the separation of whitish flakes, which
turn brown upon the apphcation of heat.
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Betanaphthol; not more than 0.05 per cent, of ash
remains.
Dissolve 0.5 Gm. of Betanaphthol in 25 mils of ammonia water; no residue
remains (naphthalene), and the solution does not have a deeper color than pale
yellow (other organic impurities).
A cold, saturated aqueous solution of Betanaphthol, on the addition of a
few drops of iodine T.S., followed by sodium hydroxide T.S. in excess, shows
no violet color (alphanaphthol) .
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
BISMUTHI BETANAPHTHOLAS
Bismuth Betanaphtliol
Bism. Betanaph.
A compound of bismuth and betanaphthol of somewhat varying com-
position, yielding not less than 15 per cent, of betanaphthol [C10H7OH]
and, upon ignition, not less than 73 per cent, nor more than 78 per
cent, of bismuth oxide [Bi203].
Bismuth Betanaphthol is a buff-colored to grayish-brown, amorphous powder;
odorless or having a faint odor of betanaphthol; tasteless; permanent in the air.
Bismuth Betanaphtliol is nearly insoluble in water, alcohol, chloroform or
ether; partially dissolved by mineral acids with the formation of the corre-
sponding bismuth salts and the liberation of betanaphthol.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 79
When strongly heated Bismuth Betanaphthol chars and finally leaves a
grayish-yellow residue, which is blackened by hydrogen sulphide T.S.
Shake about 1 Gm. of Bismuth Betanai)hthol, accurately weighed, with
20 mils of chloroform, filter the mixture, allow the filtrate to evaporate spon-
taneously and dry the residue in a desiccator over sulphuric acid; the weight
of this residue does not exceed 1 i)er cent, {free helanaphthol) .
Shake about 0.5 Gm. of Bi.smuth Betanaphthol with 10 mils of distilled
water and filter; the filtrate is colorless and neutral to litmus.
Heat gently a mixture of about 0.2 Gm. of Bismuth Betanaphthol with 5 mils
of potassium hydroxide T.S. and about 0.2 Gm. of aluminum wire; the vapors
evolved do not turn red litmus blue (nitrates).
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Bismuth Betanaphthol in a porcelain crucible, cool
the residue and add just sufficient nitric acid to form a solution with the aid of
heat. This solution, when poured into 100 mils of distilled water, produces a
white, crystalline precipitate. Now filter the mixture, evaporate the filtrate to
30 mils and again filter if not clear; the clear filtrate does not respond to the
tests for lead, copper, sulphate, or silver given under Bismuthi Subcarbonas.
The bismuth oxide obtained in the following assay does not respond to Betten-
dorf's Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 2).
Assay for Betanaphthol — Dissolve about 2 Gm. of Bismuth Betanaphthol,
accurately weighed, in 20 mils of hydrochloric acid with the aid of heat, cool
the liquid and then shake it in a separator ^ith successive portions of chloro-
form until the extraction of the betanaphthol is complete. Combine the chloro-
form solutions, allow the liquid to evaj^orate spontaneously and dry the residue
in a desiccator; the weight of the residue corresponds to not less than 15 per
cent, of the weight of Bismuth Betanaphthol taken. This residue, crystallized
from a solution in boiling distilled water, responds to the tests for identity
under Betanaphthol.
Assay for Bismuth Oxide — Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Bismuth Betanaphthol,
accurately weighed, in a porcelain crucible, cool the residue and di.s.solve it in
nitric acid. Evaporate the solution to dryness and carefully ignite the residue
until of constant weight; the bismuth oxide (Bi203) so obtained corresponds to
not less than 73 per cent, nor more than 78 per cent, of the original weight
of the Bismuth Betanaphthol taken.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
BISMUTHI ET AMMONII CITRAS
Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate
Bism. et Ammon. Cit. — Bismuth Ammonio-Citrate
Bismuth citrate rendered soluble by the presence of ammonium
citrate; when dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sulphuric
acid, it yields, upon ignition, not less than 46 per cent, nor more
than 52 per cent, of bismuth oxide [BiaOa]. Preserve it in well-closed
containers protected from light.
Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate occurs in shining, pearly or translucent
scales, or white powder, becoming opaque with loss of ammonia on exposure
to the air; it is odorless and has a metallic taste.
Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate is very soluble in water and sparingly
soluble in alcohol.
When strongly heated, the Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate fuses and
finally leaves a blackened residue, having a yellow surface. A solution of this
80 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
residue in a slight excess of nitric or hydrochloric acid produces a white
turbiditj- when added to 25 volumes of distilled water.
An aqueous solution of Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate (1 in 20) is neutral
or faintly acid to litmus.
Ammonia is evolved when Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate is boiled with a
slight excess of sodium hydroxide T.8.
An aqueous solution of the Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate, when treated
with an excess of hydrogen sulphide, yields a black precipitate. The filtrate
from the latter, when deprived by heat of the excess of hydrogen sulphide and
boiled with an excess of lime water, yields a white precipitate.
Dissolve about 0.05 Gm. of Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate in 1 mil of dis-
tilled water, in a test tube, add 5 mils of sulphuric acid (free from nitrous com-
pounds), cool the mixture and carefully pour over it 5 mils of ferrous sulphate
T.S. without mixing; no red or brown zone appears immediately {nitrate).
Dissolve 1 Gm. of Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate in 50 mils of distilled water,
precipitate the bismuth completely with hydrogen sulphide, filter, evaporate
the filtrate to dryness and ignite. The weight of the residue does not exceed
0.005 Gm. (alkalies or alkali earths).
Ignite 3 Gm. of the Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate, dissolve the residue in
just a sufficient quantity of warm nitric acid, and pour the solution into 100 mils
of distilled water; a wliite precipitate is produced. Filter this mixture,
evaporate the filtrate on a water bath to 30 mils, again filter the liquid and
divide the new filtrate into portions of 5 mils each. These portions do not respond
to the tests for lead, copper, sulphate, or silver given under Bismulhi Subcarbonas.
The residue resulting from the ignition and subsequent treatment of 2 Gm.
of Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate, as described in the following test, does
not respond to Bettendorf's Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 2).
Assay — Take about 1 Gm. of Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate, previously
dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid, and weigh accurately.
Ignite it in a porcelain crucible and, after cooling, add 5 mils of nitric
acid to the residue, drop by drop, warming until solution is effected.
Evaporate this solution to dryness, and carefully ignite it at red heat. It leaves
a residue of bismuth oxide (Bi203) corresponding to not less than 46 per cent,
nor more than 52 per cent, of the original weight of Bismuth and Ammonium
Citrate taken.
Average dose — Metric, 0.125 Gm. — Apothecaries, 2 grains.
BISMUTHI SUBCARBONAS
Bismuth Subcarbonate
Bism. Subcarb.
A basic bismuth carbonate of varying chemical composition, which,
when dried to constant weight at 100° C, yields, upon ignition, not
less than 90 per cent, of bismuth oxide [Bi203]-
Bismuth Subcarbonate is a white or pale yellowish- white powder; odorless
and tastele.sK, and permanent in the air.
Bismuth Subcarbonate is insoluble in water or alcohol; completely dissolved
by nitric or hydrochloric acid with cojiious effervescence.
Its solution in a .slight excess of nitric acid, when added to 25 volumes of
distilled water, produces a white turbiditj'.
When heated to redness, the salt loses water and carbon dioxide, and leaves
a yellowish residue, which is soluble in nitric or hydrochloric acid and blackened
by hydrogen sulphide T.S.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 81
Dissolve 1 Gm. of the salt in 2 mils of nitric acid, add distilled water to make
the solution measure 25 mils, then add 0.35 mil of tenth-normal silver nitrato
V.S. and remove the i)recipitate, if any, by filtration; the clear filtrate remains
unaffected by tlie further addition of a few droi)s of silver nitrate T.S. {chloride).
Dissolve 3 Gm. of the salt in just a sufhcicnt quantity (about 4 mils) of warm
nitric acid, and pour the solution into 100 mils of distilled water; a white pre-
cipitate is produced. Filter, and evaporate the filtrate on a water bath to 30
mils, again filter the liquid, divide the latter filtrate into portions of 5 mils eact
and subject these several portions to the following tests:
Mix one portion with an equal volume of diluted sulphuric acid; it does
not become cloudy (lead).
Precipitate another portion with a slight excess of ammonia water; the
supernatant liquid does not exhibit a bluish tint (copper).
Another portion is not immediately affecled by bariiun nitrate T.S. (sulphate).
In another jxjrtion hydrochloric acid does not produce a precipitate which is
insoluble in a sHght excess of hj-drochloric acid, but soluble in ammonia water
(silver) .
Boil 1 Gm. of the salt with 20 mils of a mixture of equal parts of acetic acid
and distilled water, cool the solution and filter. Free the filtrate from bismuth
by the addition of hydrogen sulphide, boil the mixture and again filter. The
latter filtrate leaves not more than 0.003 Gm. of residue on evaporation and gentle
ignition (alkalies or alkali earths).
Agitate about 0.05 Gm. of Bismuth Subcarbonate with 5 mils of a solution
of equal parts of distilled water and ferrous sulphate T.S., and cautiously pour
the mixture over 5 mils of sulphuric acid (free from nitrous compounds), so
as to form a layer above; no brownish-red zone forms at the line of contact
of the two liquids (nitrate).
The residue resulting from the ignition of 2 Gm. of Bismuth Subcarbonate
does not respond to Bettendorf's Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 2).
Assay — Ignite thoroughly at red heat in a porcelain crucible about 1 Gm. of
Bismuth Subcarbonate, previously dried to constant weight at 100° C. and
accuratel}^ weighed. The residue of bismuth oxide (Bi203) corresponds to not
less than 90 per cent, of the original weight of Bismuth Subcarbonate taken.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
BISMUTHI SUBGALLAS
Bismuth Subgallate
Bism. Subgal. — Dermatol
A basic bismuth gallate of varying chemical composition which, when
dried to constant weight at 100° C, yields, upon ignition, not less than
52 per cent, nor more than 57 per cent, of bismuth oxide [Bi203].
Bismuth Subgallate is an amorphous, bright yellow powder, odorless; tasteless,
and permanent in the air.
Bismuth Subgallate is insoluble in water, alcohol, or ether; readily soluble,
with decomposition, in warm hydrochloric, nitric or sulphvu-ic acid; insoluble in
very dilute mineral acids ; readih' soluble in alkali hj'droxide solutions, forming
a clear, yellow solution which rapidly changes to a deep red.
When heated to redness it at first chars, leaving finally a yellow residue,
which is blackened by hydrogen sulphide T.S. A solution of this residue in
a shght excess of warm nitric or hj-drochloric.acjd produces a white turbidity
when added to 25 volumes of distilled water.
Agitate thoroughly about 0. 1 Gm. of Bismuth Subgallate with an excess of
hydrogen sulphide T.S.; a brownish-black precipitate results. Filter this
n
82 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
mfocture, boil the filtrate to remove the dissolved gas, and then cool; the addi-
tion of 1 drop of ferric chloride T.S. produces a blue-black coloration in the
liquid.
Shake 1 Gm. of the salt with 20 mils of alcohol for one minute, filter and
evaporate the filtrate to dryness on a water bath; not more than 0.005 Gm.
of residue remains {free gallic acid).
Boil 1 Gm. of Bismuth Subgallate with 20 mils of a mixtiu-e of equal parts
of acetic acid and distilled water, cool the solution and filter. Free the filtrate
from bismuth by the addition of hydrogen sulphide, boil the mixture and
again filter. The latter filtrate leaves not more than 0.005 Gm. of residue
on evaporation and gentle ignition (alkalies or alkali earths).
Mix thoroughly about 0.05 Gm. of Bismuth Subgallate with 5 mils of diluted
sulphuric acid and 5 mils of ferrous sulphate T.S., filter the mixture and then
cautiously pour the filtrate, wdthout mixing, over 5 mile of sulphiu-ic acid (free
from nitrous compounds), contained in a test tube; no brownish-red zone
forms immediately (nitrate).
Ignite 3 Gm. of Bismuth Subgallate in a porcelain crucible, cool and cautiously
add just sufficient nitric acid, drop by drop, warming until the residue is dissolved.
Evaporate the solution to dryness, again ignite and cool. Cautiously dissolve
this residue in just sufficient nitric acid by the aid of gentle heat, concentrate
the solution to about 4 mils, pom- it into 100 mils of distilled water, filter, evap-
orate the filtrate on a water bath to 30 mils, again filter and divide this filtrate
into portions of 5 mils each. These portions do not respond to the tests for
lead, copper, sulphate, or silver given under Bismuthi Subcarbonas.
The residue resulting from the ignition and subsequent treatment of 2 Gm.
of Bismuth Subgallate as described in the following test does not respond to
Bettendorf's Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 2).
Assay — Take about 1 Gm. of Bismuth Subgallate, previously dried to
constant weight at 100° C, and weigh accurately. Ignite in a porcelain
crucible and, after cooling, add 5 mils of nitric acid to the residue, drop by
drop, warming until complete solution has been effected. Evaporate this solu-
tion to drjTiess and carefully ignite at red heat; it leaves a residue of bismuth
oxide (BiaOs) corresponding to not less than 52 per cent, nor more than 57
per cent, of the original weight of Bismuth Subgallate taken.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
BISMUTHI SUBNITRAS
Bismuth Subnitrate
Bism. Subnit.
A basic bismuth nitrate of varying chemical composition, which,
when dried for twenty-four hours in a desiccator over sulphuric acid,
yields, upon ignition, not less than 79 per cent, of bismuth oxide [Bi203].
Bismuth Subnitrate is a white powder; odorless, almost tasteless, and slightly
hygroscopic.
Bismuth Subnitrate is almost insoluble in water, insoluble in alcohol, and
readily dissolved by hydrochloric or nitric acid.
Its solution in a slight excess of warm nitric or hydrochloric acid produces a
white turbidity when added to 25 volumes of distilled water.
When heated to redness it evolves nitrous vapors, leaving a yellow residue,
which is blackened by hydrogen sulphide T.S.
When brought in contact with moistened blue litmus paper, the salt shows
a slightly acid reaction.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 83
Boil 1 Gm. of Bismuth Subnitrate with 20 mils of a mixture of equal parts of
acetic acid and distilled water, cool the solution and filter. Free the filtrate from
bismuth by the addition of hydrogen sulphide, boil the mixture and again filter.
The latter filtrate leaves not more than 0.003 Gm. of residue on evaporation
and gentle ignition {alkalies or alkali earths).
Boil about 0.1 Gm. of the salt with 5 mils of potas.sium hydroxide T.S.; no
odor of ammonia is perceptible nor does the vapor turn moistened red litmus
paper blue.
The residue resulting from the ignition of 2 Gm. of the salt does not respond
to Bettendorf's Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 2).
Add 3 Gm. of the salt to 3 mils of warm nitric acid; no effervescence occurs
(carbonate), and no residue remains {insoluble foreign salts). Pour this solution
into 100 mils of distilled water, a white precipitate is produced. Filter, evapo-
rate the filtrate on a water bath to 30 mils, again filter the liquid and divide the
new filtrate into portions of 5 mils each. These portions do not respond to the
tests for lead, copper, sulphate, or silver given under Bismuthi Subcarbonas.
Assay — Ignite thoroughly at red heat in a porcelain crucible about 1 Gm.
of Bismuth Subnitrate, previously dried for twenty-four hours in a desiccator
over sulphuric acid and accurately weighed. The residue of bismuth oxide
(Bi203) corresponds to not less than 79 per cent, of the original weight of Bis-
muth Subnitrate taken.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
BISMUTHI SUBSALICYLAS
Bismuth Subsalicylate
Bism. Subsalicyl.
A basic bismuth salicylate of varying chemical composition, which,
when dried to constant weight at 100° C, yields, upon ignition, not
less than 62 per cent, nor more than 66 per cent, of bismuth oxide
[BiaOa]. Protect it from light.
Bismuth Subsalicj^late is a white, or nearly white, amorphous or crystalline
powder; odorless, tasteless, and permanent in the air.
Bismuth Subsahcylate is almost insoluble in cold water; upon prolonged
boiling with water a portion of the salicylic acid passes into solution with the
formation of a more basic bismuth subsahcylate. It is partly soluble, with
decomposition, in hydrochloric or nitric acid, a white, flocculent precipitate of
salicylic acid separating.
When heated to redness it at first chars, finally leaving a yellow residue,
which is blackened by hydrogen sulphide. A solution of this residue in a slight
excess of warm nitric or hydrochloric acid produces a white, turbidity when
added to 25 volumes of distilled water.
Agitate about 0.1 Gm. of Bismuth Subsalicylate with a solution of 5 drops
of ferric chloride T.S. in 10 mils of distilled water; a deep violet-blue coloration
is produced.
Agitate 1 Gm. of the salt with 20 mils of ctiioroform, filter the liquid and
evaporate the filtrate to dryness; not more than 0.00^^ Gm. of residue remains
{free salicylic acid).
Ignite 3 Gm. of Bismuth Subsalicylate in a porcelain crucible, cool and cau-
tiously add just sufficient nitric acid to the residue, drop by drop, warming
until it is dissolved. Pour this solution into 100 mils of distilled water,
84 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
filter, evaporate the filtrate on a water bath to 30 mils, again filter and divide
the filtrate into portions of 5 mils each. These portions do not respond to the
tests for lead, copper, sulphate, or silver given under Bismuthi Subcarbonas.
Boil 1 Gm. of Bismuth SubsaHcylate with 20 mils of a mixture of equal parts
of acetic acid and distilled water, cool the solution and filter. Free the filtrate
from bismuth by the addition of hydrogen sulphide, boil the mixture and again
filter. The latter filtrate, on evaporation and ignition, leaves not more than
0.005 Gm. of residue (alkalies or alkali earths).
Triturate about 0.05 Gm. of Bismuth Subsalicylate with 0.1 Gm. of sodium
Balicylate and 5 mils of distilled water, and carefully pour it without mixing
over 5 mils of sulphuric acid (free from nitrous compounds) contained in a
test tube; no pink to brownish-red zone forms immediately {nitrate).
The residue resulting from the ignition and subsequent treatment of 2 Gm.
of Bismuth Subsalicylate, as described in the test below, does not respond to
Bettendorf's Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test Xo. 2).
Assa> Take about 1 Gm. of Bismuth Subsalicylate, previously dried to
constant weight at 100° C, and weigh accurately. Ignite in a porcelain crucible,
and, after cooling, add 5 mils of nitric acid to the residue, drop by drop, warm-
ing until solution has been effected. Evaporate this solution to dryness and
carefully ignite it at red heat. It leaves a residue of bismuth oxide (Bi203)
corresponding to not less than 62 per cent, nor more than 66 per cent, of the
original weight of Bismuth SubsaUcylate taken.
Average dose — IVIetric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
BPiO:MOFORMUM
Bromoform
Bromof.
A liquid consisting of about 96 per cent., by weight, of CHBrs
(252.77) and about 4 per cent, of dehydrated alcohol. Preserve it in
glass-stoppered bottles, in a cool place, protected from light.
Bromoform is a heavy, transparent, colorless, mobile liquid, with an ethereal
odor, and a penetrating, sweet taste, resembling that of chloroform.
Bromoform is slightly soluble in water; miscible with alcohol, chloroform,
ether, benzene, petroleum benzin or fixed or volatile oils.
Specific gravity: 2.595 to 2.620 at 25° C.
Bromoform is slightly volatile at ordinary temperatures.
Bromoform is not inflammable, but when vaporized by the application of
heat, its vapors may be ignited.
Evaporate 10 mils of Bromoform from a porcelain dish on a water bath; not
more than 0.006 Gm. of residue remains after drying it at 100° C.
Shake 10 mils of Bromoform with 10 mils of distilled water, and allow the
liquids to separate completely. The water removed from the layer of Bromoform
is neutral to litmus (free acid); 5 mil portions, tested separately, show not more
than a slight opalescence on the addition of a few drops of silver nitrate T.S.
(bromides or brominated compounds), and no blue color on the addition of a
few drops each of potassium iodide T.S. and of starch T.S. (free bromine).
Agitate 10 mils of Bromoform with 10 mils of distilled water, and allow the
liquids to separate completely. Remove the aqueous layer from the Bromoform,
treat it with an excess of ammonia water, and then with a solution of iodine and
ammonium iodide, until the black precii^itate of nitrogen iodide, which some-
times forms, slowly disappears; it does not bec^ome milky in appearance, due
to the separation of iodoform, recognizable by its odor (acetone).
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 mil — Apothecaries, 3 minims.
UNITED STATES OF AMERxCA
BUCHU
Buchu
The dried leaves of Barosma betulina (Thunberg) Bartling and Wend-
land, kno\\Tn in commerce as Short Buchu; or of Barosma serratifulia
(Curtis) Willdenow, known in commerce as Long Buchu (Fam. Rutaceoe),
without the presence or admixture of more than 10 per cent, of stems
or other foreign matter.
Short Buchu — Rhomboidally oval or obovate; from 0 to 25 mm. in length
and from 4 to 13 mm. in breadth; summit obtuse, and recurved; margin .some-
what serrate or finely dentate with an oil gland at the base of each tooth; the
base more or less wedge-shaped; color varj'ing from vivid green to yellowish-
green, occasionally a few olive-gray leaves; glandular-punctate; both surfaces
papillose; under surface longitudinally striate; texture coriaceous; petiole 1 mm.
in length; odor and taste characteristic, aromatic and mint-like.
Long Buchu — Linear-lanceolate, from 2.5 to -1 cm. in length and from 4 to 6
mm. in breadth; summit somewhat rounded or truncate with an oil gland at
the apex; margin sharply serrate and glandular; otherwise resembling Short
Buchu.
Stems in both Short and Long Buchu about 1 mm. in diameter, yellowish-
green or brownish-red, cylindrical, ■ longitudinally furrowed, with prominent
leaf-scars nearly opposite to each other giving the stems a jointed character.
The yield of ash does not exceed 4 per cent.
Preparation — Fluidextractum Buchu.
Average dose — INIetric, 2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 30 grains.
CAFFEINA
Caffeine
Caffein.— Theine
A feebly basic substance [C8H10O2X4+H2O or C5H(CH3)302N4+H20
= 212.14] obtained from the leaves of Thea sinensis Liime (Fam. Tern-
stroemiacece) , or from the seeds of Coffea arabica Linne (Fam. Ruhiacece);
also occurring in some other plants; or prepared synthetically.
Caffeine occurs in white, flexible, silky, glistening needles, usually matted
together in fleecy masses; odorless, and having a bitter taste; efflorescent in
dry air.
One Gm. of CafTeine dissolves in 46 mils of water, 66 mils of alcohol, 5.5 mils
of chloroform and in 530 mils of ether at 25° C; also in o.b mils of water at 80° C.
and in 22 mils of alcohol at 60° C.
A saturated aqueous solution of CafTeine is neutral to Htmus.
Caffeine, rendered anhydrous, melts between 235° and 237° C.
Dissolve about 0.01 Gm. of Caffeine in 1 mil of hydrochloric acid in a porcelain
dish, add 0.1 Gm. of potassium chlorate and evaporate the solution to dryness
on a water bath. Invert the dish over a vessel containing a few drops of ammonia
water; the residue acquires a purple color, which is destroyed by fixed alkalies.
An aqueous solution of Caffeine yields a precipitate with tannic acid T.S.,
soluble in an excess of the reagent.
86 THE PHARMACOPOELA. OF THE
Caffeine loses not more tban 9 per cent, of its weight when dried to constant
weight at 80° C.
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Caffeine; not more than 0.05 per cent, of ash
remains.
About 0.5 Gm. of Caffeine dissolves in 5 mils of sulphuric or nitric acid without
producing more than a faint, yellowish color {organic impurities).
Its aqueous solution is not precipitated by mercuric potassiima iodide T.S.
(alkaloids).
Preparations — Caffeina Citrata Caffeina Citrata Effervescens (from Citrated
Caffeine).
Average dose — Metric, 0.15 Gm. — Apothecaries, 23^^ grains.
CAFFEINA CITRATA
Citrated Caffeine
Caffein. Cit.
Citrated Caffeine contains, when dried to constant weight at 80° C,
not less than 48 per cent, of anhydrous caffeine [C8Hio02N4= 194.12].
Caffeine, fifty grammes 50 Gm.
Citric Acid, fifty grammes 50 Gm.
Distilled Water, hot, one hundred milliliters 100 mils
Dissolve the citric acid in the hot distilled water, add the caffeine,
and evaporate the resulting solution to dryness on a water bath, con-
stantly stirring toward the end of the operation. Reduce the product
to a fine powder and transfer it to well-closed containers.
Citrated Caffeine occurs as a white powder, odorless and having a slightly
bitter, acid taste.
Citrated Cat! erne gives a clear, syrupy solution with a small quantity of water,
but caffeine precipitates on dilution. This precipitate redissolves on the further
addition of water.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 30) is acid to litmus.
Dissolve about 0.02 Gm. of Citrated Caffeine in 1 mil of hydrochloric acid in
a porcelain dish, add 0.1 Gm. of potassium chlorate, evaporate the mixture od
a water bath and invert the dish over a vessel containing a few drops of ammonia
water; the residue acquires a purple color, which is destroyed by alkalies.
About 2 mils of a filtered aqueous solution of Citrated Caffeine (1 in 10) mixed
with 50 mils of lime water remains clear in the cold, but becomes turbid when
heated to boiling.
When dried to constant weight at 80° C. it loses not more than 5 per cent,
of its weight.
Incinerate about 1 Gm. of Citrated Caffeine; not more than 0.1 per cent, of
ash remains.
Heat a mixture of 0.25 Gm. of Citrated Caffeine and 5 mils of sulphuric acid
in a porcelain dish on a water bath for fifteen minutes, protecting it from dust;
it may become yellow in color but not brown or black (tartaric acid).
An aqueous solution of Citrated Caffeine does not respond to the Test for
heavy metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 87
The addition of a few drops of barium chloride T.S. to 10 mils of an aqueous
solution of Citrated Caffeine (1 in 100), previously treated with a few drops of
hydrochloric acid, produces no turbidity {sulphuric acid).
Assay — Dissolve about 0.5 Gm. of Citrated Caffeine, previously dried to con-
stant weight at 80° C. and accurately weighed, in 10 mils of hot distilled water,
add an excess of sodium hydroxide T.S., cool the solution, and shake it in a sepa-
rator with three successive portions of 20 mils, 10 mils, and 5 mils, respectively,
of chloroform, or more if necessary to complete the extraction. Evaporate the
combined chloroform solutions on a water bath and dry the residue to constant
weight at 80° C. The weight of anhydrous caffeine (C8H10O2N4) so obtained
corresponds to not less than 48 per cent, of the weight of Citrated Caffeine
taken. This residue, when recrystallized from hot water, and dried to constant
weight at 80° C, has the melting point given under Caffeina.
Preparation — Caffeina Citrata Effervescens.
Average dose — IMetric, 0.3 Gm. — Apothecaries, 5 grains.
CAFFEINA CITRATA EFFERVESCENS
Effervescent Citrated Caffeine
Caff. Cit. Eff.
It contains not less than 1.9 per cent, of anhydrous caffeine [CsHio
02N4= 194.12].
Citrated Caffeine, forty grammes 40 Gm.
Sodium Bicarbonate, dried and powdered, ^ve hundred and
seventy grammes 570 Gm.
Tartaric Acid, dried and powdered, three hundred grammes 300 Gm.
Citric Acid, uneffloresced crystals, one hundred and ninety-
five grammes 195 Gm.
To make about one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Powder the citric acid and mix it intimately with the citrated caffeine
and tartaric acid, then thoroughly incorporate the sodium bicarbonate.
Place the mixed powders on a plate of glass or in a suitable dish, in an
oven heated to between 93° and 104° C. Manipulate the mixture
carefully with a wooden spatula, and, when it has become moist, rub it
through a No. 6 tinned-iron sieve, and dry the granules at a temperature
not exceeding 54° C. Immediately transfer the product to suitable
containers, and seal them tightly. Care must be used to prevent the
preparation from coming in contact with air containing moisture.
Assay — Dissolve about 5 Gm. of Effervescent Citrated Caffeine, accurately
weighed, in 10 mils of hot distilled water. When effervescence has ceased, add
an excess of sodium hydroxide T.S., cool the mixture and shake it in a separator
with three successive portions of 20 mils, 10 mils, and 5 mils, respectively, of
chloroform, or more if necessary to complete the extraction. Evaporate the
combined chloroform solutions on a water bath and dry the residue to constant
weight at 80° C. The weight of anhydrous caffeine (CsHioOaNi) so obtained
THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
corresponds to not less than 1.9 per cent, of the weight of Effervescent Citrated
Caffeine taken. This residue, when recrystalUzed from hot water, responds to
the tests for identity and, when dried to constant weight at 80° C, has the melting
point given under Caffeina.
Average dose — Metric, 4 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 drachm.
CAFFEINiE SODIO-BENZOAS
Caffeine Sodio-Benzoate
Caff. Sod. Benz.
• A mixture of caffeine and sodium benzoate. It contains, when dried
to constant weight at 80° C, not less than 46 per cent, nor more than
50 per cent, of anhj^drous caffeine [C8Hio02N4 = 194.12], the remainder
being sodium benzoate [NaC?!! 502 = 144.04]. Preserve it in well-closed
containers.
Caffeine Sodio-Benzoate occurs as a white powder; it is odorless and has a
slightly bitter taste.
One Gm. of Caffeine Sodio-Benzoate dissolves in 1.1 mils of water, some
caffeine separating on standing, and in 30 mils of alcohol, at 25° C; partly
soluble in chloroform.
An aqueous solution (1 in 20) may be neutral, slightly acid, or slightly alkaline
to litmus, but is not reddened by phenolphthalein T.S.
On heating the compound, it is decomposed with the evolution of white
vapors, leaving a carbonaceous residue wliich effervesces with acids and colors
a non-luminous flame intensely yellow.
Ferric chloride T.S. produces a salmon-colored precipitate in an aqueous
solution of the compound. The addition of diluted hydrochloric acid produces
a white precipitate of benzoic acid.
About 0.1 Gm. of Caffeine Sodio-Benzoate dissolves in 2 mils of sulphuric
acid without producing more than a slight, yellow color {readily carhonizahle
organic matter).
An aqueous solution (1 in 50), acidulated with hydrochloric acid and filtered,
does not respond to the Test for heavy metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
When dried to constant weight at 80° C, it loses not more than 5 per cent,
of its weight.
Assay for Caffeine — Dissolve about 1 Gm. of Caffeine Sodio-Benzoate, pre-
viously dried to constant weight at 80° C. and accurately weighed, in 5 mils of
distilled water in a .separator, add 5 mils of so(hum hydroxide T.S. and .shake the
mixture with four successive portions of 20 mils, 10 mils, 10 mils, and 5 mils,
respectively, of rhloroform. Evaporate the combined chloroform solutions on
a water bath and dry the residue to constant weight at 80° C. The weight of
anhydrous caffeine (C8H10O2N4) so obtained corresponds to not less than 46 per
cent, nor more than 50 per cent, of the weight of dried Caffeine Sodio-Benzoate
taken.
This residue, when recrystallized from hot water, responds to the tests of
identity and, when dried to constant weight at 80° C, has the melting point
given under CajJeirM.
Assay for Sodium Benzoate — When dried to constant weight at 80° C. and
estimated as directed under the A.ssay for alkali salts of organic acids (see
Part II, Test No. 6) it shows, in the dried mixture, not less than 50 per cent,
nor more than 54 per cent, of sodium benzoate (NaC7il502).
Metric ApothccarifiB
Average dose — By mouth, 0.3 Gm. — 5 grains.
Hypodermic, 0.2 Gm. — 3 grains.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 89
CALcii bromidu:m
Calcium Bromide
Calc. Brom.
A hydrated form of Calcium Bromide containing not less than 84
per cent, of CaBr2 (199.91). Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Calcium Bromide is a white, granular salt; odorless, of a sharp, saline taste,
and very deliquescent.
One Gm. of Calcium Bromide dissolves in 0.7 mil of water and in 1.3 mils
of alcohol at 25° C; also in 0.4 mil of boiling water; insoluble in chloroform
or ether.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is neutral or slightly alkaline to
litmus.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) yields with ammonium oxalate
T.S. a white precipitate, insoluble in acetic acid but soluble in hydrochloric
acid.
Silver nitrate T.S. added to an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) produces
a yellowish-white precipitate, insoluble in nitric acid or in a moderate excess
of ammonia water.
Add 1 mil of cUoroform to 10 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20)
and cautiously introduce chlorine water, which has been diluted with an equal
volume of distilled water, drop by drop, with constant agitation. The liberated
bromine dissolves in the cliloroform and imparts to it a yellow to orange color,
which is free from any violet tint (iodide).
Drop 1 mil of diluted sulphuric acid upon about 1 Gm. of the powdered salt;
no yellow color appears at once (bromate).
Dissolve about 0.1 Gm. of the salt in 5 mils of distilled water, add an excess
of silver nitrate T.S. and a few drops of nitric acid, filter, wash the precipitate
with distilled water, digest it for ten minutes with 5 mils of ammonium carbonate
T.S. and filter. On supersaturating the filtrate with nitric acid not more than
a slight turbidity is produced at once (chlorides).
Twenty mils of an aqueous solution (1 in 250) does not at once assume a blue
color with potassium ferrocj^anide T.S. (iron).
Five mils of an aqueous solution (1 in 20), when acidulated with 1 drop of
hydrochloric acid, shows no immediate turbidity with 1 mil of barium chloride
T.S. (sulphate).
Dissolve 1 Gm. of Calcium Bromide and 1 Gm. of sodium acetate in 5 mils
of distilled water and render the solution slightly acid by the addition of a suffi-
cient quantity (from 3 to 5 drops) of diluted acetic acid. After boihng and
thoroughly cooling the solution, it does not become cloudy within five minutes
after the addition, with agitation, of 5 drops of potassium dichromate T.S.
(barium).
Precipitate the calcium completely from 10 mils of an aqueous solution of
the salt (1 in 20) by adding ammonium oxalate T.S. and filtering. The filtrate
on evaporation and ignition leaves not more than 0.004 Gm. of fixed residue
(magnesium and alkalies).
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3).
Assay — Proceed as directed under the Assay for bromides (see Part II, Test
No. 5), using about 0.4 Gm. of Calcium Bromide, accurately weighed in a stop-
pered weigliing-bottle. It shows not less than 84 per cent, of CaBr2.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. used corresponds to 0.0099955
Gm. of CaBr2. Each gramme of Calcium Bromide corresponds to not less than
84.0 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
90 THE PHARIVLA.COPCEIA OF THE
CALCII CARBONAS PR.ECIPITATUS
Precipitated Calcium Carbonate
Calc. Carb. Praec— Precipitated Chalk
It contains, when dried to constant weight at 200*^ C, not less than
98 per cent, of CaCOg (100.07).
Precipitated Calcium Carbonate is a fine, white, micro-crystalline powder,
without odor or taste, and permanent in the air.
Precipitated Calcium Carbonate is nearly insoluble in water; the solubility
is increased by the presence of ammonium salts and especially by carbon dioxide;
alkali hj'droxides diminish its solubility; insoluble in alcohol; dissolved with
effervescence by diluted acetic, hydrochloric, or nitric acid.
When heated to full redness, the salt gradually loses carbon dioxide, and a
residue of calcium oxide remains.
For applying tests of identity and purity, mix 1 Gm. of Calcium Carbonate
with 50 mils of distilled water, and add hydrochloric acid, drop by drop, with
agitation, until solution takes place. The resulting solution, after boihng and
coohng, should be acid, and should not impart a green or crimson color to a non-
luminous flame, nor leave more than 0.002 Gm. of insoluble matter.
Neutralize a portion of this acid solution with ammonia water, and add
ammonium oxalate T.S. ; a white precipitate is produced which is insoluble in
acetic acid, but soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Another portion of the solution, as prepared above, does not respond to the
Test for heavy metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Agitate 1 Gm. of the salt with 50 mils of distilled water, which has previously
been boiled and cooled, and then filter; the filtrate is not alkaline to htmus, and,
on evaporation, leaves not more than 0.005 Gm. of residue (soluble ijnpurities).
Assa) — Dissolve about 0.3 to 0.4 Gm. of Calcium Carbonate, previously
dried to constant weight at 200° C. and accurately weighed, in 10 mils of
distilled water and 10 mils of diluted hj-drocliloric acid and boil the solution to
expel all carbon dioxide. Transfer this solution to a 200 mil graduated flask,
add 100 mils of tenth-normal oxalic acid V.S., render it alkaline with ammonia
water, shake the mixture well and allow to stand for three hours at from 60° to
70° C. or over night at room temperature. Cool the liquid if necessary, fill the
flask with distilled water to the mark, mix it well, filter through a dry filter into
a dry flask, reject the first 20 mils of the filtrate, and proceed as follows: Add
diluted .sulphuric acid to 100 mils of the filtrate (representing one-half of the
Calcium Carbonate taken) until of acid reaction, then add 25 mils more of the
diluted sulphuric acid, warm the solution to from 60° to 70° C, and titrate wnth
tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S. It shows, in the dried salt, not less
than 98 per cent, of CaCOa.
Each mil of tenth-normal oxalic acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.0050035 Gm.
of CaCOa. Each gramme of dried Calcium Carbonate corresponds to not less
than 195.9 mils of tenth-normal oxalic acid V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
CALCII CHLORIDUM
Calcium Chloride
Calc. Chlor.
A hydrated form of Calcium Chloride containing not less than 75 per
cent, of CaCla (110.99). Preserve it in well-stoppered bottles.
Calcium Chloride occurs in white, slightly translucent, hard fragmen'.,s, granules,
or sticks; odorless, having a sharp, saline taste. It is very deliquectcent.
UNITED STATES OP AMERICA 91
One Gm. of Calcium Chloride dissolves in 1.2 mils of water and in about
10 mils of alcohol at 25° C; also in 0.7 mil of boiling water and about 2 mils
of boiling alcohol.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 20) is neutral or slightly alkaline to litmus.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) yields, with ammonium oxalate
T.S., a white precipitate insoluble in acetic acid, but soluble in hydrochloric
acid.
Silver nitrate T.S. added to an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) pro-
duces a white precipitate insoluble in nitric acid but readily soluble in ammonia
water.
Add ammonia water to an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) until of
alkaline reaction; no turbidity or precipitation occurs either before or after
boiling (iron, aluminum, phosphates, etc.).
Precipitate the calcium completely from 10 mils of an aqueous solution of
the salt (1 in 20) by adding ammonium oxalate T.S. and filtering. The filtrate
on evaporation and ignition leaves not more than 0.004 Gm. of fixed residue
{magnesium and alkalies).
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3).
Assay — Proceed as directed under the Assay for chlorides (see Part II, Test
No. 5), using about 0.3 Gm. of Calcium Chloride, accurately weighed in a stop-
pered weighing-bottle. It shows not less than 75 per cent, of CaCl2.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. used corresponds to 0.00555 Gm.
of CaCl2. Each gramme of Calcium Chloride corresponds to not less than
135.1 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
CALCII GLYCEROPHOSPHAS
Calcium Glycerophosphate
Calc. Glycerophos. — Calcium Glycerinophosphate
The normal calcium salt of glycerophosphoric acid [C3H5(0H)2P04H2
= 172.11], containing, when dried to constant weight at 130° C, not less
than 98 per cent, of CaCgH^POe or C3H5(0H)2P04Ca (210.17). Pre-
serve it in well-closed containers.
Calcium Glycerophosphate occurs as a fine white powder; odorless and almost
tasteless, somewhat hygroscopic.
One Gm. of Calcium Glycerophosphate dissolves in about 50 mils of water
at 25° C; soluble in less water at a lower temperature; citric acid increases its
solubility; insoluble in alcohol.
A saturated aqueous solution of the salt is alkaline to litmus and to phenol-
phthalein. •
A cold, saturated aqueous solution of the salt yields white, iridescent scales
of anhydrous calcium glycerophosphate when heated to boiling.
When heated above 170° C. the salt is decomposed, evolving inflammable
vapors, and at a red heat it is converted into calcium pyrophosphate.
A saturated aqueous solution of the salt yields with ammonium oxalate T.S.
a white precipitate, insoluble in acetic acid but soluble in hydrochloric acid.
With lead acetate T.S. the saturated solution yields a white curdy precipitate
which is soluble in nitric acid.
92 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Dissolve 1 Gm. of Calcium Glycerophosphate in 10 mils of diluted nitric acid
and add an equal volume of cold ammonium molybdate T.S.; no precipitate
is formed within one hour (phosphates) but on heating the mixture a yellow
precipitate is formed.
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for hea-vy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3).
Dissolve 0.1 Gm. of the salt in 10 mils of diluted nitric acid and add 1 mil of
silver nitrate T.S.; an opalescence but no precipitate may appear within one
minute (chloride).
Dissolve 0.1 Gm. of the salt in 10 mils of diluted hydrochloric acid and add
1 mil of barium chloride T.S.; no distinct turbidity appears within one minute
(sulphate).
shake 1 Gm. of finely powdered Calcium Glycerophosphate with 25 mils of
dehydrated alcohol, filter the mixture, evaporate the filtrate on a water bath
and dry the residue for an hour at a temperature not exceeding 70° C. The
resulting residue weighs not more than 0.01 Gm. (alcohol-soluble impurities, etc.).
Dry a portion of the finely powdered salt to constant weight at 130° C; the
loss does not exceed 10 per cent, (water).
Assay — Di.ssolve about 0.4 Gm. of the salt, pre\aously dried to constant
weight at 130° C. and accurately weighed, in 20 mils of a 5 per cent, solution of
acetic acid and add 30 mils of distilled water. Heat the mixture to boiling and
add an excess of ammonium oxalate T.S. Collect the resulting precipitate, wash,
dry, and then ignite it until of constant weight. This residue of calcium oxide
corresponds to not less than 26.1 per cent, of the weight of Calcium Glycerophos-
phate taken.
Dry a portion of Calcium Glycerophosphate to constant weight at 130° C,
and ignite it to constant weight; the weight of calcium pyrophosphate corre-
sponds to not less than 59.2 per cent, of the weight of Calcium Glycerophos-
phate taken.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
CALCII HYPOPHOSPHIS
Calcium Hypophospliite
Calc. Hypophos.
It contains, when dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sul-
phuric acid, not less than 98 per cent, of Ca(PH202)2 (170.18). Pre-
serve it in well-closed containers. Caution should be observed in
dispensing Calcium Hypophosphite as an explosion is liable to occur
when it is triturated or heated with nitrates, chlorates, or other oxi-
dizing agents.
Calcium Hypophosphite occurs as colorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms,
as small lustrous scales, or as a white, crystallinei powder; odorless, having a
nauseous and bitter taste, permanent in the air.
One Gm. of Calcium Hypophosphite is slowly soluble in 6.5 mils of water at
25° C; insoluble in alcohol.
When heated the salt decrepitates and begins to decompose, giving off water
and evolving spontaneously inflammable hydrogen phosphide, and on complete
ignition leaving a residue of calcium pyrophosphate.
When an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20), acidulated with hydrochloric
acid, is added, drop by drop with agitation, to an excess of mercuric chloride T.S.,
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 93
a white precipitate of mercurous chloride is formed. Upon the further addition
of the solution of Calcium Hypophosphite the precipitate becomes gray from
reduction to metallic mercury.
An aqueous solution of Calciimi Ilypophospliite (1 in 20) yields with ammo-
nium oxalate T.S. a white precipitate, insoluble in acetic acid, but soluble in
hydrochloric acid.
Dissolve 1 Gm. of the salt in 20 mils of distilled water; it requires not more
than 1 mil of tenth-normal potassium hydroxide V.S. to produce a pink color,
phenolphthalein T.S. being used as indicator.
When 1 Gm of the salt is dissolved in 20 mils of distilled water, not more than
0.005 Gm. of residue remains (phosphate).
Mix 5 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) in a test tube with 0.5
mil of diluted hydrochloric acid and heat on a water bath; no offensive odor
develops within thirty minutes.
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3).
Pour 5 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 25) into a beaker containing
3 mils of nitric acid, diluted with about 10 mils of distilled water, and evaporate
it to dryness on a water bath. The residue meets the requirements of the Test
for arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1).
Assay — Dissolve about 0.75 Gm. of Calcium Hypophosphite, previously
dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid and accurately
weighed, in 10 mils of distilled water, add 10 mils of nitric acid and evaporate to
dryne.ss on a water bath. .\dd 5 mils of nitric acid to the residue, again evaporate
to dryness on a water bath and dissolve the residue in sufficient distilled water
to measure 100 mils. Transfer 10 mils of this solution to a 100 mil graduated
flask, add sodium hydroxide T.S. (free from chloride) until a slight, perma-
nent precipitate is produced; then add 50 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.
and proceed as directed in the assay under Sodii Phosphas. Wlien calculated
to the amount originally taken it shows not less than 98 per cent, of Ca(PHo02)2.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. used corresponds to 0.002836
Gm. of Ca(PH202)2. Each gramme of Calcium Hypophosphite, dried to
constant weight, corresponds to not less than 345.5 mils of tenth-normal silver
nitrate V.S.
Preparation — Syrupus Hypophosphitum.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
CALCII LACTAS
Calcium Lactate
Calc. Lact.
The hydrated form of Calcium Lactate [Ca(C3H503)2+5H20 =
308.23]. It contains, when dried to constant weight at 120° C, not
less than 98 per cent, of Ca(C3H 503)2 (218.15). Preserve it in well-
closed containers.
Calcium Lactate occurs in white, granular masses or powder; odorless and
nearly tasteless.
It is somewhat efflorescent; at 120° C. it becomes anhydrous. When dried
to a constant weight at that temperature the loss is not more than 29.2 per cent,
(corresponding to 5 molecules of water of crystallization) nor less than 25 per
cent.
94 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
One Gm. of Calcium Lactate dissolves in 20 mils of water at 25° C; almost
insoluble in alcohol.
An aqueous solution of Calcium Lactate (1 in 20) is neutral, slightly acid, or
slightly alkaline to litmus, but is not reddened by phenolphthalein T.S.
Acidulate an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) with sulphuric acid, add
potassium permanganate and heat the mixture; the odor of acetaldehyde is
developed. With ammonium oxalate T.S. an aqueous solution (1 in 20) yields
a wliite precipitate, insoluble in acetic acid but soluble in hydrochloric acid.
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3).
Add ammonium oxalate T.S. to 20 mils of a hot aqueous solution of the salt
(1 in 20) until no further precipitate is produced, filter the mixtiu-e after three
hours, and wash the precipitate with 50 mils of distilled water. The combined
filtrate and washings leave not more than 0.01 Gm. of residue on evaporation
and subsequent ignition {magnesium and alkalies).
Stir about 0.5 Gm. of the salt with 1 mil of sulphuric acid; the mixture does
not emit an odor of volatile fat-acids, even on warming.
Assay — Incinerate in a crucible about 2 Gm. of the salt, pre\'iously dried to
constant weight at 120° C. and accurately weighed, dissolve the residue in 50
mils of half-normal hj'drochloric acid V'.S. and titrate the excess of acid with
half-normal potassium hydroxide V.S., using methyl orange T.S. as indicator.
It shows, in the dried salt, not less than 98 per cent, of Ca(C3H503)2.
Each mil of half-normal hydrochloric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.05454
Gm. of Ca(C3H503)2. Each gramme of dried Calcium Lactate corresponds to
not less than 17.97 mils of half-normal hydrochloric acid V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
CALCII SULPHIDUM CRUDUM
Crude Calcium Sulphide
Calc. Sulphid. Crud.— Cak Sulphurata, U.S.P. VIII Sulphurated Lime
It contains not less than 55 per cent, of CaS (72.14). Preserve it in
well-closed containers.
Crude Calcium Sulphide is a pale gray or yellowish powder, having a faint
odor of hydrogen sulphide and a nauseous and alkaline taste. It gradually
decomposes on exposiu-e to moist air.
Crude Calcium Sulphide is very sUghtly soluble in cold water; more readily
soluble in boiling water with partial decomposition; readily dissolved by solutions
of ammonium salts; insoluble in alcohol.
When Crude Calcium Sulphide is decomposed by diluted acetic acid, hydrogen
sulphide is evolved and a residue of calcium sulphate and carbon frequently
remains. The filtered solution j-ields with ammonium oxalate T.S. a white
precipitate insoluble in acetic acid, but soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Assay — Introduce about 0.2 Gm of Crude Calcium Sulphide, accurately
weighed, into a gla.ss-stoppered bottle ov flask; add 50 mils of distilled water, mix.
and quickly introduce 30 mils of a 10 per cent, ammonium chloride solution ana
immediately stopper the flask. Agitate the contents for a few minutes, add
quickly 20 mils of a 10 per cent, cadmium chloride solution, immediately insert
the stopper and again agitate well for a few minutes. Then add 5 mils of acetic
acid, heat the mixture on a water bath for fifteen minutes, decant the superna-
tant liquid through a filter, agitate the remaining precipitate with 10 mils of di-
luted acetic acid, transfer the precipitate to the filter and wash with 10 mils of
diluted acetic acid. Return the filter and precipitate to the original flask, add
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 95
50 mils of tenth-normal iodine V.S. and 20 mils of a mixture of equal
volumes of hydrochloric acid and water. Stopper the flask and agitate it
vigorously for a few minutes, and then titrate the excess of iodine with tenth-
normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. It shows not less than 55 per cent, of CaS.
Each mil of tenth-normal iodine V.S. used corresi)ond.s to 0.003607 Gm. of
CaS. Each gramme of Crude Calcium Sulphide corresjjonds to not less than
152.5 mils of tenth-normal iodine V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
CALUMBA
Calumba
Caiumb. — Columba Columbo Colombo
The dried root of Jateorhiza palmata (Lamarck) Miers (Fam. Meni-
spermacece).
In circular or oval disks attaining a diameter of 9 cm. and seldom exceeding
2 mm. in thickness, or in longitudinal or in oblique slices attaining a length of 30
cm., a breadth of 35 mm. and a thickness of 16 mm.; externally brown and
roughly wrinkled; cut surface varying from yellowish-brown to grayish-yellow,
the transverse slices distinctly radiate in the outer portion and with a dark cam-
bium; central portion often depressed; fracture short, mealy; odor shght;
taste shghtly aromatic, very bitter.
The powder is greenish-brown to grayish-yellow; starch grains numerous,
mostly single, occasionally 2- to 3-compound, the individual grains from 0.003
to 0.085 mm. in the long diameter, ovoid, ellipsoidal, frequently very irregular,
slightly lamellated, with an excentral hnear x-shaped or brandling cleft; stone
cells few with irregularly thickened, strongly hgnified, coarsely porous walls
and containing one or more prisms of calcium oxalate from 0.01 to 0.03 mm.
in length, or numerous sphenoidal micro-crystals; fragments with trachea; few.
the latter with reticulate thickenings or bordered pores, and associated with
wood-fibers having long, obUque, slit-like pores.
Calumba yields not more than 8 per cent, of ash.
Preparation — Tinctura Calumbse.
Average dose — Metric, 2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 30 grains.
CALX
Calcium Oxide
Lime Quicklime
It contains, when freshly ignited to constant weight with a blast
lamp, not less than 95 per cent, of CaO (56.07). It loses not more than
10 per cent, of its weight on ignition. Preserve it in air-tight containers
in a dry place.
Calcium Oxide occurs in hard, wliite or grayish-white masses or granules, or
as a white powder; odorless and having a caustic taste.
One Gm. of Calcium Oxide dissolves in 840 mils of water at 25° C. ; also in 1740
mils of boiling water; soluble in glycerin and syrup; insoluble in alcohol.
When moistened with water, Calcium Oxide becomes heated, and is gradually
converted into a white powder (calcium hydroxide or slaked lime). When this
96 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
is mixed with about 3 or 4 times its weight of water, it forms a smooth magma
(milk of lime).
Water, when agitated with Calcium Oxide, becomes alkaline to litmus.
Slake 1 Gm. of Calcium Oxide, thoroughly mix it with 50 mils of water, and
decant the greater portion of the milky liquid; the addition of an excess of
diluted hydrochloric acid to the re.sidue does not cause more than a slight effer-
vescence (carbonate).
Mix 5 Gm. of Calcium Oxide, after slaking, with 100 mils of distilled water,
followed by hydrochloric acid, drop by drop, with agitation imtil solution takes
place. The resulting solution, after boiling and cooling, should be acid and
should not deposit more than 0.05 Gm. of insoluble matter.
Ammonium oxalate T.S. added to a portion of this solution, after neutralizing
it with ammonia water, yields a white precipitate, insoluble in acetic acid, but
soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Ignite to constant weight with a blast lamp in a tared platinum crucible a
portion of Calcium Oxide; it loses not more than 10 per cent, in weight of the
Calcium Oxide taken (volatile substances).
Assay — Dissolve about 1 Gm. of Calcium Oxide, previously ignited to con-
stant weight over a blast lamp and accurately weighed, in 20 mils of diluted
hj^drochloric acid, cool the solution, dilute with distilled water to 100 mils and
mix well. Transfer 20 mils of this solution to a 200 mil graduated flask and
proceed with the assay as directed under Calcii Carbonas Prcecipitatus.
Each mil of tenth-normal oxalic acid V.S. corresponds to 0.0028035 Gm. of
CaO. Each gramme of freshly ignited Calcium Oxide corresponds to not less
than 338.9 mils of tenth-normal oxalic acid V.S.
Preparation — Liquor Calcis.
CALX CHLORINATA
Chlorinated Lime
Calx Chlorin.— "Chloride of Lime"
A product resulting from the action of chlorine upon calcium hydrox-
ide, and containing not less than 30 per cent, of available chlorine
[CI = 35.46]. Preserve it in air-tight containers, in a cool and dry place.
Chlorinated Lime occurs as a white, or grayi.sh-white, granular powder, having
the odor of chlorine. It becomes moist and gradually decomposes on exposure
to the air and when in such condition must not be used or dispensed.
It is partially soluble in water or alcohol. The insoluble portion settles
readily when it is mixed with water. If lumps are present they readily break
down and leave no core.
Shake 1 Gm. of Chlorinated Lime with 50 mils of distilled water and filter;
the filtrate at first colors red litmus blue, and then bleaches it.
Dissolve Chlorinated Lime in diluted acetic acid; an abundance of chlorine
gas is evolved, and only a trifling residue remains undissolved.
Ammonium oxalate T.S. added to this solution yields a white precipitate,
insoluble in acetic acid, but soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Assay — Introduce into a tared, stoppered weighing-bottle, containing 10 mils
of distilled water, between 3 and 4 Gm. of Chlorinated Lime and weigh accu-
rately. Triturate this thoroughly with 50 mils of distilled water, transfer the mix-
ture to a graduated liter flask, rin.se the mortar with di.stilled water, add the
rinsings to the mixture and then sufficient distilled water to make 1000 mils,
etopper the flask and allow it to stand for ten minutes. Shake it thoroughly,
add to 100 mils of the mixture 1 Gin. of potassium iodide and 5 mils of acetic
acid, and titrate with tenth-normal sodium thiosuljjhate V.S., starch T.S. being
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 97
used as indicator. When calculated to the weight of Chlorinated Lime taken,
it shows not less than 30 per cent, of available chlorine.
Each mil of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. used corresponds to
0.003546 Gm. of available chlorine (CI). Each gramme of Chlorinated Lime
corresponds to not less than 84.6 mils of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S.
CAMBOGIA
Gamboge
Cam bog. — Pipe Gamboge
A gum-resin obtained from Garcinia Hanhurii Hooker filius (Fam.
Guttiferce).
In hard, brittle, cylindrical pieces, usually hollow in the center, from 2 to 5 cm.
in diameter, from 10 to 20 cm. in length, externally grayish-orange-brown,
longitudinally striate; fracture conchoidal, smooth, orange-red; odorless; taste
very acrid.
When rubbed with water it yields a yellow emulsion which becomes darker
and almost transparent upon the addition of ammonia water. The emulsion
turns green upon the addition of iodine T.S. (starch).
The powder is bright yellow, containing few or no starch grains. \Mien
mounted in hydrated chloral T.S. and examined under the microscope the
particles, for the most part, slowly dissolve, leaving scattered fragments of
vegetable tissues.
Not less than 65 per cent, of Gamboge is soluble in alcohol.
Gamboge yields not more than 2 per cent, of ash.
Preparation — Pilulae Catharticae Compositae.
Average dose — Metric, 0.125 Gm. — Apothecaries, 2 grains.
CAMPHORA
Camphor
Camph.
A ketone [CioHieO or C9Hi6C0 = 152.13] obtained from Cinnamomum
C amphora (Linne) Nees et Ebermaier (Fam. Lauracece); it is dextro-
rotatory. Preserve it in well-closed containers, in a cool place.
Camphor occurs in white, translucent masses or granules of a tough con-
sistence and having a penetrating, characteristic odor, and a pungent, aromatic
taste. It is readily pulverizable in the presence of a Uttle alcohol, ether or
chloroform .
Camphor is slightly soluble in water and freely soluble in alcohol, chloroform,
ether, carbon disulphide, petroleum benzin, or in fixed or volatile oils.
Specific gravity: about 0.990 at 25° C.
Camphor melts between 174° and 177° C.
The specific rotation [«]d of Camphor in a solution in alcoiiol at 25° C. is
between +41° and +42° in a 200 mm. tube, containing 10 Gm. of Camphor in
each 100 mils of solution. The alcohol must be of the strength of about 95 per
cent, by volume.
It volatilizes at ordinary temperatures. On gradually heating about 2 Gm. of
Camphor, it sublimes without carbonization and without leaving more than
0.05 per cent, of ash.
12
98 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
A solution of Camphor in petroleum benzin (1 in 10) is clear {moisture).
Hold the looped end of a piece of clean copper wire in a non-luminous flame
until it glows, without coloring the flame green, then dip the loop into Camphor,
ignite the adhering Camphor, and hold it so that the liquid burns outside of
a non-luminous flame. On slowly bringing the flame from the burning Camphor
on the loop in contact with the lower outer edge of the non-luminous flame, no
green tinge is discernible {chlorinated products).
Preparations — Aqua Camphorae Linimentum Belladonnse Linimentum
Camphorte Linimentum Chloroformi Linimentum Saponis Spiritus
Camphorae Tinctura Opii Camphorata.
Metric Apothecaries
Average dose — By mouth, 0.2 Gm. — 3 grains.
Hypodermic, 0.1 Gm. — 1^ grains.
CAMPHORA MONOBROMATA
Monobromated Camphor
Camph. Monobrom.
Ortho-monobromcamphor [doHisOBr or C9Hi5Br.C0 = 231.04]. Pre-
serve it in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Monobromated Camphor occurs in colorless, prismatic needles or scales, or
as a powder having a mild but characteristic, camphoraceous odor and taste;
permanent in the air. It is decomposed by prolonged exposure to sun-light.
One Gm. of Monobromated Camphor dissolves in 6.5 mils of alcohol, 0.5
mil of chloroform, and in 1.6 mils of ether at 25° C; almost insoluble in water.
It melts between 74° and 76° C.
Heat a mixture of about 0.1 Gm. each of Monobromated Camphor and silver
nitrate and 2 mils each of nitric acid and sulphuric acid until nitrous vapors
are no longer evolved; a yellowish precipitate of silver bromide is obtained.
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Monobromated Camphor ; not more than 0.05 per
cent, of ash remains.
Shake about 0.5 Gm. of powdered Monobromated Camphor with 10 mils of
distilled water and filter. The filtrate is neutral to litmus and is not rendered
more than slightly opalescent by the addition of a few drops of silver nitrate T.S.
(soluble bromide).
Average dose — Metric, 0.125 Gm. — Apothecaries, 2 grains.
CANNABIS
Cannabis
Cannab. — Cannabis Indica, U.S.P. VIII Guaza Ganjah
The dried flowering tops of the pistillate plants of Cannabis saliva
Linn6, or of the variety indica Lamarck (Fam. Moraceoe), freed from
the thicker stems and large foliage leaves and without the presence or
admixture of more than 10 per cent, of fruits or other foreign matter.
Carmabis, made into a fluidextract in which one hundred mils represent
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 99
one hundred grammes of the drug, when assayed biologically, produces
incoordination when administered to dogs in a doso of not more than
0.03 mil of fluidextract per kilogramme of body weight.
In dark green or grcenish-brovm and more or less agglutinated fragments,
consisting of the short stems with their leaf-like bracts and pistillate flowers,
some of the latter being replaced with more or less developed fruits; stems
cylindrical, of varying length, not more than 3 mm. in diameter, longitudinally
furrowed, light green to light brown, strigose- pubescent; leaves digitately com-
pound; leaflets, when soaked in water and s])read out, linear-lanceolate, nearly-
sessile, margin deeply serrate; bracts ovate, pubescent, each enclosing one or
two pistillate fiowers, or more or less develojied fruits; calyx dark green, pubes-
cent and somewhat folded around the ovary or fruit; st3-les two, fihform and
pubescent; ovarj' with a single campylotropous ovule; fruit light green to light
brown, broadly ellipsoidal, about 3.5 mm. in length, finely wrinkled and slightly
reticulated; odor agreeabh' aromatic; taste characteristic.
The powder is dark green, giving a strong effervescence on the addition of
dilute hydrochloric acid; numerous sharp pointed fragments of upper portion
of non-glandular hairs and fragments of bracts and leaves showing yellowish-
brown laticiferous vessels, rosette aggregates of calcium oxalate from 0.005 to
0.025 mm. in diameter; non-glandular hairs unicellular, with a very slender
pointed apex and a considerably enlarged base containing, usually in the lumen,
some calcium carbonate; glandular hairs of two kinds, one with a short, one-
celled stalk and the other with a multicellular, long, tongue^shaped stalk, the
glandular portion being globular and consisting of from 8 to 16 cells, fragments
of fruits with palisade-like, non-lignified sclerenchymatous cells, walls yellowish-
brown, finely porous, the lumina usually containing air; tissues of embryo and
endosperm with numerous oil globules and aleurone grains, the latter from
0.005 to 0.01 mm. in diameter and consisting of large crystalloids and globoids.
The yield of alcohol extractive is not less than 8 per cent, and the alcoholic
solution is of a bright green color.
Cannabis yields not more than 15 per cent, of ash.
Assa> — Prepare a fluidextract and proceed as directed under Biological
Assays (Part II).
Preparations — Extractum Cannabis Fluidextractum Cannabis Tinctura
Cannabis.
CANTHARIS
Cantharides
Canthar.— Spanish Flies Russian Flies
The dried beetles, Cantharis vesicatoria (Linn6) De Geer (Fam.
Meloidece, Order Coleopiera), yielding not less than 0.6 per cent, of
cantharidin. Preserve Cantharides in tightly-closed containers, adding
a few drops of chloroform or carbon tetrachloride, from time to time,
to prevent attack by insects.
From 15 to 25 mm. in length, 5 to 8 mm. in breadth, oblong, somewhat com-
pressed above; of a brilliant green or bluish-green, metaUic luster, changing in
different parts, especially beneath, to a golden-green; head triangular, separated
into two lateral lobes by a faint median Une; mandibles stout and partly con-
cealed; antennae filiform, of 11 conical joints, the upper ones being black; eyes
comparatively small; prothorax angulate; legs with five tarsal joints; wings
membranous and brownish; elytra or wing sheaths each with two parallel hnea
and finely wrinkled; odor strong, disagreeable; taste shght, afterwards acrid.
Cantharides with an ammoniacal odor must not be used.
100 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
The powder is gra3dsh-brown, with shining green particles and a number of
long, pointed, 1-celled hairs 0.5 mm. in length and 0.02 mm. in width.
Cantharides does not contain more than 10 per cent, of moisture.
Cantharides yields not more than 9 per cent, of ash.
Assay — Introduce 15 Gm. of Cantharides, in No. 40 powder, into a stout
bottle of not less than 250 mils capacity, add 150 mils of a mixture of benzene,
two volumes, and purified petroleum benzin, one volume, and then add 2 mils
of hydrochloric acid. Stopper the bottle tightly, shake it well, and allow it to
stand about ten hours. Now gradually warm the bottle and its contents to about
40° C. and maintain it at that temperature with frequent shaking during three
hours. Cool the mixture, decant or filter off 100 mils of the clear solution and
evaporate this rapidly in a tared beaker or wide-necked flask to a volume of
about 5 mils. Now add 5 mils of chloroform to the residue and set it aside in a
moderately warm place. When the solvent has all evaporated, add to the crystals
10 mils of a mixture of equal volumes of dehydrated alcohol and purified petro-
leum benzin, which has previously been saturated with pure cantharidin, allow
the mixture to stand during fifteen minutes and then decant the liquid through
a pellet of purified cotton. Wash the crystals with successive portions of a
saturated solution of cantharidin, similar to that directed above, until it is free
from fat and coloring matter, and pass the washings through the same pellet of
purified cotton. Then wash the cotton with a very small quantity of warm
chloroform to dissolve any adhering crystals, collect the chloroform in the
tared flask or beaker containing the washed crystals, evaporate the solvent with
the aid of a blast of air, dry the crystals at 60° C. for one-half hour and weigh.
The resulting weight will be the amount of cantharidin obtained from ten
grammes of Cantharides.
Preparations — Ceratum Cantharidis Collodium Cantharidatum Tinctura
Cantharidis.
CAPSICUM
Capsicum
Capsic. — Cayenne Pepper African Chillies
The dried ripe fruits of Capsicum frutescens Linne (Fam. Solanacece),
without the presence or admixture of more than 2 per cent, of stems,
calyxes or other foreign matter.
Oblong-conical, from 8 to 20 mm. in length and from 2 to 15 mm. in diameter;
pericarp brownish-red or orange, shining, membranous and translucent; 2- or
3-locular, united below, and containing 6 to 17 flat, reniform, yellowish seeds
attached to the placenta or frequently separated from it; odor characteristic,
sternutatory; taste intensely pungent.
The calyx, when present, light greenish-brown, inferior, inconspicuous,
5-toothed, usually attached to a long straight peduncle.
The powder is yellowish-brown; mounts made with hydrated chloral T.S.
and examined under the microscope show yellowish-red oil globules; stone cells
of two kinds, those of the endocarp being more or less elongated, walls yellowish,
uniformly and moderately thickened, wavy in outline, porous and slightly
lignified, those of the seed-coat being yellowish, irregular and strongly thickened,
wavy in outline and strongly lignified.
Capsicum yields not less than 15 per cent, of non-volatile extractive, soluble
in ether (see Part II, Test No. 13).
Capsicum yields not more than 7 per cent, of ash. The amount of ash, insoluble
in hydrochloric acid, does not exceed 1 per cent, of the weight of Capsicum taken.
Preparations — Oleoresina Capsici Tinctura Capsici.
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 101
CARBO LIGNI
Wood Charcoal
Car bo Lig.— Charcoal
Charcoal prepared from soft wood, and very finely powdered. Pre-
serve it in well-closed vessels.
Wood charcoal is a black, odorless, and tasteless powder, free from gritty
matter.
It burns without a luminous flame. Incinerate about 1 Gm. of Charcoal; not
more than 7.5 per cent, of ash remains.
Boil about 1 Gm. of Charcoal with a mixture of 3 mils of potassium hydroxide
T.S. and 10 mils of distilled water for one-half minute; the filtrate shows only
a slight brown color.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
CARDAMOMI SEMEN
Cardamom Seed
Cardam. Sem.— Cardamomum, U.S.P. VIII Cardamon
The dried seeds of Elettaria Cardamomum White et Maton (Fam.
Zingiheracem), recently removed from the capsules.
Mostly agglutinated in groups of from 2 to 7, the individual seeds, oblong-
ovoid in outline, 3- or irregularly 4-sided, convex on the dorsal surface, strongly
longitudinally grooved on one side, from 3 to 4 mm. in length; externally red-
dish-gray-browTi, coarsely tuberculated, and with more or less adhering por-
tions of the membranous aril; in section showing a thin reddish-brown seed-
coat, a large white perisperm and a central, greenish endosperm enclosing
a small straight embryo; odor aromatic; taste aromatic, pungent.
The powder is greenish-brown ; consisting chiefly of coarse angular fragments
of cells of the reserve layers and seed-coat ; cells of endosperm and perisperm
filled with compound starch grains, the individual grains from 0.001 to 0.004 mm.
in diameter; fragments of seed with dark brown stone cells, which are polygonal
in surface view and about 0.02 mm. in diameter; in mounts made with hydrated
chloral T.S. single prisms or crystals in rosette aggregates may separate in the
cells of the endosperm and perisperm; fragments of spiral tracheae with accom-
panying slightly lignified bast-fibers relatively few.
Cardamom Seed yields not more than 8 per cent, of ash.
Preparations — Tinctura Cardamomi Tinctura Cardamomi Composita.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
CARUM
Caraway
Carawayseed Caraway Seed
The dried fruit of Varum Carvi Linne (Fam. Umbelliferce) . Without
the presence or admixture of more than 3 per cent, of other fruits,
seeds or foreign matter. Preserve Caraway in tightly-closed containers,
adding a few drops of chloroform or carbon tetrachloride, from time to
time, to prevent attack by insects.
102 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Mericarps usually separated, crescent-shaped, 3 to 7 mm. in length, 1.5 mm,
in diameter; externally dark brown with 5 yellowish filiform ribs; in transverse
section nearly equilateraliy pentagonal, the commissural surface with two vittae,
the dorsal surface with a vitta between each of the primary ribs; oily endosperm
large, enclosing a small embryo; odor and taste agreeably aromatic.
Under the microscope, transverse sections of Caraway show an epidermal layer
of slightly tangentially elongated cells with thick outer walls; a layer of several
rows of tangentially elongated parenchyma cells, frequently more or less col-
lapsed; a single, large, elliptical, brown vitta or oil-tube between each of the
ribs and surrounded by small epithelial or secretion cells; in each of the ribs a
single fibro-vascular bundle surrounded by a layer of thick-walled sclerenchy-
matous fibers; inner epidermis of broadly elongated cells with very thin side
walls, being very frequently broken and closely coherent with the more or less
brownish collapsed cells of the seed-coat; commissural surface with 2 large
vittae and at the middle portion 2 large transverse hollow spaces formed by the
separation of the tissues of the seed-coat on one side and the pericarp on the
other, otherwise the cells resemble those on the dorsal surface; endosperm
large, cells polygonal with thick walls and containing a fixed oil and aleurone
grains, the latter not infrequently containing a small rosette aggregate or prism
of calcium oxalate.
The powder is yellowish-brown, mostly of irregular, angular fragments; cells
of endosperm with aleurone grains each usually containing a rosette aggregate
of calcium oxalate about 0.001 mm. in diameter; fragments with light-yellow
vittae, together with nearly isodiametric or polygonal, yellowish-brown, inner
epidermal cells of pericarp; fragments with tracheae and sclerenchymatous
fibers, the latter 0.01 mm. in width, slightly lignified and with numerous
oblique pores.
Caraway yields not more than 8 per cent, of ash.
AvERA-GE DOSE — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
CARYOPHYLLUS
Clove
Caryoph.— Cloves
The dried flower-buds of Eugenia aromatica (Linn^) O. Kuntze, Jam-
bosa Caryophyllus (Sprengel) Niedenzu (Fam. Myrtacece), without the
presence or admixture of more than 5 per cent, of the peduncles, stems
or other foreign matter.
From 10 to 17.5 mm. in length, of a dark brown or brownish-black color,
consisting of a stem-like, solid, inferior ovary, obscurely four-angled or somewhat
compressed, terminated by four calyx teeth, and surmounted by a nearly globu-
lar head, consisting of four petals, which enclose numerous curved stamens and
one style; odor strongly aromatic; taste pungent and aromatic, followed by
slight numbness.
When Clove is pressed strongly between the thumbnail and finger the volatile
oil becomes visible.
Stems either separate or attached to the flower-buds; sub-eylindrical or four-
angled, attaining a length of 25 mm. and a diameter of 4 mm., either simple,
branching or distinctly jointed, and less aromatic than the flower-buds.
The powder varies from dark brown to reddish-brown and consists chiefly
of cellular fragments showing the large oil reservoirs, spiral tracheae and a few
eomewhat thick-walled, slightly-lignified, spindle-shaped bast-fibers; calcium
oxalate in rosette aggregates, from 0.01 to 0.015 mm. in diameter; pollen grains
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA " 103
numerous, tetrahedral, somewhat ellipsoidal, from 0.015 to 0.02 mm. in diameter.
The presence of stems in the powder is shown by stone cells of irregular, polygonal
shape, 0.07 mm. in diameter, with thick porous walls and largo lumina, the
latter frequently filled with a yellowish-brown amorphous sub.stance.
Clove yields not less than 10 per cent, of volatile extractive soluble in ether
(see Part II, Test No. 12).
Clove yields not more than 8 per cent, of ash. The amount of ash, insoluble
in hydrochloric acid, does not exceed 0.5 per cent, of the weight of Clove taken.
Average dose — MetriC; 0.25-Gm, — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
CASCARA SAGRADA
Cascara Sagrada
Case. Sagr.— Rhamnus Purshiana, U.S.P. VIII
The dried bark of the trunk and branches of Rhamnus Purshiana De
Candolle (Fam. Rhamnacece).
Usually in flattened or transversely curved pieces, occasionally in quills;
bark from 1 to 5 mm. in thickness; outer surface dark brown or brownish-red,
longitudinally ridged, often nearly covered with grayish or whitish lichens,
bearing small blackish apothecia, sometimes with numerous lenticels, and
occasionally with mosses; inner surface light yellow, light brown, or reddish-
brown, longitudinally striate, turning red when moistened with solutions of
the alkalies; fracture short, with projections of bast-fibers in the inner bark;
in cross section inner bark shows diagonal or curved medullary rays, forming
converging groups, the outer bark showing 3'ellowish groups of stone cells which
are especially apparent on moistening the freshly cut surface with phloroglucinol
T.S. and hydrochloric acid; odor distinct; taste disagreeable, bitter, and sUghtly
acrid.
Under the microscope, a transverse section of Cascara Sagrada shows an outer
yellowish-brown or reddish-brown corky layer consisting of 10 to lo or more
rows of cells; stone cells in outer bark in tangentially elongated groups of 20
to 50 cells, the walls being veiy thick and finely lamellated; medullary rays 1
to 4 cells wide, 15 to 25 cells deep, the contents being colored red upon the addi-
tion of solutions of the alkaUes to the sections; bast-fibers in tangentially elon-
gated groups in the inner bark, the walls being thick and strongly lignified;
crystal fibers around the bast-fibers with individual crystals from 0.008 to 0.015
mm. in length; parenchyma with spheroidal starch grains about 0.003 to 0.008
mm. in diameter, or with calcium oxalate either in rosette aggregates or prisms
from 0.01 to 0.02 mm. in diameter.
Add 0.1 Gm. of powdered Cascara Sagrada to 10 mils of hot water, shake
the mixture occasionally until cold, filter it and add sufficient water to make
10 mils; on the addition of 10 mils of ammonia water to this Uquid, it is colored
an orange yellow.
Macerate 0.1 Gm. of powdered Cascara Sagrada with 10 drops of alcohol,
boil the mixture ^ath 10 mils of water, when cold filter it and shake the filtrate
with 10 mils of ether; a yellow ethereal .solution separates. Shake 3 mils of this
ethereal solution with 3 mils of ammonia water; the separated ammoniacal
solution still possesses, on diluting with 20 mils of water, a distinct, yellowish-red
color.
The powder is light brown to olive brown, showing characteristic elongated
groups of bast-fibers associated with crystal fibers, the crystals in the latter
being in the form of monochnic prisms from 0.008 to 0.015 mm. in length; stone
cells in large groups, the cells having tliick and finely porous walls; fragments
of parenchyma and medullary ray cells colored red upon the addition of solu-
tions of the alkalies; starch grains either free or in parenchyma cells, the indi-
104 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
vidual grains being somewhat spheroidal, from 0.003 to 0.008 mm. in diameter;
calcium oxalate in monoclinic prisms or rosette aggregates from 0.01 to 0.02
mm. in diameter; occasional fragments of reddish-brown cork.
Preparations — Extractum Cascarae Sagradae Fluidextractum Cascarae Sagradae
Fluidextractum Cascarae Sagradae Aromaticum.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
CERA ALBA
White Wax
Cer. Alb.
Yellow Wax, bleached.
White Wax is a yellowish-white solid, somewhat translucent in thin layers,
Laving a faint, characteristic odor; it is free from rancidity, and nearly tasteless.
Specific gravity: 0.950 to 0.960 at 25° C, as determined by the method given
imder Cera Flava.
It melts between 62° and 65° C.
The acid value is not less than 17 nor more than 23, and the ester value not
less than 72 nor more than 79, as determined by the methods given under Cera
Flava.
In other respects White Wax has the characteristics of Yellow Wax and
responds to the tests for identity and purity under Cera Flava.
CERA FLAVA
Yellow Wax
Cer. Flav. — Beeswax
A product obtained by melting and purifjdng the honey-comb of
the bee, A-pis mellifera, Linne (Fam. Apidce).
Yellow Wax is a yellow to gray-brown solid, having an agreeable, honey-like
odor, and a faint characteristic taste.
It is somewhat brittle when cold, and when broken presents a dull, granular,
not crystalline fracture. By the heat of the hand, it becomes plastic.
Yellow wax is insoluble in water, sparingly soluble in cold alcohol; boiling
alcohol dissolves the cerotic acid and a portion of the myrocin. It is completely
soluble in chloroform, ether, or in fixed or volatile oils; partly soluble in cold
benzene or carbon disulphide, and completely soluble in these liquids at a tem-
perature of from 25° to 30° C.
Specific gravity: 0.950 to 0.960 at 25° C, determined as follows.
Melt the Wax at a low temperature and allow it to fall in separated drops
from just above the surface into alcohol that has been warmed to from 45° to
50° C. Allow the globules to remain in the alcohol until it has cooled spontane-
ously to room temi)erature (20° to 25° C), then remove the Wax and keep it
at room temperature for 24 hours. Prepare a mixture of 4 volumes of alcohol and
enough distilled water to make 10 volumes and allow it to stand until free from
air bubbles. Moisten the globules of Wax with distilled water, by means of a
brush, and place them by means of forceps in the alcohol solution just prepared
contained in a beaker. Then add alcohol or air-free distilled water as required
to the mixture, kept at 25° C, until the globules of Wax float or rest indiffer-
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 105
ently in the liquid, and finally determine the specific gravity of the alcoholic
liquid. The figure thus obtained is the specific gravity of the Wax examined.
It melts between 62° and 65° C.
Boil 1 Gm. of Yellow Wax for half an hour with 35 mils of an aqueous solu-
tion of sodium hydroxide (1 in 7), the volume being preserved by the occasional
addition of distilled water; the Wax separates on cooling without rendering the
liquid opaque, and no precipitate is produced in the liquid after filtration through
glass wool or asbestos, on the addition of hydrochloric acid in excess (Jats or
fatly acids, Japan icax, or rosin). Hydrochloric acid produces no precipitate
in water which has been boiled with a portion of the Wax (soap).
Warm about 3 Gm. of Yellow Wax. accurately weighed, in a 200 mil flask with
25 mils of neutral dehydrated alcohol until melted, then add 1 mil of phenol-
phthalein T.S. and titrate the mixture while warm with half-normal alcoholic
potassium hydroxide V.S. to a faint pink color. The acid value so obtained is not
less than 18 nor more than 24. Now add 25 mils of half-normal alcoholic potas-
sium hydroxide V.S. and 50 mils of alcohol, boil the mixture for two hours
under a reflux condenser and titrate the excess of the alkali with half-normal
hydrochloric acid V.S. The ester value so obtained is not less than 72 nor
more than 77.
CERATUM
Cerate
Cerat. — Simple Cerate
White Wax, three hundred grammes 300 Gm.
Benzoinated Lard, seven hundred grammes 700 Gm.
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Melt the white wax by the heat of a water bath, add the benzoinated
lard, continue the heat until the mixture is liquefied, strain if necessary
and stir constantly until it congeals.
For use in southern latitudes and during the heated season in other
localities, 50 Gm. of the benzoinated lard (or more, if necessary) may be
replaced by an equal quantity of white wax.
CERATUM CANTHARIDIS
Cantharides Cerate
Cerat. Canthar. — BUstering Cerate
Cantharides, in No. 60 powder, three hundred and fifty
grammes 350 Gm.
Glacial Acetic Acid, twenty-five milliliters 25 mils
Oil of Turpentine, one hundred and fifty milliliters 150 mils
Yellow Wax, one hundred and seventy-five grammes 175 Gm.
Rosin, one hundred and seventy-five grammes 175 Gm.
Benzoinated Lard, two hundred grammes 200 Gm.
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
106 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Moisten the cantharides with the oil of turpentine and the glacial
acetic acid, previously mixed, and set the mixture aside in a well-cov-
ered container, in a warm place, for forty-eight hours. Melt together
the rosin, yellow wax, and benzoinated lard ; strain the mixture through
muslin, add the macerated cantharides and keep the mixture in a liquid
condition by heating it on a water bath with occasional stirring, until it
is reduced in weight to one thousand grammes. Then withdraw the
heat and stir the Cerate until it becomes firm.
Preparation — Emplastrum Cantharidis.
CERATUM RESINiE
Rosin Cerate
Cerat. Res. — Basilicon Ointment
Rosin, three hundred and fifty grammes 350 Om.
Yellow Wax, one hundred and fifty grammes 150 Gm.
Lard, five hundred grammes 500 Gm.
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Melt the rosin, add the yellow wax and the lard, and continue the
heat until liquefied, then strain the liquid through muslin, and allow it
to congeal with occasional stirring.
In cold weather five hundred and thirty grammes of lard and one hun-
dred and twenty grammes of yellow wax may be used.
Preparation — Linimentum Terebinthinae.
CERII OXALAS
Cerium Oxalate
Cerii Oxal.
A mixture of the oxalates of cerium, didymium, lanthanum, and other
associated elements.
Cerium Oxalate is a fine white or slightly pink powder, without odor or taste;
permanent in the air.
It is insoluble in water, alcohol, ether, and in solutions of potassium or sodivim
hydroxide; insoluble in cold, diluted sulphuric or hydrochloric acid, but dissolved
by these acids when heated.
\\'hen heated to redness it is decomposed, leaving not less than 47 per cent, of
a reddish-brown resitiue.
Boil Cerium Oxalate with jiotassium hydroxide T.S.; an insoluble precipitate
of wliite hydroxides is produced. Filter and supersaturate the filtrate with
acetic acid; the addition of calcium chloride T.S. produces a white precipitate,
ini^oluble in acetic acid but soluble in hydrochloric acid.
From a solution of Cerium Oxalate in diluted hydrochloric or sulphuric acid,
potassium hydroxide T.S., added in slight excess, precipitates white hydroxides,
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 107
which do not redissolve in a larger excess of the reagent, but gradually turn
yellow in contact with air. Ammonium carbonate T.S. added \n slight excess
to a similar acid solution produces a white precipitate of the mixed carbonates
of cerium and associated elements, which is somewhat soluble in a larger excesa
of the reagent.
Dissolve 0.1 Gm. of Cerium Oxalate in 1 mil of sulphuric acid and add 2 mils
of potassium sulphate T.S.; small, colorless crystals of double sulj^hates of
potassium and the rare-earth elements in the mixture are deposited after some
time.
No effervescence occurs when Cerium Oxalate is dissolved in diluted hydro-
chloric acid (carbonates).
A solution of Cerium Oxalate (1 in 50) in diluted hydrochloric acid does not
respond to the Test for heavy metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
A solution of Cerium Oxalate (1 in 25) in hot dikite sulphuric acid (1 in 3)
meets the requirements of the Test for arsenic (see Part II, Tost No. 1).
Boil 0.3 Gm. of Cerium Oxalate with 15 mils of potassium hydroxide T.S.
and filter. No precipitate is produced in 5 mils of the filtrate by boiling with an
excess of ammonium chloride T.S. {aluminum) or in another 5 mil portion of the
filtrate by the addition of sodium sulphide T.S. (zinc).
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3 grains.
CETACEUM
Spermaceti
Cetac.
A concrete, fattj'- substance, obtained from the head of the sperm
whale, Physeter macrocephalus Linne (Fam. Physeteridce).
Spermaceti occurs in white, somewhat translucent, slightly unctuous masses,
with a scaly, crystalline fracture, a pearly luster, a very faint odor and a bland,
mild taste. It becomes yellowish in color and rancid on prolonged exposure to air.
It is insoluble in water and nearly so in cold alcohol; soluble in boiling alcohol,
in ether, chloroform, carbon disulphide, or fixed or volatile oils; only slightly
soluble in cold petroleum benzin.
Specific gravity: 0.938 to 0.944 at 25° C. as determined by the method given
xinder Cera Flava.
It melts between 42° and 50° C.
It dissolves completely in 50 parts of boiling alcohol (paraffin), and the solution
is neutral or not more than slightly acid to moistened litmus paper.
Warm a mixture of about 1 Gm. of Spermaceti and 10 mils of ammonia water
until the Spermaceti is melted, then shake it thoroughly in a stoppered vessel for
a few minutes, cool and filter.* The filtrate, upon supersaturation with hydro-
chloric acid, may become turbid, but yields no precipitate (stearic acid).
CHLORALUM HYDEATUM
Hydrated Chloral
Chloral. Hydrat.— "Chloral" Chloral Hydrate
A compound of trichloraldehyde or chloral, with the elements of one
molecule of water. It contains not less than 99,5 per cent, of C2HCI3O
108 THE PHARMACOPOEIA OF THE
+H2O or CCI3.COH+H2O (165.4). Preserve it in tightly-stoppered
bottles, in a cool place, protected from light.
Hydrated Chloral occurs in rhomboidal, colorless, transparent crystals which
do not readily attract moisture. It has an aromatic, penetrating, and slightly
acrid odor, and a bitterish, caustic taste. It is slowly volatihzed when exposed
to the air.
One Gm. of Hydrated Chloral dissolves in 0.25 mil of water, ] .3 mils of alcohol,
2 mils of chloroform, and in 1.5 mils of ether at 25° C; very soluble in ohve oil,
freely soluble in oil of turpentine.
Hydrated Chloral is decomposed by caustic alkalies, alkaline earths, and
ammonia, chloroform and a formate of the base being produced. When warmed
with a few drops of aniline and sodium hydroxide T.S., the intensely disagreeable
odor of phenylisocyauide is produced.
Gently ignite 2 Gm. of Hydrated Chloral ; no inflammable vapors are evolved
(distinction from chloral alcoholate and ethyl carbamate). On complete incinera-
tion not more than 0.05 per cent, of ash remains.
Ten mils of an alcoholic solution of Hydrated Chloral (1 in 20) does not at
once redden moistened blue litmus paper, nor at once become opalescent on the
addition of a few drops of silver nitrate T.S. {hydrochloric acid and chlorides).
Shake about 0.5 Gm. of Hydrated Chloral, at intervals of five minutes during
one hour, with 5 mils of sulphuric acid in a glass-stoppered tube, which has
previously been rinsed with sulphuric acid. The acid remains colorless, or very
nearly so when viewed transversely in a tube of about 20 mm. diameter {organic
impurities) .
Assay — Dissolve about 4 Gm. of Hydrated Chloral, accuratelj' weighed, in
10 mils of distilled water, add 30 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S.,
and allow the mixture to stand two minutes; then add phcnolphthalein T.S.,
and determine the residual alkali at once by titration with normal sulphuric acid
V.S. It shows not less than 99.5 per cent, of C2HCI3O+H2O.
Each mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. consumed corresponds to
0.1654 Gm. of C2HCI3O+H2O. Each gramme of Hydrated Chloral corresponds
to not less than 6.02 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
CHLOROFORMUM
Chloroform
Chlorof.
A liquid consisting of not less than 99 per cent, nor more than 99.4
per cent., by weight, of CHCI3 (119.39), and not less than 0.6 per cent,
nor more than 1 per cent, of alcohol. Preserve it in well-stoppered
bottles, in a cool place, protected from light. Caution: Care should be
used in vaporizing Chloroform in the presence of a naked flame, as
noxious gases are produced.
Chloroform is a clear, colorless, mobile liquid, of a characteristic, ethereal
odor, and a burning, sweet taste.
Chloroform dissolves in 210 times its volume of water; miscible with alcohol,
ether, benzene, petroleum benzin, or with fixed or volatile oils.
Specific gravity: 1.474 to 1.478 at 25° C.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 109
Chloroform is volatile at a low temporaturc and boils at about 61° C. It
is not inflammable, but its heated vapor burns with a green flame.
Pour 20 mils of Chloroform upon a piece of clean, odorless filter paper laid
flat upon a warmed glass plate, and rock the plate from side to side until the
liquid is all evaporated. No foreign odor becomes perceptible as the last por-
tions disappear from the paper, and the paper remains odorless.
Agitate 10 mils of Chloroform with 25 mils of distilled water, and allow the
liquids to separate completely; the aqueous layer is neutral to litmus and sepa-
rate portions of 10 mils each are not affected by a few drops of silver nitrate T.S.
(chlorides) nor colored blue by the addition of a few drops each of potassium
iodide T.S. and starch T.S. (free chlorine).
Transfer 40 mils of Chloroform from the container, by means of a clean pipette,
to a 50 mil glass-stoppered cylinder of colorless glass having an internal diameter
of about 20 mm. and previously rinsed with sulphuric acid, add 4 mils of color-
less sulphuric acid and shake the mixture vigorously during five minutes.
Then allow the liquids to separate completely, so that both are transparent.
The Chloroform remains colorless, and the acid is colorless or very nearly so
when viewed horizontally in the cylinder held in a vertical position (impurities
decomposable by sulphuric acid).
Dilute 2 mils of the sulphuric acid, separated from the Chloroform in the
preceding test, with 5 mils of distilled water; the liquid is colorless and clear,
and, while hot from the mixing, emits but a faint, vinous or ethereal odor (odorous
decomposition products). When further diluted with 10 mils of distilled water,
it remains clear and is not affected within one minute by the addition of 3 drops
of silver nitrate T.S. (chlorinated decomposition compounds).
Preparations — Aqua Chloroformi Linimentum Chloroform! Spiritus
Chloroform!.
Average dose — Metric, 0.3 mil — Apothecaries, 5 minims.
CHONDRUS
Chondrus
Irish Moss Carrageen
The dried plant of Chondrus crispus (Linne) Stackhouse or of Gigartina
mamillosa (Goodenough et Woodward) J. Agardh (Fam. Gigartinaceoi).
Entire plants more or less matted together, consisting of a slender stalk from
which arises a series of dichotomously branching, more or less flattened segments,
emarginate or deeply cleft at the tips; from 5 to 15 cm. in length, and 1 to 10
mm. in width; yellowish-white, translucent, frequently coated with a cal-
careous deposit which effervesces with hydrochloric acid; sonaetimes with
fruit bodies or sporangia embedded near the apex of the segments (in C. crispus)
or with sporangia borne on short tuberculated projections or stalks, more or less
scattered over the upper portion of the segments (in G. mamillosa); somewhat
cartilaginous; odor slight, seaweed like; taste mucilaginous, saUne.
Boil one part of Chondrus for about ten minutes with 30 parts of water,
replacing the water lost by evaporation; the strained Uquid forms a thick jelly
upon cooling. When softened in cold water Chondrus becomes gelatinous and
transparent, the thallus remaining nearly smooth and uniform and not swollen
except slightly at the tips; a solution made by boiling 0.3 Gm. of the drug in
100 mils of water and filtering gives no precipitate on the addition of tannic
acid T.S. (gelatin), and when cold does not give a blue color on the addition of
iodine T.S. (staXQh)-
110 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
CHROMII TRIOXIDUM
Chromium Trioxide
Chrom. Triox. — "Chromic Acid" Chromic Anhydride
It contains not less than 95 per cent, of CrOs (100.00). Preserve it
in glass-stoppered bottles. Caution: Chromium Trioxide should not
be brought into contact with organic substances, as serious accidents
are liable to result.
Chromium Trioxide occurs as small, needle-shaped crystals or rhombic prisms,
of a dark purplish-red color and metallic luster; odorless; destructive to animal
and vegetable tissues; deliquescent in moist air.
One Gm. of Chromium Trioxide dissolves in 0.6 mil of water at 25° C; also
in 0.5 mil of boiling water; when brought into contact with organic solvents
(c.(/., alcohol), decomposition takes place, sometimes with dangerous violence.
When Chromium Trioxide is heated, it darkens, and finally becomes black, but
the color is restored on cooling. At about 193° C. it fuses to a reddish-brown
liquid, which, on cooling, forms a dark red, brittle mass (often enclosing cavities
filled with crystals), furnishing a scarlet powder. Above 250° C. it begins to
decompose into green chromic oxide and free oxygen, and, after protracted
heating, leaves a residue of chromic oxide.
When warmed with hydrochloric acid, chlorine is evolved.
A solution of 1 Gm. of Chromium Trioxide in 100 mils of distilled water,
previously acidulated with 3 mils of hydrochloric acid, is not rendered turbid
within one minute on the addition of 1 mil of barium chloride T.S. (sulphuric
acid).
Assay — Dissolve about 1 Gm. of Chromium Trioxide, accurately weighed in a
stoppered weighing-bottle, in sufficient distilled water to make a volume of 100
mils. Mix 15 mils of this solution with 3 mils of hydrochloric acid and 2
Gm. of potassium iodide in a glass-stoppered container, agitate the mixture,
allow it to stand for five minutes, then dilute it with 100 mils of distilled water and
titrate with tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S., starch T.S. being used as
indicator. It shows not less than 95 per cent, of CrOs.
Each mil of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. used corresponds to
0.003333 Gm. of CrOs. Each gramme of Chromium Trioxide corresponds to not
less than 285.0 mils of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S.
CHRYSAROBINUM
Chrysarobin
Chrysarob.
A mixture of neutral principles extracted from Goa powder, a sub-
stance found deposited in the wood of Vouacapoua Araroba (Aguiar)
Druce (Fam. LeguminosoB). Preserve it in well-closed containers, pro-
tected from light.
Chrysarobin is a brownish to orange-yellow, micro-crystalline powder, taste-
less, odorless, and irritating to the mucous membrane.
One Gm. of Chrysarobin dissolves in 385 mils of alcohol, 12.5 mils of chloroform;
16 mils of ether, 30 mils of benzene and in 180 mils of carbon disulphide at 25° C,
very slightly soluble in water, and in boiling water; it dissolves in solutions of
the fixed alkah hydroxides, producing a red liquid.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 111
It dissolves in sulphuric acid, producins a deep red solution. On pouring this
liquid into water, Chrysarobin is deposited unclianged.
Incinerate about 0.5 Gm. of Chrysarobin; not more than 0.25 per cent, of ash
remains.
Mix about 0.001 Gm. of Chrysarobin with 2 drops of fuming nitric acid; a
red mixture is produced, which turns violet-red on the addition of a few drops of
ammonia water (distinction from chrysophanic acid, which produces a yellow
liquid).
Boil about 0.1 Gm. of Chrysarobin with 20 mils of distilled water and filter;
the filtrate is neutral to litmus and is not changed in color by a few drops of ferric
chloride T.S. (chrysophanic acid).
Preparation — Unguentum Chrysarobini,
Average dose — Metric, 0.03 Gm. — Apothecaries, }i grain.
CIMICIFUGA
Cimicifuga
Cimicif. — Black Cohosh Black Snakeroot Macrotys
The dried rhizome and roots of Cimicifuga racemosa (Linn6) Nuttall
(Fam. Ranunculacece) , without the presence or admixture of more than
2 per cent, of stems or foreign matter.
Rhizome horizontal, more or less branching, from 2 to 12 cm. in length, and
from 1 to 2.5 cm. in thickness; externally dark brown, slightly annulate from
circular scars of bud scale-leaves, the upper surface with numerous stout, erect
or somewhat curved branches terminated by deep, cup-shaped scars, each of
which usually shows a distinct radiate structure; inferior and lateral portions
with numerous root-scars and a few short roots; fracture horny; internally
whitish and mealy or dark brown and waxy, bark thin, wood distinctly radiate
and of about the same thickness as the pith; odor slight; taste bitter and acrid.
Roots somewhat cylindrical or obtusely quadrangular, from 1 to 3 mm. in
thickness, externally dark brown, longitudinally wrinkled; fracture short;
internally bark dark brown, wood yellowish, 4- to 6-rayed.
Under the microscope, sections of the rhizome of Cimicifuga show a j^ellowish-
brown suberized epidermis, a cortex made up of about 30 layers of starch-bearing
parenchyma cells; the fibro-vascular bundles collateral, the xylem consisting
of tracheaj with bordered pores, and resembling tracheids in that the ends are
rather acute; wood-fibers numerous, thin-walled, strongly lignified and with
simple, oblique pores, the bundles separated by starch-bearing parenchyma
strands from 5 to 30 cells wide; pith cells numerous, resembling those of the
cortex.
Under the microscope, sections of the root of Cimicifuga show a hairy epidermis,
which becomes suberized in older roots; the cortex shows about 12 rows of
starch-bearing parenchyma cells; endodermis distinct; fibro-vascular bundles
4 to 6, showing in older roots as separate collateral bundles.
The powder is light to dark brown; starch grains numerous, single or compound,
the individual grains spherical or more or less polygonal, each with a somewhat
central cleft, from 0.003 to 0.015 mm. in diameter; fragments showing tracheae
with bordered pores and lignified wood-fibers; irregular, yellowish-brown
fragments of suberized epidermis made up of more or less tabular cells, some-
times elongated and considerably thickened.
Cimicifuga yields not more than 10 per cent, of ash.
Preparations — Extractum Cimicifugae Fluidextractum Cimicifugae.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
112 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
CINCHONA
Cinchona
Cinch. — Yellow Cinchona Calisaya Bark Yellow Peruvian Bark
The dried bark of Cinchona Ledgeriana jMoens, Cinchona Calisaya
Weddell, and of hybrids of these with other species of Cinchona (Fam.
Ruhiacece), yielding not less than 5 per cent, of the alkaloids of Cinchona.
In quills or curved pieces of variable length, bark from 3 to 5 mm. in thickness,
or in small broken fragments or in transversely curved pieces from 3 to 7 mm.
in thickness; externally gray, rarely brownish-gray, with numerous intersecting
transverse and longitudinal fissures having nearly vertical sides, and usually
with patches of foliaceous lichens with their small, brownish-black apothecia;
when the outer bark is absent, the color externally is cinnamon-brown; inner
surface light cinnamon-brown, finely striate; fracture of the outer bark short
and granular, of the inner bark finely splintery; odor faintly aromatic; taste
very bitter and somewhat astringent.
The powder is reddish-brown; bast-fibers spindle-shaped, yellowish, from
0.3 to 1.35 mm. in length, with thick, strongly ligTiified, lamellated walls
having slit-like, oblique pores; starch grains single or 2- to 5-compound, the
individual grains spherical or plano-convex and from 0.003 to 0.015 mm. in
diameter; sphenoidal micro-crystals of calcium oxalate numerous.
Heat 1 Gm. of powdered Cinchona in a dry test tube; a tarry distillate forms,
having a purplish color and a somewhat granular appearance.
Assay — Introduce 5 Gm. of Cinchona, in No. 40 powder, into a 500 mil flask
and add 200 mils of a mixture of chloroform, 1 volume, and ether, 2 volumes.
Stopper the flask, shake it well, and let it stand ten minutes. Then add 5 mils
of ammonia water, shake the flask frequently for one hour, and let it stand from
eight to ten hours. Now add 10 mils of distilled water, shake the mixture
vigorously and when the drug has settled, decant 160 mils of the solution,
representing 4 Gm. of Cinchona. Filter it through a pledget of purified cotton
into a separator, and rinse both cylinder and cotton with ether. Completely
extract the alkaloids from the chloroform-ether solution by shaking out repeat-
edly with weak sulphuric acid. Collect the acid solutions in a separator, add
ammonia water until the solution is distinctly alkaline to litmus, and completely
extract the alkaloids by shaking out repeatedly with chloroform. Filter each
portion of chloroform as it comes from the separator through a pledget of purified
cotton into a tared flask, and wash the funnel and cotton with chloroform.
Evaporate the chloroform on a water bath, add 5 mils of alcohol to the residue,
and again evaporate. Repeat the evaporation with alcohol and dry the residue
at 100° C. to constant weight. The weight will be the amount of total alkaloids
from 4 Gm. of Cinchona (see Proximate Assays, Part II).
Preparations — Fluidextractum Cinchonae Tinctura Cinchonas.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
CINCHONA RUBRA
Red Cinchona
Cinch. Rub. — Red Peruvian Bark
The dried bark of Cinchona succiruhra Pavon (Fam. Ruhiacea;), or of
its hybrids, yielding not less than 5 per cent, of the alkaloids of Red
Cinchona.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 113
In quills or curved pieces of variable length, bark from 2 to 4 mm. in thickness,
or in small broken fragments or in transversely curved pieces from 3 to 7 mm.
in thickness; externally gray, grayish-brown, or reddish-brown, more or less
rough from corky protuberances, occasionally with transverse fissures which are
rarely numerous or much intersected, and having their sides Bloi)ing, and with
occasional patches of foliaceous lichens; inner surface reddish or orange-brown,
distinctly striate; fracture short and granular in the outer bark, shortly and
rather coarsely splintery in the inner bark; odor slight; taste very bitter and
astringent.
The powder is light brown; bast-fibers and sphenoidal micro-crystals of
calcium oxalate, resembling those in cinchona; starch grains resembling those
of cinchona relatively few, from 0.003 to 0.01 mm. in diameter.
Heat 1 Gm. of powdered Red Cinchona in a dry test tube; a tarry distillate
forms having a bright red color.
Assay — Proceed as directed under Cinchona, using 5 Gm. of Red Cinchona.
Preparation — Tinctura Cinchonae Composita.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecarie.'s, 15 grains.
CINCHONIDIN^ SULPHAS
Cinchonidine Sulphate
Cinchonid. Sulph.
The sulphate [(Ci9H220N2)2.H2S04+3n20 = 740.53] of an alkaloid
obtained from the bark of several species of cinchona. Preserve it in
well-closed containers protected from light.
Cinchonidine Sulphate occurs in white, glistening, silky needles or prisms;
odorless and having a very bitter taste; permanent in the air.
One Gm. of Cinchonidine Sulphate di.ssolves in 65 mils of water, 90 mils of
alcohol, and in 620 mils of chloroform at 25° C; also in 22 mils of water at 80° C,
and in 41 mils of alcohol at 60° C; nearly insoluble in ether.
A saturated aqueous solution of the salt is neutral or faintly alkaline to htmus
and is Isevorotatorj'.
When anhj'drous it melts at about 200° C. with partial decomposition.
An aqueous solution of Cinchonidine Sulphate yields with barium chloride T.S.,
a white precipitate, insoluble in hydrochloric acid.
Add ammonia water to 25 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt, 1 in 80; a
white precipitate (cinchonidine) is produced, which is but shghtly soluble in
ammonia water, but w'hich, when freshly precipitated, dissolves in 5 mils of
ether, the greater part afterwards separating in crystals.
When dried to constant weight at 100° C., Cinchonidine Sulphate loses not
more than 12 per cent, of its weight.
Incinerate about 1 Gm. of Cinchonidine Sulphate; not more than 0.1 per cent,
of ash remains.
Add 2 mils of sulphuric acid to about 0.1 Gm. of the salt; not more than a
faint, yellow color is developed (readily carho7iizable impurities).
Ten mils of a solution of the salt (1 in 1000) in diluted sulphuric acid exhibits
only a faint, blue fluorescence.
Macerate 0.5 Gm. of Cinchonidine Sulphate, with frequent agitation, at the
ordinary temperature, with 20 mils of distilled water, then add 0.5 Gm. of
potassium and sodium tartrate and continue the maceration with repeated
agitation for one hour at 15° C, and filter the mixture. The addition of 1 drop
of ammonia water to the filtrate produces not more than a slight turbidity
(fiinchonine or quinidine sulphate).
Average dose — Metric, 0.15 Gm. — Apothecaries, 23^ grains.
114 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
CINCHONIN^ SULPHAS
Cinchonine Sulphate
Cinchonin. Sulph.
The sulphate [(Ci9H220N2)2.H2S04 + 2H20 = 722.51] of an alkaloid
obtained from the bark of several species of cinchona. Preserve it in
well-closed containers protected from light.
Cinchonine Sulphate occurs in white, lustrous prismatic crystals; odorless,
and having a very bitter taste; permanent in the air.
One Gm. of Cinchonine Sulphate dissolves in 60 mils of water, 12.5 mils of
alcohol, 47 mils of chloroform, and in 3230 mils of ether at 25° C.; also in 33
mils of water at 80° C. and in 7 mils of alcohol at 60° C.
A saturated aqueous solution of the salt is neutral or slightly alkaline to
litmus and is dextrorotatory.
An aqueous solution of Cinchonine Sulphate (1 in 100) yields with bariima
chloride T.S. a white precipitate insoluble in hydrochloric acid.
Dried to constant weight at 100° C. Cinchonine Sulphate loses not more than
5 per cent, of its weight.
Incinerate about 1 Gm. of Cinchonine Sulphate; not more than 0.1 per cent, of
ash remains.
Ten mils of a solution of the salt (1 in 1000) in diluted sulphuric acid exhibits
only a slight, blue fluorescence.
One-tenth Gm. of the powdered salt dissolves completely or nearly so when
shaken with 10 mils of chloroform at ordinary temperatures (quinine or cinchoni-
dine sulphate).
Add 0.1 Gm. of the salt to 2 mils of sulphuric acid; it imparts not more than
a faint, yellow tinge to the acid {readily carhonizable, organic impurities).
Average dose — Metric, 0.15 Gm. — Apothecaries, 2i^' grains.
CINNAMOMUM SAIGONICUM
Saigon Cinnamon
Cinnam. Saigon.
The dried bark of an undetermined species of Cinnamomum (Fam.
Lauracece).
In quills attaining a length of 30 cm., and from 3 to 30 mm. in diameter; the
bark from 0.5 to 3 mm. in thickness; outer surface light brown to dark purplish-
brown with grayish patches of foliaceous lichens and numerous bud-scars; finely
wrinkled, especially the bark of younger twigs, otherwise more or less rough from
corky patches surrounding the lenticels; inner surface reddish-brown to dark
brown, granular, and slightly striate; fracture short; inner bark porous, owing
to the presence of large oil cells and mucilage cells, and separated by a con-
tinuous layer of stone cells from the outer bark; odor aromatic; taste sweetish,
aromatic and pungent.
Under the microscope, sections of the older bark of Saigon Cinnamon show a
thin layer of more or less lignified cork cells; a narrow layer of starch-bearing
parenchyma with scattered stone cells; a nearly continuous zone, several layers
wide, of stone cells, among which are small groups of bast-fibers with thickened
and slightly lignified walls; a wide inner bark with medullary rays 1 to 3 cells
in width, isolated bast-fibers, mucilage cells, oil cells njid parenchyma, the
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 115
cells of the latter either filled with staxch grains or containing very small raphides
of calcium oxalate; the liimina of parenchyma cells, stone cells and bast-fibers
frequently filled with an amorphous roddish-brown substance, which is for the
most part insoluble in the ordinary reagents. In the bark of young twigs there
is an epidermal layer with a thick yellowish cuticle, fewer stone cells in the zone
associated with bast-fibers, and the inner bark is narrower and with fewer
secretion cells than in the older bark.
The powder is j^ellowish- or reddish-brown; starch grains numerous, single
or compound, the individual grains being somewhat ellipsoidal or polygonal
and from 0.003 to 0.02 mm. in diameter; fragments, with colorless stone cells,
rather prominent, the cells being very irregular in shajie and the lumina contain-
ing either air or a reddish-brown amorphous substance; bast-fibers from 0.3
to 1.5 mm. in length and usually in groups of from 2 to 20 with very thick
and scarcely lignificd walls; numerous cellular, reddish-brown fragments in
which the oil cells are not readilj-^ distinguishable.
Saigon Cinnamon yields not less than 2 per cent, of volatile extractive,
soluble in ether (see Part II, Test No. 12).
Saigon Cinnamon yields not more than 6 per cent, of ash. The amount of
ash insoluble in diluted hydrochloric acid does not exceed 2 per cent, of the
weight of Saigon Cinnamon taken.
Preparation — Tinctura Cinnamomi.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm, — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
CINNAMOMUM ZEYLAXICUM
Ceylon Cinnamon
Cinnam. Zeylan.
The dried bark of cultivated trees of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breyne
(Fam. LauracecB), without the presence or admixture of more than
3 per cent, of the outer bark or other foreign matter.
In closely rolled double quills, composed of from 7 to 12 thin layers of separ-
ate pieces of bark, from 30 to 50 cm. in length and from 8 to 13 mm. in diameter;
the bark attaining a thickness of 1 mm.; outer surface pale j'ellowish-brown,
smooth, longitudinally striate with narrow yellowish groups of bast-fibers, and
showing circular or irregular brownish patches, occasionally with perforations
marking the nodes; inner surface light brown, with faint, longitudinal striations;
fracture short with projecting bast-fibers; odor agreeably aromatic; taste sweet-
ish and warmly aromatic.
Under the microscope, sections of Ceylon Cinnamon usually show no cork
but an almost continuous outer layer of stone cells, among which are small
groups of bast-fibers resembling those found in Saigon Cinnamon; in the inner
bark occur numerous bast-fibers singly or in small groups, medullary rays 1 to
2 cells in width, usually with raphides of calcium oxalate; parenchyma with
either reddish-brown contents or more or less filled with starch grains; scattered
throughout the parenchyma occur oil secretion cells and mucilage cells.
The powder is light brown or yellowish-brown; starch grains numerous,
varying from spherical to polygonal, from 0.003 to 0.02 mm. in diameter,
frequently in small aggregates; bast-fibers from 0.3 to 0.8 mm. in length,
usually single, spindle-shaped, with attenuated ends, the walls being very thick
and but slightly hgnified; colorless stone cells resembling those of Saigon Cinna-
mon; numerous cellular fragments with yellowish-brown walls or contents; cork
cellafewornone; calcium oxalate in raphides, frc«n 0.005 to 0.008 mm. in length.
116 THE PHAR^LA.COPCEIA OF THE
Ceylon Cinnaraon yields not less than 0.5 per cent, of volatile extractive,
soluble in ether (see Part II, Test No. 12).
Ceylon Cinnamon yields not more than 6 per cent, of ash. The amount of
ash insoluble in diluted hydrochloric acid does not exceed 2 per cent, of the
weight of Ceylon Cinnamon taken.
Average dose — Metric, 0.250 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
COCAINA
Cocaine
Cocain.
An alkaloid [C17H21O4N or C8Hi3(C6H5C0)0N.C00CH3 = 303.18]
obtained from Erythroxylon Coca Lamarck and its varieties (Fam.
Erythroxylacece) . Preserve it in well-closed containers protected from
light.
Cocaine occurs in large, colorless, four-sided, or six-sided monoclinic prisms,
or as a white crystalline powder; odorless.
One Gm. of Cocaine di.ssolves in about 600 mils of water, 6.5 mils of alcohol,
0.7 mil of chloroform, 3.5 mils of ether and in 12 mils of olive oil at 25° C; also
in 270 mils of water at 80° C; very soluble in warm alcohol; slightly soluble
in liquid petrolatum.
It melts between 96° and 98° C.
On neutralizing carefully an alcoholic solution of Cocaine with diluted hydro-
chloric acid and evaporating the solution to dryness, the residue responds to the
tests for identity and purity under CocaincB Hydrochloridum.
Average dose — Metric, 0.015 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3^:4 grain.
COCAINE HYDROCHLORIDUM
Cocaine Hydrochloride
Cocain. liydrochl. — Cocaine Chloride Cocalnum hydrochloricum P. I.
The hydrochloride [Ci7H2iQ4N.HCl = 339.65] of the alkaloid cocaine.
Cocaine Hydrochloride occurs in colorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms; in
flaky, lustrous leaflets or as a white, crystalline powder; odorless; permanent
in the air.
One Gm. of Cocaine Hydrochloride dissolves in 0.4 mil of water, 3.2 mils of
alcohol, and in 12.5 mils of chloroform at 25° C; also in 2 mils of alcohol at
60° C; soluble in glycerin, insoluble in ether.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is neutral to litmus and is Isevorotatory.
It melts between 183° and 191° C, the higher melting point indicating greater
purity.
Silver nitrate T.S. produces in an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 100), a
white precipitate in.soluble in nitric acid.
Add 5 drops of a solution of chromium trioxide (1 in 20) to 5 mils of a solution
of Cocaine Hydrochloride (1 in 50); a yellow precipitate is produced which
redi.ssolves on shaking the mixture; on now adding 1 mil of hydrochloric acid,
a permanent, orange-colored, crystalline precipitate is formed.
Dissolve about 0.1 Gm. of the salt in 1 mil of sulphuric acid; not more than
a slight yellow tint is produced {readily carbonizahle impurilies). Keep this
solution at a temperature of 100° C for five minutes, then cautiously mix it with
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 117
2 mils of distilled water; the aromatic odor of methyl benzoate is noticeable
and, on cooling, crystals of benzoic acid form, which dissolve on the careful
addition of alcohol.
A solution of about 0.01 Gm. of Cocaine Hydrochloride in 1 mil of distilled
water yields, on the addition of 2 mils of tenth-normal potassium permanjiariate
V.S., a violet, crystalline precipitate which appears brownish-violet when collected
on a filter, and shows characteristic, crystalline aggregates under a low power
microscope.
incinerate 0.5 Gm. of Cocaine Hydrochloride; no weighable ash remains.
Mi.x 5 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 50) with 0.3 mil of normal
sulphuric acid V.S. and 0.1 mil of tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S.;
a violet tint is produced which does not disappear entirely within half an hour
{cinnnmyl-cocaine) .
Dilute 5 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 50), in a beaker, witl
distilled water to make So mils, add 0.2 mil of ammonia water and stir the
solution vigorously during five minutes, with occasional rubbing of the sides of
the beaker with a stirring rod. A crystalline precipitate of cocaine is formed
and the supernatant liquid is clear (isatropyl-cocaine). The presence of
0.5 per cent, of isatropyl-cocaine will prevent the formation of nearly all of the
precipitate, and will cause the supernatant liquid to be milky.
Average pose — Metric, 0.015 Gm. — Apothecaries, }i grain.
COCCUS
Cocliineal
The dried female of the insect Coccus cacti Linne (Fam. Cocddce),
enclosing the young larvae.
Somewhat ovate in outline, convex above, concave beneath, from 3.5 to 5 mm.
in length, consisting of from 9 to 12 segments; externally grayish-purple or grayish;
in the shell-like, somewhat horny abdomen lie numerous larvae less than 1 mm. in
diameter; the mature larvae with antennae consisting of eight joints, 3 pairs of
legs, the lower having from 6 to 8 segments, and a characteristic beak or rostrum
composed of 4 thread-like parts which pair off into two coils.
Cochineal is easily pulverizable and jdelds a dark red powder, with a charac-
teristic odor and slightly bitter taste. When masticated it colors the saliva red,
due to the Tioloring principle, carminic acid, which is soluble in water, alcohol,
or alkahes and slightly soluble m ether, but insoluble in fixed or volatile oils.
Alkalies change the color of solutions of Cochmeal to purple, while acids change
it to reddish-yellow. When Cochineal is macerated in water no insoluble
powder separates.
Cochineal yields not more than 6 per cent, of ash.
CODEINA
Codeine
Codein. — Methylmorphine
An alkaloid [CxsHaiOgN+HaO or Ci7Hi8(CH3)03N-fH20 = 317.19]
obtained from opium, or prepared from morphine by methylation.
Preserve it in well-closed containers protected from light.
Codeine occurs in colorless, translucent, rhombic prisms, or as a crystalline
powder; odorless and sUghtly efflorescent in warm air.
118 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
One Gm. of Codeine dissolves in 120 mils of water, 2 mils of alcohol, 0.5 mil
of chloroform, and in 18 mils of ether at 25° C; also in 1.2 mils of alcohol at
60° C.
A saturated aqueous solution of Codeine is alkaline to litmus and is laevorota-
tory.
Codeine, rendered anhydrous, melts between 154° and 156° C.
When heated in an insufficient amount of water for complete solution, it
melts to oily drops, which crystallize on cooling.
Sulphuric acid containing 0.005 Gm. of selenous acid in each mil produces
with Codeine a green color, changing rapidly to blue, then slowly back to grass-
green.
About 0.01 Gm. of Codeine dissolves in 5 mils of sulphuric acid (free from
nitrous compounds) without showing other than a transient, pinkish tint; on
the addition of a drop of ferric chloride T.S., the solution becomes blue when
warmed and changes to red on the further addition of a drop of nitric acid.
When dried to constant weight at 80° C, Codeine loses not more than 6 per
cent, of its weight. No weighable ash remains on incinerating 0.5 Gm. of Codeine.
Dissolve about 0.05 Gm. of potassium ferricyanide in 10 mils of distilled
water, add 1 drop of ferric chloride T.S., and then 1 mil of a neutral or slightly
acid aqueous solution of Codeine (1 in 100), made with the aid of sulphuric
acid; no blue color is produced at once {morphine).
Average dose — Metric, 0.03 Gm. — Apothecaries, ^ grain.
CODEINiE PHOSPHAS
Codeine Phosphate
Codein. Phos.
The phosphate [C18H21O3N.H3PO4+2H2O or Ci,Hi8(CH3)03N.H3
PO4+2H2O = 433.27] of the alkaloid codeine. It yields not less than 67
per cent, of anhydrous codeine (CisHaiOsN). Preserve it in well-closed
containers, protected from light.
Codeine Phosphate occurs in fine, white, needle-shaped crystals, or as a crystal-
line powder; odorless and very efflorescent.
One Gm. of Codeine Phosphate dissolves in 2.3 mils of water, 325 mils of
alcohol, 4500 mils of chloroform, and in 1875 mils of ether at 25° C; also in
0.5 mil of water at 80° C. and in 125 mils of boiling alcohol.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 20) is acid to litmus.
Silver nitrate T.S. produces in an aqueous solution of the salt, previously
neutralized with ammonia water, a yellow precipitate which is soluble in diluted
nitric acid and in ammonia water.
Separate portions of 10 mils each of an aqueous solution of Codeine Phosphate
(1 in 100), acidulated with nitric acid, are not rendered turbid at once on the
addition of a few drops of barium chloride T.S. (sulphates), or opalescent by a
few drops of silver nitrate T.S. (chlorides).
Assay — Di.s.solve about 0.5 Gm. of Codeine Phosphate, accurately weighed, in
10 mils of distilled water, add 10 mils of potassium hydroxide T.S. and shake
the mixture with three successive portions of 15 mils each of chloroform, or a
sufficient quantity to complete the extraction. The combined chloroform
solutions, carefully evaporated to dryness on a water bath, yield, after drying
to a constant weight at 110° C, not less than 67 per cent, of anhydrous codeine.
In other respects Codeine Phosphate responds to the tests of identity and
purity under Codeina, omitting the melting point and ash test.
Average dose — Metric, 0.03 Gm. — Apothecaries, ^ grain.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 119
CODEINE SULPHAS
Codeine Sulphate
Codein. Sulpb.
The sulphate [(Ci8H2i03N)2.H2S04+5H20 or (Ci7Hx8(CH3)03N)2.
HaS04+5H20 = 786.52] of the alkaloid codeine. Preserve it in well-
closed containers, protected from light.
Codeine Sulphate occurs in long, glistening, white, needle-shaped crystals or
rhombic prisms, or as a crystalline powder; odorless and efflorescent in the air.
One Gm. of Codeine Sulphate dissolves in 30 mils of water and in 1280 mila
of alcohol at 25° C. ; also in 6.5 mils of water at 80° C. and in 440 mila of alcohol
at 60° C; insoluble in chloroform or ether.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 40) is neutral or not more than faintly acid to litmus.
Barium chloride T.S. produces, in an aqueous solution of the salt, a white
precipitate which is insoluble in hydrochloric acid.
When dried to constant weight at 100° C, Codeine Sulphate loses not more
than 12 per cent, of its weight.
In other respects the salt responds to the tests for identity and purity under
Codeina, omitting the melting point.
Average dose — Metric, 0.03 Gm. — Apothecaries, }'2 grain.
COLCHICI CORINIUS
Colchicum Corm
Colch. Corm.— Colchicum Root
The dried corm of Colchicum autumnale Linne (Fam.LiZiacecB), yielding
not less than 0.35 per cent, of colchicine.
Usually in reniform, transverse or in ovate, longitudinal slices; from 2 to 5 mm.
in thickness; flat surfaces whitish, slightly roughened, and of a crystalline appear-
ance under a hand lens; epidermis thin, light brown and finely wrinkled; fracture
short and mealy, odor slight; taste bitter and somewhat acrid.
The powder is light brown or grayish-brown; starch grains numerous, single
or 2- to 6-compound, the individual grains varying from spherical or ovoid to
polygonal, and marked with a triangular or star-shaped, central cleft from 0.003
to 0.03 mm. in diameter; trachea^ few and with spiral or scalariform thickenings;
occasional fragments of epidermal cells with thin, reddish-brown walls.
Colchicum Corm yields not more than 6 per cent, of ash.
Assay — Proceed as directed under Colchici Semen, using 15 Gm. of Colchicum
Corm.
Preparation — ^Extractum Colchici Cormi.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
COLCHICI SEMEN
Colchicum Seed
Colch. Sem. — Colchici semen P. I.
The dried seeds of Colchicum autumnale Linne (Fam. Liliacece), yield-
ing not less than 0.45 per cent, of colchicine.
Ovoid or irregularly globular, more or less pointed at the hilum; from 2 to 3
mm. in diameter; when fresh, several seeds cohering; externally dark brown,
120 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
finely pitted; tough and of almost bony hardness; internally whitish or light
brown; nearly inodorous; taste bitter and somewhat acrid.
Under the microscope, transverse sections of Colchicum Seed show a seed-coat
of a few more or less collapsed cells with thin reddish-brown walls; an endosperm,
making up most of the seed, consisting of cells with rather thick, porous walls,
the lumina containing oil globules and aleurone grains, the latter being from
0.003 to 0.015 nun. in diameter; a small embryo, the beaked portion, or caruncle,
containing numerous, somewhat ovoid, eUipsoidal or polygonal starch grains,
from 0.005 to 0.016 mm. in diameter.
Colchicum Seed yields not more than 8 per cent, of ash.
Assay — Introduce 15 Gm. of Colchicum Seed, in No. 60 powder, into a 500 mil
flask, and add 10 mils of solution of lead subacetate and 290 mils of distilled
water. Weigh the flask and contents, and digest the mixture at from 60° to
70° C. for three hours, with occasional agitation. Cool, add distilled water to
restore the original weight and hlter off 200 mils. Add 0.75 Gm. of sodium
phosphate to the clear filtrate, shake the mixture frequently during half an hour,
and filter off 100 mils representing 5 Gm. of Colchicum Seed. Shake out the
alkaloid from the filtrate with chloroform until completely extracted, as shown
by testing with iodine T.S. (in place of the usual mercuric potassium iodide T.S.),
and evaporate the chloroform solution; add about 1 mil of alcohol and again
evaporate. Repeat this operation once more and dry the residue to constant
weight at 100° C. To this weighed residue contained in a flask add 5 mils of
tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. and 5 mils of distilled water and heat the
mixture for ten minutes at 70° C. Now filter the liquid through a pledget of
purified cotton, wash the flask and cotton with distilled water, reject the filtrate
and washings and remove as much of the water from the cotton as possible.
Dissolve any insoluble residue that may remain on the cotton by washing it
first with a little alcohol and then with ether; collect the alcohol-ether washings
in the flask, evaporate, and dry the residue to constant weight at 100° C. Deduct
this weight from the weight of residue previously obtained. The difference will
be the weight of colchicine obtained from 5 Gm. of Colchicum Seed (see Pro.xi-
mate Assays, Part II).
Preparations — Fluidextractum Colchici Seminis Tinctura Colchici Seminia.
Average dose — Metric, 0,2 Gm. — ^Apothecaries, 3 grains.
COLCHICINA
Colchicine
An alkaloid [C22H2506N = 399.21] obtained from colchicum. Preserve
it in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Colchicine occurs in pale yellow, amorphous scales, or as a pale yellow, amor-
phous powder, turning darker on exposure to light; odorless or nearly so. Great
caution must he used in tasting it and then only in very dilute, solutions.
One Gm. of Colchicine dissolves in 22 mils of water, 220 mils of ether, and
in 100 mils of benzene at 25° C; also in 21 mils of water at 80° C; freely soluble
in alcohol or chloroform; insoluble in petroleum benzin.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 30) is neutral to litmus, laevorotatory, and of a
yellow color, which is intensified by the addition of mineral acids.
It melts between 142° and 146° C.
Stir about 0.001 Gm. of Colchicine with a few drops of sulphuric acid; a
lemon-yellow color is produced, which, on the addition of a drop of nitric acid,
changes to greenish-blue, then to red and finally to yellow. On adding an excess
of potassium hydroxide T.S., the color is changed to red.
The addition of 2 (Iroi)s of ferric chloride T.S. to 5 mils of an aqueous solution
of Colchicine (1 in 100) produces no color (colchiceine) , but, on heating, a brown-
ish-red color is developed, which changes to brownish-black; 1 drop of ferric
"UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 121
chloride T.S. added to 1 mil of an alcoholic solution of Colchicine (1 in 20)
produces a garnet-red color at once.
No weighable ash remains on incinerating 0.1 Gm. of Colchicine.
Heat a mixture of about 0.01 Gm. of Colchicine, 2 mils of potas.sium hydroxide
T.S., and 1 drop of aniline; no odor of phenylisocyanide develops (chloroform).
Average dose — Metric, OjOOOS Gm. — Apothecaries, ^20 grain.
COLLODIUM
Collodion
Collod.
Pyroxylin, forty grammes 40 Gm.
Ether, seven hundred and fifty milliliters 750 mils
Alcohol, two hundred and fifty milliliters 250 mils
To make about one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Add the alcohol to the pyroxylin contained in a suitable bottle, shake
the mixture thoroughly, then introduce the ether, and again shake the
mixture until the pyroxylin is dissolved. Cork the bottle well and set it
aside until the liquid becomes clear. Finally decant the clear portion
from any sediment which may have deposited, and transfer it to con-
tainers which must be well closed.
Keep the Collodion in a cool place remote from fire.
Collodion is a clear, or slightly opalescent, syrupy liquid; colorless, or slightly
yellowish and having the odor of ether. It is higlily inflammable. When ex-
posed to the air in a thin layer it leaves a transparent, tenacious film.
Specific gravity: 0.765 to 0.775 at 25° C.
When mixed with an equal volume of distilled water, a viscid, stringy mass
separates; the aqueous liquid is not acid to litmus.
Assay — Introduce about 10 mils of Collodion into a flask; stopper and
weigh accurately, then warm it on a water bath and add 10 mils of distilled
water, drop by drop, with constant stirring. Evaporate the mixture on a water
bath and dry the residue to constant weight at 110" C. The pyroxylin so
obtained corresponds to not less than 5.1 per cent, of the Collodion taken, equal
to about 4 Gm. of pyroxylin in 100 mils of Collodion at 25° C. The pyroxyhn
obtained burns rapidly, with a yellow flame.
Preparation — Collodium Flexile.
COLLODIUM CANTHARIDATUIM
Cantharldal Collodion
Collod. Canth. — Blistering Collodion Vesicating Collodion
Cantharides, in fine powder, sixty grammes . . 60 Gm.
Glacial Acetic Acid, five milliliters 5 mils
Flexible Collodion, eighty-five grammes 85 Gm.
Acetone, a sufficient quantity,
To make one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
122 THE PHARMACOPOEIA OF THE
Mix the cantharides with fifty-five mils of acetone, to which the glacial
acetic acid has been added, and set the mixture aside in a closely-covered
container for twenty-four hours. Then transfer it to a percolator and
continue the percolation with acetone until the drug is practically ex-
hausted. Reduce the percolate by distillation on a water bath, in a
tared flask, to fifteen grammes and, when cold, dissolve this concentrated
extract in eighty-five grammes of flexible collodion. Finally allow the
solution to stand for several hours, and decant the clear liquid from
any sediment which may have deposited, and transfer the product to
containers, which must be well-closed.
Keep Cantharidal Collodion in a cool place, remote from fire.
COLLODIUM FLEXILE
Flexible Collodion
Collod. Flex.
Collodion, nine hundred and fifty grammes 950 Gm.
Camphor, twenty grammes 20 Gm.
Castor Oil, thirty grammes 30 Gm.
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Weigh the ingredients, successively, into a tared bottle and shake the
mixture until the camphor is dissolved. Keep the product in well-
closed containers, in a cool place, remote from fire.
Preparation — Collodium Cantharidatum.
COLOCYNTHIS
Colocynth
Colocyn. — Colocynth Pulp Bitter Apple Colocynth Apple
The dried pulp of the fruit of Citrullus Colocynthis (Linne) Schrader
(Fam. Cucurbitacece) , without the presence or admixture of more than
5 per cent, of seeds or more than 2 per cent, of epicarp.
Fruits, before the removal of the seeds, nearly globular, from 4 to 7 cm. in
diameter, usually more or less crushed and in broken pieces, with occasional
patches of the nearly smooth epicarp; yellowish-white or brownish ; light, spongy;
separable longitudinally when entire into three carpels, each containing, near
the outer surface, the ovoid, compressed, yellowish seeds; odor shght; taste
intensely bitter.
The powder is yellowish-white or buff, consisting chiefly of fragments of
parenchyma cells and an occasional fragment with tracheic; very few lignified
tissues of the seed-coat, showing the characteristic stone cells which are nearly
isodiametric. irregular, with either straight or undulate walls that are strongly
lignified and possess simple pores; globules of fixed oil and alcurone grains
very few.
tJNITED STATES OP AMERICA 128
Powdered Colocynth must be made from colocynth pulp containing not more
than 5 per cent, of seeds and, upon extraction with purified petroleum beuzin,
yields not more than 2 per cent, of fixed oil.
Colocynth yields not more than 15 per cent, of ash.
Preparations — Extractum Colocynthidis Extractum ColocyTithidis Com-
positum (from Extract) Pilula; Cathartica? Coraposita? (from Compound
Extract).
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
COPAIBA
Copaiba
Copaib. — Balsam of Copaiba Copaiva
An oleoresin derived from South American species of Copaiba (Fam.
Leguminosce) .
Copaiba is a pale yellow to brownish-yellow, more or less viscid liquid, either
without fluorescence or with only a shghtly greenish fluorescence; ha\'ing a
peculiar, aromatic odor, and a persistent, bitter, and acrid taste.
It is insoluble in water and partly soluble in alcohol. Soluble, showing not
more than a slight opalescence, in dehydrated alcohol, carbon disulphide, or
in fixed or volatile oils; completely soluble in chloroform or ether and also
soluble in an equal volume of petroleum benzin, a further addition of the solvent
producing a flocculent precipitate.
Specific gravity: 0.940 to 0.995 at 25° C. _
When heated on a water bath, no odor of oil of turpentine is evolved; and
when all of the volatile oil has been driven off, a hard and brittle resin remains,
weighing not less than 36 per cent, of the original weight of the Copaiba taken
{paraffin or fatty oils).
To about 1 Gm. of Copaiba, accurately weighed, add 50 mils of alcohol,
and 1 mil of phenolphthalein T.S., then titrate the solution with half-normal
potassium hydroxide V.S. It shows an acid value of not less than 28 nor more
than 95.
Dissolve 3 or 4 drops of the volatile oil separated from Copaiba by distilla-
tion with steam, in 3 mils of glacial acetic acid, mix the solution with 1 drop of
a freshly prepared aqueous solution of sodium nitrite (1 in 10), and carefully
underlay this with 2 mils of sulphuric acid. The acetic layer is not colored pink
{gurjun balsam).
Shake 5 mils of Copaiba with 15 mils of alcohol and then heat the mixture to
boiling for one minute; no oil separates after cooUng and allowing it to stand for
one hour {paraffin oils).
The volatile oil separated from Copaiba by distillation with steam does not
boil below 250° C. and shows an angle of rotation in a 100 mm. tube of not less
than —7° at 25° C. {African Copaiba).
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
CORIANDRUM
Coriander
Coriand. — Coriander Seed
The dried ripe fruit of Coriandrum sativum Linnd (Fam. Umbelli-
ferce), without the presence or admixture of more than 5 per cent, of
other fruits, seeds, or foreign matter.
124 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Mericarps usually coherent; cremocarp nearly globular, from 3 to 5 mm. in
diameter; externally light brown or rose colored; summit with 5 calyx teeth and
a short stylopodium, each mericarp with 5 prominent, straight, longitudinal,
primary ribs and 4 indistinct, undulate secondary ribs; mericarps easily separ-
ated, deeply concave on the inner or commissural surface and showing in trans-
verse section 2 viitai (oil tubes) on the inner surface of each.
Under the microscope, sections of Coriander show an epidermis of small cells
with thick walls; a layer of several rows of thin-walled more or less collapsed
parenclnTiia separated from a broad zone of strongly hgnified, sclerenchyraatous
fibers wliich extend as a continuous ring in the mesocarp of each of the mericarps;
2 or 3 layers of large, tangentially elongated, thin-walled parenchyma cells,
frequently -with numerous large lysigenous intercellular spaces; inner epidermis
of large tabular cells, the inner yellowish walls being considerably thickened
and closely coherent to the brownish cells of the seed-coat; commissural surface
with 2 large, elliptical vittge; the cells of the pericarp separated from the seed-
coat and forming a large elliptical cavity; endosperm distinctly reniform in
outline and consisting of tabular or polygonal thick-walled cells containing
numerous large aleurone grains each with a rosette aggregate or prism of calcium
oxalate.
The powder is light brown, consisting chiefly of fragments of endosperm and
Hgnified tissues of the pericarp; calcium oxalate crystals numerous, from 0.003
to 0.01 mm. in diameter, mostly in rosette aggregates, either isolated or in
aleurone grains; sclerenchymatous fibers irregularly curved, having thick,
yellowish, lignified walls and numerous simple pores; numerous globules of fixed
oil; fragments of light yellow vittaj few, associated with elongated polygonal
epidermal cells.
Coriander yields not less than 0.5 per cent, of volatile extractive, soluble in
ether (see Part II, Test No. 12),
Coriander yields not more than 7 per cent, of ash.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
COTARNIN^ HYDROCHLORIDUM
Cotamine Hydrochloride
Cotarn. Hydrochl.— Cotamine Chloride
Quartemary oxymethyl-oxymethylene-dihydro-isoquinoUne chloride
[C12H14O3NCI or (CH3O) (CH202).C9H6N (CH3)C1 = 255.58] obtamed
by hydrolyzing narcotine, and treating the resulting cotamine [(CH3O)
(CH202)C8H5(CH0).NH(CH3)] with hydrochloric acid.
Cotamine Hydrochloride occurs as a yellow, crj'stalline powder; odorless and
deliquescent in moist air.
It is very soluble in water and alcohol, yielding yellow solutions.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 20) is neutral to htmus.
•Silver nitrate T.S. when added to an aqueous solution of Cotarninc Hydro-
chloride produces a white precipitate insoluble in nitric acid. About 0.2 Gm.
of Cotamine Hydrochloride, dissolved in 10 mils of distilled water, yields a
brown precipitate of cotamine periodide on the addition of 10 mils of tenth-
normal iodine V.S. When this precipitate is collected on a filter and dried to
constant weight over sulphuric acid, it melts between 142° C. and 144° C.
Heat gradually 0.1 Gm. of Cotarnine Hydrochloride over a Bunsen burner;
it is decomposed, evolving characteristic, disagreeable vapors and yielding a
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 125
reddish-lirown liquid, which gradually changes to a hard charred mass. No
weighable ash remains on the incineration of this mass.
Dissolve about 0.5 Gm. of Cotarnine Hydroclilorido in 10 mils of distilled
water and add 2 mils of an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (15 per cent.).
A milk-white precipitate is produced which dissolves on agitation, hut is ropre-
cipitated from the .solution after standing for some time, leaving the supernatant
Liquid clear and but faintly yellow.
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
CREOSOTI CARBONAS
Creosote Carbonate
Creosot. Carb.
A mixture of the carbonates of various constituents of creosote, chiefly
guaiacol and creosol.
Creosote Carbonate is a clear, colorless or yellowish, viscid liquid, odorless,
and tasteless, or having a slight odor and taste of creosote. On prolonged ex-
posure to a low temperature, crystals of guaiacol carbonate separate, which
redissolve on warming.
Creosote Carbonate is insoluble in water and freely soluble in alcohol, soluble
in petroleum benzin or fixed oils; it is miscible with chloroform or benzene.
Specific gravity: 1.145 to 1.170 at 25° C.
Heat about 0.5 mil of Creosote Carbonate for a few minutes with 10 mils of
alcoholic potassium hydroxide T.S., and cool the mixture; a crystalline precipi-
tate forms, which effervesces with acids.
Incinerate about 1 Gm. of Creosote Carbonate; not more than 0.1 per cent,
of ash remains.
A saturated alcoholic solution of Creosote Carbonate is neutral to moistened
litmus paper, and acquires only a yellow color on the addition of ferric chloride
T.S. {creosote).
Heat 25 mils of Creosote Carbonate on a water bath for half an hour with
a solution of 15 Gm. of potassium hydroxide in 100 mils of alcohol, then evapo-
rate the alcohol and mix the residue with an exce.ssof hydrochloric acid; a liquid
composed of two layers is obtained. On now separating the dark layer of creo-
sote and shaking it with successive portions of 10 mils each of distilled water
until the washings are only slightly acid to litmus, it has the boiling point given
under Creosotum; the distillate, after separation of adhering water, responds to
the remaining tests of identity and purity under Creosolum.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
CREOSOTUM
Creosote
Creosot.— Creasote
A mixture of phenols and phenol derivatives, chiefly guaiacol and
creosol, obtained during the distillation of wood-tar. Preserve it in
tightly-stoppered, dark amber-colored bottles.
126 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Creosote is an almost colorless or yellowish, highly refractive, oily liquid,
having a penetrating, smoky odor, and a burning, caustic taste; it does not
readily become brown on exposure to light.
Creosote is slightly soluble in water; it is miscible with alcohol, ether, or
fixed or volatile oils.
It is neutral or faintly acid to litmus.
Specific gravity: not below 1.073 at 25° C.
It begins to distil between 195° and 200° C. and not less than 80 per cent, by
volume distils between 200° and 220° C.
Creosote is inflammable, burning with a luminous, smoky flame.
Add 1 drop of ferric chloride T.S. to 10 mils of a saturated aqueous solution
of Creosote; the liquid develops a violet-blue color, which is very transient;
it then clouds almost instantly, the color passing rapidly from a grayish-green
to a muddy brown, with finally the formation of a brown precipitate.
Mix equal volumes of Creosote and collodion in a dry test tube; no permanent
coagulum is produced {-phenol and so-called "coal-tar creosote").
Mix 4 mils of Creosote and 4 mils of glycerin, then add 1 mil of water, shake
the mixture gently, and allow it to stand. A creosotic layer separates equal to
or greater in volume than the Creosote taken {coal-tar creosote) .
Two mils of Creosote requires not less than 10 mils nor more than 18 mils
of normal sodium hydroxide V.S. to produce a clear liquid. This liquid remains
unclouded on diluting with 50 mils of distilled water {hydrocarbons and bases).
Shake gently 1 mil of Creosote with 2 mils of petroleum benzin and 2 mils
of freshly prepared barium hydroxide T.S., until a uniform mixture is produced.
Upon complete separation three distinct layers are visible; a middle layer con-
taining the Creosote, a benzin laj'er which is neither blue nor muddy, and an
aqueous layer which does not acquire a red tint {ccerulignol and some other high-
boiling constituents of wood-tar) .
Preparation — Aqua Creosoti.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 mil — Apothecaries, A minims.
CRESOL
Cresol
A mixture of isomeric cresols [CtHsO or C6H4.CH3.OH = 108.06]
obtained from coal tar. Preserve it in well-closed containers protected
from light.
Cresol occurs as a colorless or yellowish to brown-yellow, highly refractive
liquid, becoming darker or assuming a reddish tint viith age and on exposure to
light, and having a phenol-like, sometimes empyreumatic odor.
One mil of Cresol dissolves in about 50 mils of water, usually forming a cloudy
solution; it is miscible with alcohol, ether, benzene, petroleum benzin, or
glycerin; it is dissolved by solutions of the fixed alkali hydroxides.
Specific gravity: 1.030 to 1.038 at 25° C.
Not less than 90 per cent, by volume of Cresol distils between 195° and 205° C.
A saturated aqueous solution of Cresol is neutral or slightly acid to litmus,
and becomes blue-violet on the addition of ferric chloride T.S.
A solution of 1 mil of Cresol in 60 mils of water is not more than slightly
turbid {hydrocarbons).
Preparation — Liquor Cresolis Compositus.
Average dose — Metric, 0.05 mil — Apothecaries, 1 minim.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 127
CRETA PR/EPARATA
Prepared Chalk
Cret. Prsep.— Drop Chalk
A native form of calcium carbonate freed from most of its impurities by
elutriation and containing, when dried to constant weight at 200° C, not
less than 97 per cent, of CaCOg (100.07).
Prepared Chalk occurs as a white to grayish-white, very fine, amorphous
powder, often formed into "conical drops"; odorless and tasteless; permanent in
the air.
Prepared Chalk is almost insoluble in water; insoluble in alcohol; decomposed
and dissolved by diluted acetic, hydrochloric, or nitric acid, with copious effer-
vescence. When a weighed amount of Prepared Chalk is dissolved in diluted
hydrochloric acid not more than 2 per cent, of residue remains.
Dissolve about 0.1 Gm. of Prepared Chalk in 5 mils of diluted acetic acid and
filter the solution; the addition of ammonium oxalate T.S. to the filtrate yields
a white precipitate, insoluble in acetic acid but soluble in hydrochloric acid.
When heated to full redness. Prepared Chalk gradually loses carbon dioxide
and is converted into calcium oxide.
Assay — Proceed as directed under Calcii Carbonas Proecipiiatus. It shows,
in the dried salt, not less than 97 per cent, of CaCOs.
Each gramme of dried Prepared Chalk corresponds to not less than 193.9
mils of tenth-normal oxalic acid V.S.
Preparations — Mistura Cretae (from Compound Powder) Pulvis Cretae
Compositus.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
CUBEBA
Cubeb
Cubeb.— Cubebs
The dried, full-growm, unripe fruits of Piper Cubeha Linne filius (Fam.
Piperacece), without the presence or admixture of more than 5 per cent,
of stems or other foreign matter.
Upper portion globular, from 3 to 6 mm. in diameter, with a straight, slender
stem-like portion, from 5 to 7 mm. in length; pericarp externally grayish, brownish,
or bluish-black; coarsely reticulate; about 0.3 mm. in thickness, easily cut,
1-locular, 1-seeded; the immature seed attached at the base of the pericarp;
odor aromatic, characteristic; taste strongly aromatic and pungent.
Under the microscope, sections of Cubeb show an epidermal layer of tabular
cells with thickened, undulate outer walls, the contents being olive-green; 1 or 2
rows of parenchyma cells, the contents resem.bling those of the epidermal cells;
a continuous layer of radiately elongated, thick-walled stone cells having numer-
ous pores; a few layers of collapsed cells n^ar which may occur an occasional
small group of bast-fibers; a middle layer of 10 rows of cells composed chiefly
of parenchyma, scattered among which are numerous secretion cells containing
a volatile oil and occasionally crystals in the form of short rods, the contents of
the secretion cells being colored a deep crimson upon the addition of sulphuric
acid; an endocaxp of small, somewhat isodiametric or polygonal stone cells with
128 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
very thick porous walls; seed-coat of several rows of reddish-brown, tangentially
elongated, more or less collapsed cells; perisperm of numerous thin-walled paren-
chyma, the cells being'more or less polygonal in shape and containing either small
compound starch grains, or globules of a fixed oil or occasionally a crystal of
calcium oxalate.
The powder is light brown to blackish-browTi, consisting of a more or less even
distribution of starch-bearing cells of the perisperm and fragments of the peri-
carp with stone cells; starch grains numerous, single or compound, from 0.002
to 0.012 mm. in diameter; stone cells numerous in palisade-like groups, in surface
view rounded or polygonal with rather prominent dark lumina and yellowish
porous walls; secretion cells with a yellowish, oily content, becoming reddish
on the addition of sulphuric acid; fragments of stalk few, with spiral tracheae
and groups of sclerenchymatous fibers from 0.05 to 1 mm. in length with blunt,
rounded, or very much attenuated ends, the walls strongly lignified and with
numerous oblique pores.
Cubeb yields not less than 10 per cent, of volatile extractive, soluble in ether
(see Part II, Test No. 12).
Cubeb yields not more than 8 per cent, of ash.
Preparations — Oleoresina Cubebse Trochisci Cubebae (from Oleoresin).
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
CUPRI SULPHAS
Copper Sulphate
Cupr. Sulph. — Cupric Sulphate
It contains not less than 62.97 per cent, nor more than 66.79 per cent.
of anhydrous copper sulphate, corresponding to not less than 98.5 per
cent, of the crystaUized salt [CuS044-5H20 = 249.72]. Preserve it in
well-closed containers.
Copper Sulphate occurs as deep blue, triclinic crystals or as a blue, granular
powder; odorless, of a nauseous, metallic taste; slowly efflorescent in dry air.
One Gm. of Copper Sulphate dissolves in 2.5 mils of water, 500 mils of alcohol,
and in 2.8 mils of glycerin at 25° C; also in 0.5 mil of boiling water.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) has a blue color, and is acid to litmus.
When heated to 30° C. the salt loses part of its water of crystallization and is
converted into a pale blue, amorphous powder. More water is lost at 100° C.
and finally at 200° C. a white, anhydrous powder remains. At a still higher
temperature, sulphur dioxide and oxygen are given off, and a residue of black
cupric oxide remains.
Place a drop of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) on a bright piece of
iron; a red film of metallic copper is deposited.
Barium chloride T.S. produces a white precipitate, insoluble in hydrochloric
acid, in an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10).
Add ammonia water to an aqueous solution of Copper Sulphate (1 in 10),
drop by drop; a pale blue precipitate of cupric hydroxide forms, which redis-
solves in an excess of ammonia water, producing a deep azure-blue solution.
Dissolve 1 Gm. of the salt in 50 mils of distilled water, add 1 mil of diluted
hydrochloric acid and pass hydrogen sulphide gas through the solution until
all of the copper is precipitated. Upon evaporating the filtrate and igniting,
the weight of the residue does not exceed 0.003 Gm. {other metals).
Assay — Dissolve about 1 Gm. of Copper Sulphate, accurately weighed, in
50 mils of distilled water and add 4 mils of acetic acid and 3 Gm. of potas-
sium iodide and titrate the liberated iodine with tenth-normal sodium thio-
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 129
sulphate V.S., starch T.S. being used as indicalor. .It shows not less than 62.97
per cent, nor more than 66.79 per cent, of CUSO4.
Each mil of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. used corresponds to
0.015964 Gm. of CUSO4. Each gramme of Copper Suljjhate corresponds to
not less than 39.44 mils nor more than 41.83 mils of tenth-normal sodium
thiosulphate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains,
as an emetic.
DECOCTA
Decoctions
Decoctions must he freshly made from the drugs, and, when the strength
of decoctions is not otherwise directed, they are to be prepared by the
following general formula:
The Drug, coarsely comminuted, ffty grammes 50 Gm.
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Introduce the drug into a suitable vessel provided with a cover,
pour upon it one thousand mils of cold water, cover it well, and boil
for fifteen minutes. Then allow it to cool to about 40° C, express,
strain the expressed liquid, and pass enough cold water through the
strainer to make the product measure one thousand mils.
Caution — The strength of decoctions of energetic or powerful sub-
stances should be specially directed by the physician.
DIACETYLMORPHINA
Diacetylmorpliine
Diacetylmorph.
An alkaloid [C21H23O5N or Ci7Hi7(0.C2H30)20N = 369.19] prepared
from morphine by acetylization. Preserve it in well-closed containers,
protected from light.
Diacetylmorphine occurs as a white, crystalline powder without odor.
One Gm. of Diacetylmorphine dissolves in about 1700 mils of water, 31 mils
of alcohol, 1.4 mils of chloroform, and in 100 mils of ether at 25° C.
Its saturated alcoholic solution is alkaline to moistened litmus paper.
It melts between 171.5° and 173.5° C.
Dissolve about 0.01 Gm. of Diacetj-lmorphine in a few drops of nitric acid;
a yellow color is produced, which gradually changes to greenish-blue. Heat
about 0.1 Gm. of Diacetylmorphine with 1 mil of alcohol and 1 mil of sulphuric
acid; ethyl acetate is produced, recognizable by its odor.
No weighable ash remains on incinerating 0.5 Gm. of Diacetj'lmorphine.
Dissolve 0.2 Gm. of Diacetylmorphine in 5 mils of distilleci water with
the aid of a few drops of hydrochloric acid, and pour this solution slowly
into 5 mils of potassium hydroxide T.S., shaking the test tube occasionally;
14
130 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
a white precipitate forms, which quickly redissolves, yielding a clear solution
(other alkaloids). On heating this solution no odor of ammonia is noticeable
(flmmonium salts).
A solution of about 0.02 Gm. of Diacetylmorphine in 2 mils of sulphuric acid
is colorless {readily carbonizable organic impurities).
Dissolve about 0.05 Gm. of potassium ferricyanide in 10 mils of distilled water,
add one drop of ferric chloride T.S. and then 1 mil of an alcoholic solution of
Diacetylmorphine (1 in 100); no greenish or blue color is produced at once
(morphine).
Dissolve 1 Gm. of Diacetylmorphine in 10 mils of distilled water and 5 mils
of diluted hydrochloric acid in a porcelain dish and evaporate the solution on a
water bath to a syrupy consistence (about 2 mils). Transfer this residue to a
eeparatory funnel with the aid of 25 mils of distilled water, render it alkaline
with sodium hydroxide solution (10 per cent.) and then shake it out with 3 suc-
cessive portions of 15, 10 and 5 mils of chloroform, passing the chloroform solu-
tions through a small filter previously moistened with chloroform. Carefully
evaporate the combined chloroform solutions to dryness on a water bath, dis-
solve the residue in 10 mils of fiftieth-normal sulphuric acid V.S., add a few
drops of methyl red T.S. and titrate the excess of acid with fiftieth-normal
potassium hydroxide V.S. Not less than 7.5 mils of the latter is required (Joreign
alkaloids).
Average dose — Metric, 0.003 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3'^o grain.
DIACETYLMORPHINvE HYDROCHLORIDUM
Diacetylmorphine Hydrochloride
Diacetylmorph. Hydrochl. — Diacetylmorphine Chloride
The hydrochloride [C21H23O5N.HCI+H2O or Ci7Hi7(0.C2H30)20N.
HCl-f-H20 = 423.68] of the alkaloid diacetylmorphine. Preserve it in
well-closed containers, protected from light.
Diacetylmorphine Hydrochloride is a white, crystalline powder without odor.
One Gm. of Diacetylmorphine Hydrochloride dissolves in 2 mils of water at
25° C; soluble in alcohol; insoluble in chloroform or ether at 25° C.
An aqueous solution of Diacetylmorphine Hydrochloride (1 in 20) is neutral
or only faintly acid to litmus.
It melts at about 230° C. with decomposition.
An aqueous solution of the salt with silver nitrate T.S. yields a white precipi-
tate insoluble in nitric acid.
In other respects the salt responds to the tests for identity and purity under
Diacetylmorphina, omitting the melting point.
Average dose — Metric, 0.003 Gm. — Apothecaries, ^'^o grain.
DIASTASUM
Diastase
A mixture containing amylolytic enzymes obtained from an infusion
of malt. It converts not less than 50 times its weight of potato starch
into sugars^ Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected from light,
heat and moisture.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 131
Diastase occurs as a yellowish-white, amorphous powder or in translucent
scales; odorless and tasteless. It converts starch into dextrin and maltose.
Diastase gradually loses its amylolytic power on keeping; this power is de-
stroyed by heating its solutions above 85° C. or by the addition of much acid
and is diminished by the presence of acids or alkalies.
Diastase is soluble in water, the solutions being more or less turbid; almost
insoluble in alcohol.
Assay — Mix a quantity of potato starch, purified as directed under Pan-
creatinuni, equivalent to 5 Gm. of dry starch, in a beaker with 10 mils of cold
distilled water. Add 140 mils of boiling distilled water, and heat the mixture
on a water bath with constant stirring for two minutes, or until a translucent,
uniform paste is obtained. Cool the paste to 40° C in a water bath previously
adjusted to this temperature. Prepare a fresh solution of 0.1 Gm. of Diastase in
10 mils of distilled water at 40° C. and add it to the pa.ste. Mix them well and
maintain the same temperature for exactly thirty minutes, stirring frequently;
a thin, nearly clear liquid is produced. Add at once 0.1 mil of this liquid toa
previously made mixture of 0.2 mil of tenth-normal iodine V.S. and 60 mils
of distilled water; no blue or reddish color is produced.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
DIGITALIS
Digitalis
Digit. — ^Foxglove Digitalis folium P. I.
The carefully dried leaves of Digitalis purpurea Lirm^ (Fam. Scrophu-
lariacece), without the presence or admixture of more than 2 per cent, of
stems, flowers or other foreign matter. If made into the official tincture
and assayed biologically the minimum lethal dose should not be greater
than 0.006 mil of tincture, or the equivalent in tincture of 0.0000005
Gm. of ouabain, for each gramme of body weight of frog. Digitalis
should be preserved in tightly-closed containers protected from light.
Leaves, when entire, attaining a length of 30 cm. and a breadth of 15 cm.,
ovate to oval, abruptly contracted into winged petioles, the latter from 5 to
10 cm. in length or, in the smaller leaves, nearly absent; margin crenate, irreg-
ular (the commercial article usually more or less crumpled and broken), thin,
dull, pale green or gray and densely pubescent on the lower surfaces; upper
surfaces wrinkled, sparsely hairy; the venation conspicuously reticulated; the
midribs and principal veins broad and flat, often purplish, the lower veins
continued into the wings of the petioles; odor slight, characteristic; taste strongly
bitter.
The powder is dark green; with numerous fragments of non-glandular hairs
consisting of from 2- to 8-cells (usually 2- to 5-celIs), varying in length from
0.145 to 0.435 mm., some of the cells being frequently collapsed; glandular
hairs few, small, with a 1- or 2-celled stalk and a 1- or 2-celled glandular head;
numerous irregular fragments of lamina showing stomata and occasional water-
pores and elongated fragments of veins and petioles showing fibro-vascular
tissues.
DigitaUs yields not more than 15 per cent, of ash.
Assay — For a method of assaying Digitalis see Biological Assays (Part II).
Preparations — Fluidextractum Digitalis Infusum Digitalis Tinctura Digitalis.
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
132 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
ELATERINUM
Elaterin
Elaterin. .
A principle obtained from elaterium, a substance deposited by the
juice of the fruit of Ecballium Elaterium (Linne) A. Richard (Fam.
Cucurbitacece) .
Elaterin occurs in minute, white, hexagonal scales or prismatic crystals; odor-
less, and having a slightly acrid, bitter taste; permanent in the air.
One Gm. of Elaterin dissolves in 325 mils of alcohol, 15.5 mils of chloroform,
450 mils of ether, and in 310 mils of benzene at 25° C; also in 100 mils of boiling
alcohol ; it is insoluble in either cold or hot water.
Its alcoholic solution is neutral to moistened litmus paper.
Mix about 0.01 Gm. of Elaterin with 1 mil of sulphuric acid; only a yellow
color is produced {readily carbonizahle impurities). On the addition of a drop of
solution of formaldehyde the mixture becomes brown.
A solution of about 0.01 Gm. of Elaterin in 5 mils of melted phenol becomes
crimson on the addition of a few drops of sulphuric acid and rapidlj- changes to
scarlet.
No weighable ash remains on incinerating 0.1 Gm. of Elaterin.
Shake about 0.1 Gm. of Elaterin with a mixture of 9 mils of distilled water and
1 mil of diluted hydrochloric acid and filter; separate portions of the filtrate
yield no turbidity with 0.5 mil of mercuric potassium iodide T.S. or with iodine
T.S. (alkalouh).
Preparation — Trituratio Elaterini,
Average dose — Metric, 0.003 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3'^o grain.
ELIXIR AROMATICUM
Aromatic Elixir
Elix. Arom. — Simple Elixir
Compound Spirit of Orange, twelve milliliters 12 mils
Syrup, three hundred and seventy-five milliliters 375 mils
Purified Talc, thirty grammes 30 Gm.
Alcohol,
Distilled Water, each, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
To the compound spirit of orange, add enough alcohol to make two
hundred and fifty mils. To this solution, add the syrup in several por-
tions, agitating after each addition, and afterwards add, in the same
manner, three hundred and seventy-five mils of distilled water. Mix
the purified talc intimately with the liquid, and then filter through a
wetted filter, returning the first portions of the filtrate until a trans-
parent liquid is obtained. Lastly, wash the filter with a mixture of
one volume of alcohol and three volumes of distilled water, until the prod-
uct measures one thousand mils.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 133
ELIXIR GLYCYRRIIIZ^
Elixir of Glycyrrhiza
Elix. Glycyrrh.— Elixir Adjuvans, U.S.P. VIII Elixir of Licorice
Fluidextract of Glycyrrhiza, one hundred and twenty-
five milliliters 125 mils
Aromatic Elixir, eight hundred and seventy-five milliliters. 875 mils
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Mix and filter.
EMETINE HYDROCHLORIDUM
Emetine Hydrochloride
Emet. Hydrochl.
The hydrochloride [C3oH4404N2.2HCl = 569.31] of the alkaloid eme-
tine, obtained from ipecac. It contains variable amounts of water of
crystallization. Preserve it in dark amber-colored vials protected from
light.
Emetine Hydrochloride occurs as a white or very slightly yellowish crj'stal-
line powder, without odor. On exposure to light it gradually darkens.
Emetine Hydrochloride is freely soluble in water or alcohol.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 20) is slightly acid to litmus.
Separate portions of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 100) yield pre-
cipitates with iodine T.S., mercuric potassium iodide T.S., and with platinic
chloride T.S.
Sulphuric acid, containing in each mil about 0.005 Gm. of molybdic acid,
when added to Emetine Hydrochloride produces a bright green color.
Silver nitrate T.S. produces in an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) a
white precipitate insoluble in nitric acid.
Dried to constant weight at 100° C, it loses not more than 19 per cent, of
its weight.
No weighable ash remains on incinerating 0.2 Gm. of Emetine Hydrochloride.
One-tenth of 1 Gm. of the salt dissolves in 2 mils of sulphuric acid without
producing more than a faintly yellow color {readily carbonizable impurities).
Dissolve 0.1 Gm. of Emetine Hydrochloride in 5 mils of distilled water in a
separatory funnel, add to the solution 3 mils of sodium hydroxide T.S. and shake
it out with 10 mil portions of ether until the residue obtained by evaporating
1 mil of the ethereal liquid, when dissolved in 1 drop of diluted hydrochloric
acid and 1 mil of distilled water, no longer j-ields a turbidity with iodine T.S.
Now acidulate the aqueous liquid with diluted sulphm-ic acid, then add
ammonia water until alkaline and shake it with 10 mils of ether. Evaporate
this ethereal liquid and add to the residue 1 mil of sulphuric acid containing
about 0.005 Gm. of molybdic acid; no purple color is produced (cephaeline).
Average dose — Hypodermic, ]\Ietric, 0.02 Gm. — Apothecaries,
M grain.
134 THE PHARMACOPEIA OF THE
EMPLASTRUM BELLADONNvE
Belladonna Plaster
Emp. Bellad.
An adhesive plaster containing 30 per cent, of extract of belladonna
leaves and j-ielding not less than 0.25 per cent, nor more than 0.30 per
cent, of the alkaloids from belladonna leaves.
Assay — Introduce 10 Gm. of Belladonna Plaster into a 100 mil flask. (If the
plaster is spread on fabric, cut the portion to be assayed into strips, weigh it accu-
rately, and introduce it into the flask.) Now add 50 mils of chloroform, and shake
the mixture until the plaster is dissolved. Pour the chloroform solution into a
250 mil beaker and wash the cloth upon wliich the plaster was spread with two
portions of 25 mils each of chloroform, adding the washings to the chloroform
solution in the beaker. Then wash this cloth vath 80 mils of alcohol containing
1 mil of ammonia water and pour the washings into the chloroform solution in the
beaker. Stir the mixture gently and allow it to stand until the rubber has sepa-
rated into a compact mass. Dn^ the cloth upon which the plaster was spread,
weigh it and subtract its weight from the original weight of the plaster. Pour the
chloroform-alcohol solution into a 250 mil separator, rinse the beaker and rubber
with 10 mds of alcohol and add the rinsing to the separator. Completely extract
the alkaloids from the chloroform-alcohol solution by shaking it out repeatedly
with weak sulphuric acid. Collect the acid washings in a separator and add
ammonia water until the solution is decidedly alkahne to Utmus, and completely
extract the alkaloids by shaking out repeatedly with chloroform. rUter the
chloroform solution through a pledget of cotton, evaporate it to dryness and dis-
solve the alkaloids from the residue in exactly 5 mils of tenth-normal sulphuric
acid V.S., and titrate the excess of acid with fiftieth-normal potassium hydroxide
V.S., using cochineal T.S. as indicator (see Proximate Assays, Part II).
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 28.92
milligrammes of the alkaloids from belladonna leaves.
EMPLASTRUM CANTHARIDIS
Cantharides Plaster
Emp. Can than
Cantharides Cerate,
Rosin Plaster, spread on fabric, each, a sufficient quantity.
Spread cantharides cerate upon rosin plaster, leaving a margin around
the edges. It may also be spread on muslin, paper, or other suitable
material. This Plaster should not be dispensed unless it has been recently
prepared.
Each square centimeter of spread plaster contains 0.1 Gm. of cantharides
cerate.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA llio
EMPLASTRUM CAPSICI
Capsicum Plaster
Emp. Capsic.
Oleoresin of Capsicum,
Rubber Plaster,' spread on fabric, each, a sufficient quantity.
Apply oleoresin of capsicum to the surface of rul)ber plaster so as to
form a thin, even coating, leaving a margin around the edges.
Each fifteen square centimeters of spread plaster contains 0.25 Gm. of oleoresin
of capsicum.
EMPLASTRUM ELASTICUiAI
Rubber Plaster
Emp. Elast. — Rubber Adhesive Plaster
A mixture of rubber, resins and waxes, with a filler of an absorbent
powder, such as orris root Or starch, mechanically mixed and spread
upon cotton cloth or other fabric.
EMPLASTRUM PLUMBI
Lead Plaster
Emp. Plumb.— Diachylon Plaster
Lead Oxide, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Olive Oil, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Lard, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Boiling Water, a suficient quantity.
Heat the olive oil and lard by a gentle heat until liquefied in a bright
copper or other suitable vessel of a capacity of not less than four times
the bulk of the ingredients, sift the lead oxide, through a No. 80 sieve,
upon the surface of the hot liquid and mix thoroughly. Then gradually
add three hundred and fifty mils of boiling water, and boil the mixture,
constantly stirring, with a wooden spatula, and adding sufficient boiling
water, from time to time, to replace that lost by evaporation, until the
mass is homogeneous and a small portion removed and dipped into cold
water is found to be pliable and tenacious. Then remove it from the
fire and wash several times ^vith warm water to remove the glycerin.
Finally knead the mass until it is free from water, roll it into cylinders
of suitable size, and vrrap them in paper.
Preparations — Emplastrum Resinae Unguentum Diachylon.
136 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
EMPLASTRUM RESINiE
Rosin Plaster
Emp. Res. — Rosin Adhesive Plaster Adhesive Plaster
Rosin, in fine powder, one hundred and forty grammes .... 140 Gm.
Lead Plaster, eight hundred grammes 800 Gm.
Yellow Wax, sixty grammes 60 Gm.
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Melt the lead plaster and yellow wax together with a gentle heat,
then add the rosin and, when melted, mix thoroughly, strain, and allow
the product to cool, stirring until it stiffens.
EMPLASTRUM SINAPIS
Mustard Plaster
Emp. Sinap.— Charta Sinapis, U.S.P. VIII Mustard Paper
A uniform mixture of powdered black mustard (deprived of its fixed oil)
and a solution of rubber, spread on paper, cotton cloth or other fabric.
Preserve it in tightly-closed containers.
A square of 100 square centimeters contains not less than 2.5 Gm. of black
mustard deprived of its fixed oil.
When moistened thoroughly with tepid water and applied to the skin, the
Plaster produces a decided warmth and reddening of the skin within five minutes.
Before Mustard Plaster is applied, moisten it thoroughly with tepid water.
EMULSUM AMYGDALA
Emulsion of Almond
Emuls. Amygd. — Milk of Almond
Sweet Almond, sixty grammes 60 Gm.
Acacia, in fine powder, ten grammes 10 Gm.
Sugar, thirty grammes 30 Gm.
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Having blanched the almonds, add the acacia and sugar, and beat
them in a mortar, until they are thoroughly mixed. Then rub the
mass with nine hundred mils of water, at first very gradually added,
until a uniform mixture results. Strain this into a graduated vessel,
and wash the mortar and strainer with enough water to make the
product measure one thousand mils. Mix the whole thoroughly. This
preparation must not be dispensed unless it has been recently prepared.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 137
EMULSUM ASAFCETIDiE
Emulsion of Asafetida
Emuls. Asafoet.— Milk of Asafetida
Asafetida, in tears or selected masses, forty grammes. ... 40 Gm.
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Rub the asafetida in a mortar, with nine hundred mils of water,
at first very gradually added, until a uniform emulsion results. Then
strain the mixture into a graduated vessel, and rinse the mortar and
strainer with enough water to make the product measure one thousand
mils. Mix the whole thoroughly.
Average dose — Metric, 15 mils — Apothecaries, 4 fluidrachms.
EMULSUM OLEI MORRHU.E
Emulsion of Cod Liver Oil
Emuls. 01. Morrh.
Cod Liver Oil, five hundred milliliters 500 mils
Acacia, in fine powder, one hundred and twenty-five grammes 125 Gm.
Syrup, one hundred milliliters 100 mils
Methyl Salicylate, four milliliters 4 mils
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Thoroughly mix the acacia with the cod liver oil in a dry mortar or
other suitable vessel, then add at once two hundred and fifty mils of
water, and complete the emulsification by trituration or by the aid of
a suitable mechanical device. When a thick, white, homogeneous mixture
is obtained, add the methyl salicylate and the syrup with sufficient
water to make the product measure one thousand mils and mix
thoroughly.
Note — The methyl salicylate may be replaced by a suitable quantity
of any other flavoring.
Average dose — Metric, 15 mils — Apothecaries, 4 fluidrachms.
138 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
EMULSUM OLEI TEREBINTHIN^
Emulsion of Oil of Turpentine
Emuls. 01. Tereb.
Rectified Oil of Turpentine, fifteen milliliters 15 mils
Expressed Oil of Almond, five milliliters 5 mils
Syrup, twenty-five milliliters 25 mils
Acacia, in fine powder, fifteen grammes 15 Gm.
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one hundred milliliters 100 mils
Introduce the acacia into a perfectly dry bottle of suflBcient capacity,
add the rectified oil of turpentine and the expressed oil of almond and
shake the bottle thoroughly. Then add thirty mils of water and
incorporate it by vigorous shaking. When the oil has been com-
pletely emulsified, add first the syrup, in several portions, shaking after
each addition, and then enough water, in divided portions, shaking
after each addition, to make the product measure one hundred mils.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, ^ fluidrachm.
ERGOTA
Ergot
Ergot. — Secale Cornutum, P. I. Ergot of Rye Spurred Rye
The carefully dried sclerotium of Claviceps purpurea (Fries) Tulasne
(Fam. Hypocreaceoe) , replacing the grain of rye, Secale cereale Linn^
(Fam. Graminece) , without the presence or admixture of more than 5 per
cent, of seeds, fruits or other foreign matter. Before storing, dry Ergot
at a temperature not exceeding 70° C, and preserve it, protected from
light, in tightly-closed containers to which a few drops of chloroform or
carbon tetrachloride are added from time to time to prevent attacks
by insects.
Cylindraceous, obscurely three-angled, taperina; towards both ends, obtuse,
somewhat curved, from 1 to 4.5 cm. in length and from 3 to 5 mm. in thickness;
externally purplish-black, or brownish-black, longitudinally furrowed; fracture
short, pinkish or reddish-wliite, sometimes grayish-white; odor peculiar, dis-
agreeable, free from mustiness; taste oily and disagreeable.
Pour hot water on bruised Ergot; no ammoniacal or rancid odor develops.
The powder is grayish-brown, consisting chiefly of whiti.sh fragments composed
of false pi.rcnchyma of compacted hyphaj and a few puri)lish colored fragments
of the outer layer of the sclerotium; mounts made in hydrated chloral T.S. or
in sulphuric acid show the separation of numerous globules of a fixed oil, and
many of the fragments are colored yellowish, reddish or rose-purple.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 13d
Shake 1 Gm. of the powdered drug with a mixture of 20 mils of water and one
drop of hydrochloric acid, filter the mixture, make 4 mils of the filtrate alkaline
with ammonia water and shake out with 10 mils of ether. ITnderlay 5 rails of
this ethereal solution with 2 mils of sulphuric acid; a blue ring is formed at the
zone of contact of the two liquids.
Ergot yields not more than 5 per cent, of ash.
Preparations — Extractum Ergotae Fluidextractum Ergotae.
Average dose — Metric, 2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 30 grains.
ERIODICTYON
Eriodictyon
Eriodict.— Yerba Santa
The dried leaves of Enodictyon californicum (Hooker and Arnott)
Greene (Fam. Hydrophyllacece), without the presence or admixture of
more than 5 per cent, of stems or other foreign matter.
Usually in fragments; when entire, laminae lanceolate, from 5 to 15 cm. in
length, and from 1 to 3 cm. in breadth; simimits acute; bases slightly tapering
into short petioles; margins irregularly serrate or crenate-dentate ; upper sur-
faces yellowish-brown, covered with a more or less glistening resin; under sur-
faces grayish or yellowish-white, conspicuously reticulate with greenish-yellow
veins; minutely tomentose between the reticulations; thick, brittle; odor aro-
matic; taste balsamic, bitter, becoming sweetish.
Under the microscope, transverse sections of the laminae of Eriodictyon show
upon the upper surface large epidermal cells, the outer walls being very uneven,
owing to indentations which appear as striations in surface view; glandular
hairs numerous, with short 1-celled stalks and 6- to 8-celled glandular heads;
palisade cells very narrow, from 2 to 6 rows deep, containing numerous chloro-
plastids; cells of dorsal-pneumatic tissue (loose mesophyll) very few; fibro-
vascular tissues not strongly developed except in the midrib and more prominent
veins; numerous 1-celled, much twisted, thick-walled, non-glandular hairs
occurring on the lower surface between the veins.
Under the microscope, sections of the stems of Eriodictyon show the epidermis
usually replaced by strongly lignified cork; cortex of from 10 to 20 rows of more
or less rounded cells; bast-fibers deep-seated with thick, more or less strongly
lignified walls and occurring in small groups forming a more or less interrupted
circle; sieve tissues in a narrow zone; wood-wedges consisting of tracheae with
spiral thickenings, simple or bordered pores and numerous strongly lignified
wood-fibers, separated by medullary rays 1-cell in width; pith very large, the
walls of the cells being strongly lignified and with numerous simple pores.
Preparation — Fluidextractum Eriodictyi.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
EUCALYPTOL
Eucal}T)tol
Cineol
An organic compoimd [CioHi80= 154.14] obtained from the volatile
oil of Eucalyptus Globulus Labillardiere (Fam. Myrtacea) and from
140 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
other sources. Preserve it in well-closed containers, in a cool place,
protected from light.
Eucalyptol is a colorless liquid, having a characteristic, aromatic and dis-
tinctly camphoraceous odor, and a pungent, spicy taste; it produces a cooling
sensation in the mouth.
Eucalyptol is very slightly soluble in water, miscible with alcohol, chloroform,
ether, glacial acetic acid, or fixed or volatile oils.
Specific gravity: 0.921 to 0.923 at 25° C.
It boils between 174° and 177° C.
Congealing point: not below 0° C.
Eucalyptol is optically inactive (distinction from oil of eucalyptus and many
other volatile oils).
Place 1 mil of Eucalyptol in a freezing mixture and gradually add to it an
equal volume of phosphoric acid; a solid, white, crystalline mass of cineol-
phosphoric acid results, and if warm water is then added the Eucalyptol separates.
Shake 5 mils of EucaljTDtol with 5 mils of sodium hydroxide T.S.; the volume
of the Eucalyptol is not diminished {saponifiable oils).
Its alcoholic solution (1 in 10) is neutral to moistened litmus paper, and, on
adding a drop of ferric chloride T.S. to 5 mils of this solution, no brown or violet
color is produced (phenols) .
Average dose — Metric, 0.3 mil — Apothecaries, 5 minims.
EUCALYPTUS
Eucalyptus
Eucalypt. — Blue Gum Leaves
The dried leaves of Eucalyptus Globulus Labillardidre (Fam. Myrta-
cece), collected from the older parts of the tree, without the presence
or admixture of more than 3 per cent, of the stems, fruits or other
foreign matter.
Laminae lanceolately scythe-shaped, from 8 to 30 cm. in length and from
2 to 7.5 cm. in breadth; summits when present acute or acuminate; bases unequal,
obtuse or more or less rounded and connected with a twisted petiole from 5 to
35 mm. in length; margins slightly uneven, revolute; coriaceous; both surfaces
varying from pale yellowish-green to grayish-green and more or less glaucous,
glabrous, glandular-punctate and with numerous small, circular, brown dots of
cork; veins of the first order anastomosing with each other and forming a line
nearly parallel with the margin; odor slightly aromatic; taste aromatic, bitter,
and cooling.
Under the microscope, sections of Eucalyptus show the upper and lower
surfaces with nearly similar cells, the outer walls being strongly cuticularized;
stomata occur on both surfaces, a region of palisade cells made up of from 3 to
4 rows of cells occurring beneath each surface; among the pali.sade cells occur
large oil-secretion reservoirs, with a yellowish or orange colored oily content;
calcium oxalate crystals in cells of the loose mesophyll in the form of rosette
aggregates or monoclinic prisms varying from 0.015 to 0.025 mm. in diameter.
At the periphery of the fibro-vascular bundles of the midrib and petiole occurs
a more or less interrupted circle of small groups of slightly lignified bast-fibers.
Preparation — Fluidextractum Eucalypti.
Average dose — Metric, 2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 30 grains.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 141
EUGENOL
Eugenol
An unsaturated, aromatic phenol [CioHiaOa or C8H3.C3H5.OCH3.OH
1 :3 : 4= 164.10] obtained from oil of clove and from other sources.
Preserve it in well-closed containers, in a cool place, protected from light.
Eugenol is a colorless or pale yellow, thin liquid, having a Ftronglj- aromatic
odor of clove, and a pungent and spicy taste. Exposure to air causes it to be-
come darker and thicker.
Eugenol is miscible with alcohol, chloroform, ether or fixed oils; it is soluble
in twice its volume of 70 per cent, alcohol.
A mixture of 1 part of Eugenol and 20 parts of hot distilled water is only
very slightly acid to litmus.
Specific gravity: 1.0G4 to 1.070 at 25° C.
It boils between 250° and 255° C.
It is optically inactive and strongly refractive.
Dissolve 1 mil of Eugenol in 12 mils of sodium hydroxide T.S. and add 18 mils
of distilled water; a clear solution results, which becomes turbid when exposed
to air. Shake I mil of Eugenol with 20 mils of distilled water and filter; 5 mils
of the clear filtrate, upon the addition of 1 drop of ferric chloride T.S., shows
a transient, grayish-green color, but not a blue or violet color {phenol).
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 mil — Apothecaries, 3 minims.
EXTRACTA
Extracts
Pilular Extracts are solid or semi-solid products prepared by exhaust-
ing drugs with appropriate solvents and carefully evaporating the
solutions to the proper consistence. These extracts preserve the useful
constituents of the drug in a concentrated, relatively uniform and
permanent condition, and in a form suitable for medication.
The solvents or menstrua employed in the preparation of pilular
extracts are w^ater, alcohol, or mixtures of these in the proportions stated
in the formulas. A few drugs require for their extraction the addition
of an acid or an alkali to the solvent. Where alcohol is used in the ex-
traction it may be recovered by distillation.
In the preparation of pilular extracts the concentration of' the solu-
tions should be completed without delay, and undue exposure to heat
must be avoided. The limit of temperature for the evaporation, as
stated in the formulas, should not be exceeded. In the manufacture
of these extracts on a large scale an apparatus for distilling and evapor-
ating under reduced pressure should be used. It is also important
that the residue be frequently stirred so as to hasten the evaporation
and to obtain a uniform product.
142 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Pilular extracts are extensively used in pill masses and in ointments
and, to facilitate their use in these preparations, the degree of concentra-
tion is commonly directed to be that of a " pilular consistence."
Pilular extracts should be protected from exposure to sunlight and
air by being kept in tightly-covered glass or earthen-ware containers.
Powdered Extracts differ from pilular extracts in that they are dry,
fine powders. Powdered extracts are often preferred to pilular extracts
for general use, because they can be more accurately weighed, more
easily dispensed, and more conveniently preserved in tightly-stoppered
bottles.
In the preparation of powdered extracts, it is necessary to use solvents
that will extract the active principles of the drugs, and only a minimum
amount of the inert substances. Where the drug contains an oily con-
stituent that would be extracted by the menstruum directed, it becomes
necessary to adopt in the process of manufacture a method for the
separation of this oil so that the product will retain a satisfactory,
pulverulent form.
The concentration of the liquids containing the extractive should
be completed without delay and undue exposure to heat must be avoided.
The limit of temperature as stated in the formulas should not be ex-
ceeded, and the use of apparatus for concentrating under reduced pres-
sure is recommended. The final drying of the soft extract can be greatly
facilitated by spreading it upon plates of glass or tinned metal and
exposing it to currents of warm, dry air. Powdered extracts must be
thoroughly dried, powdered and mixed with the diluent and preserved
in tightly-stoppered, small, wide-mouthed, amber-colored bottles, and
stored in a cool and dry place.
Alkaloidal standards have been adopted for Extracts that can be re-
liably assayed. Assay methods are directed for the determination of
their strength, and to provide for standardization. When necessary, an
inert diluent is directed to reduce the product to the standard. In the
official formulas glucose is directed for the diluent in pilular extracts
and dried starch and magnesium oxide are directed for powdered extracts,
but it is permissible for the manufacturer to use as inert diluents for
the latter, sugar, sugar of milk, powdered glycyrrhiza, magnesium car-
bonate or the finely powdered drug or marc from which the respective
extract was made. For the convenience of the prescriber, the standards
of strength for the Extracts have been adjusted, wherever possible, so
that each bears a definite relation to that of the respective drug of
average strength, and a statement of the standard precedes the formula.
IJlflTED STATES OF AMERICA 143
EXTRACTUM ACONITI
Extract of Aconite
Cxt. Aconit. — Powdered Extract of Aconite
Extract of Aconite yields not less than 1.8 per cent, nor more than
2.2 per cent, of the ether-soluble alkaloids of aconite and, if assayed
biologically, the minuniim lethal dose should not be greater than 0.00001
Gm. for each gramme of body weight of guinea-pig. One gramme of
the Extract represents about four grammes of aconite.
Aconite, in No. 60 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Tartaric Acid, five grammes 5 Gm.
Purified Petroleum Benzin,
Starch, dried at 100° C.,
Alcohol, each, a sufficient quantity.
Dissolve the tartaric acid in five hundred mils of alcohol, moisten
the drug with this solution and pack it in a cylindrical glass percolator;
then add sufficient alcohol to saturate the powder and leave a stratum
above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator, close
the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator, macerate
for forty-eight hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed very
slowly, adding alcohol as required. Reserve the first one thousand mils
of percolate and continue the percolation, until the second percolate
measures one thousand mils or until the drug is exhausted. Transfer this
second percolate to a suitable apparatus and distil off the alcohol at as
low a temperature as practicable, until a residue measuring about one
hundred mils remains, then add the reserved percolate and continue
distillation until the residue in the still is of syrupy consistence.
Transfer this syrupy residue to a flask, using a httle warm alcohol
to rinse the still, and adding the rinsing to the flask. When it has
cooled, add two hundred and fifty mils of purified petroleum benzin and
shake the mixture thoroughly for several minutes. Allow the liquids
to separate and decant the benzin layer as closely as possible; add
again to the residue two hundred and fifty mils of purified petroleum
benzin, agitate and decant the benzin layer as before.
Transfer the syrupy residue to a shallow evaporating dish, rinse the
flask with twenty mils of warm alcohol, adding the rinsings to the residue
in the dish, and then incorporate fifty grammes of the thoroughly dried
starch. Evaporate the mixture by a very gentle heat on a water bath,
frequently stirring, and, when the mass has become thick, spread it
144 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
on glass plates and continue the drying in an air bath at a temperature
not exceeding 70° C. until thoroughly dry. Reduce the product to a
fine powder and weigh it.
Assay a portion of this product as directed below, and, from the
alkaloidal content thus determined, ascertain by calculation the amount
of alkaloids in the remainder of the powder and add to this enough of
the dried starch to make the finished Extract contain 2 per cent, of the
ether-soluble alkaloids of aconite. Mix the powders thoroughly, pass
the Extract through a fine sieve, transfer it to small, wide-mouthed
bottles and stopper them tightly.
Assay — Introduce 3 Gm. of Extract of Aconite into a 250 mil flask, add 10
Gm. of washed sand and mix thoroughly. Then add 150 mils of ether and 2
mils of ammonia water, shake the mixture vigorously every few minutes during
a half hour, and when the dregs have settled decant 100 mils of the clear liquid,
representing i^ro qrammes of the Extract. Proceed as directed under Belladonna
iiadix, page 73, beginning with the word "Filter" in the seventh line of the
Assay, modifying the process there given by using ether instead of chloroform
for the final shaking out of the alkaloids.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 64.539
milligrammes of the ether-soluble alkaloids of aconite.
For an alternative method of assaying Extract of Aconite see Biological
Assays (Part II).
Average dose — Metric, 0.01 Gm. — Apothecaries, }/q grain.
EXTRACTUM BELLADONN.E FOLIORUM
Extract of Belladonna Leaves
Ext. Bellad. Fol.
Extract of Belladonna Leavesyields not less than 1.18 per cent, nor more
than 1.32 per cent, of the alkaloids of belladonna leaves. One gramme
of the Extract represents about Jour grammes of belladonna leaves.
Pilular Extract of Belladonna Leaves
Belladonna Leaves, in No. 40 powder, one thousand
grammes 1000 Gm.
Glucose,
Alcohol,
Water, each, a sufficient quantity.
Moisten the powder with sufficient of a mixture of three volumes of
alcohol and one volume of water and pack it firmly in a cylindrical perco-
lator, then add enough menstruum, using the same proportion of alcohol
and water as before, to saturate the powder and leave a stratum above
it. When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator, close the lower
I
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 145
orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator, macerate for forty-
eight hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed, gradually adding
menstruum of the same strength, until the percolate measures three
thousand mils, or until the belladonna leaves are exliausted. Recover
the alcohol from the percolate by distillation and evaporate the residue
with frequent stirring, at a temperature not exceeding 70° C, to a pilular
consistence. Mix the mass thoroughly and weigh it.
Assay a portion of this extract, as directed below, and, from the alka-
loidal content thus determined, ascertain by calculation the amount
of alkaloids in the remainder of the mass, and to this add enough glucose
to make the finished Extract contain 1.25 per cent, of the alkaloids
of belladonna leaves. Mix thoroughly.
Assay — Dissolve 2 Gm. of Pilular Extract of Belladonna Leaves in 10 mils
of diluted alcohol, transfer the solution to a separator and wash the vessel in
which the extract was dissolved with 2 mils of ammonia water previously diluted
with 10 mils of distilled water, in divided portions, adding the rinsings to the
separator, then proceed as directed under Fluidexiractum Bclladnnnoe Radicis,
page 178, second line of the Assa}-, beginning with the word " Completely,"
modifying the process there given by treating the residue twice with 5 mils
of ether and evaporating to dryness each time before titration.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consimaed corresponds to 28.92
milligrammes of the alkaloids of belladonna leaves.
Powdered Extract of Belladonna Leaves
Belladonna Leaves in No. 40 powder, one thousand
grammes 1000 Gm.
IMagnesium Oxide, ivcenty grammes 20 Gm.
Starch, dried at 100° C,
Alcohol, each, a sufficient quantity.
IMoisten the drug with sufficient alcohol and pack it in a cylindrical
percolator; then add enough alcohol to saturate the powder and leave
a stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator,
close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator,
macerate for forty-eight hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed
very slowly, adding alcohol as required. Reserve the first one thousand
mils of percolate and contuiue the percolation until the second percolate
measures one thousand mils or until the drug is exliausted. Transfer
the second percolate to a suitable apparatus and distil off the alcohol
at as low a temperature as practicable, until a residue measurmg about
one hundred 7nils remains, then add the reserved percolate and continue
distillation until the residue m the still is of syrupy consistence.
Transfer this syrupy residue to a shallow evaporating dish, rinse the
flask or still with a small quantity of warm alcohol, adding the rmsmg
15
146 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
to the residue in the dish. Evaporate this extract to a pilular consist-
ence, at a temperature not exceeding 70° C, then add fifty grammes
of the dried starch and continue the heating, with frequent stirring,
until the mass is nearly dry. Now add the magnesium oxide, thoroughly
incorporate it and set the product aside in a current of warm air, until
thoroughl}^ dry. Reduce the product to a fine powder and weigh it.
Assay a portion of this product as directed below, and, from the alka-
loidal content thus determined, ascertain by calculation the amount of
alkaloids in the remainder of the powder and add to this enough of the
dried starch to make the finished Extract contain 1.25 per cent, of
the alkaloids of belladonna leaves. INIix the powders thoroughly, pass
the Extract through a fine sieve, transfer it to small, wide-mouthed
bottles and stopper them tightly.
Assay — Introduce 3 Gm. of Powdered Extract of Belladonna Leaves into a
250 mil flask, add 10 Gm. of washed sand and mix thoroughly. Then add 150
mils of a mixture of chloroform. 1 volume, and ether, 2 volumes, followed by
5 mils of ammonia water. Shake the mixture vigorously every ten minutes
during a half hour and when the dregs have settled decant 100 mils of the clear
liquid, representing iu-o grammes of the Extract ; now proceed as directed under
BelladonnoE Radix, page 73, seventh line of the Assay, modifying the process
there given by treating the residue twice with ether, and evaporating to
drj'ness each time before titration.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 28.92
milligrammes of the alkaloids of belladonna leaves.
Preparation — Unguentum Belladonnae (from Pilular Extract).
Average dose — ]\Ietric, 0.015 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3^^ grain.
EXTRACTUM CANNABIS
Extract of Cannabis
Ext. Cannab.— Estractum Cannabis Indicae, U.S.?. Mil
Extract of Cannabis, when assayed biologically, produces incoordina-
tion when administered to dogs in a dose of not more than 0.004 Gm.
of Extract per kilogramme of body weight.
Cannabis, in No. 20 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Alcohol, a sufficient quantity.
Moisten the powder with sufficient alcohol, pack it firmly in a cylin-
drical percolator and add enough alcohol to saturate the powder and
leave a stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the
percolator, close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the
percolator, macerate for forty-eight hours. Then allow the percola-
tion to proceed, gradually adding alcohol, until the drug is exhausted.
Rpcover the alcohol from the percolate by distillation and evaporate the
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 147
residue with frequent stirring, at a temperature not exceeding 70° C, to
a pilular consistence. Mix the mass thoroughly and weigh it.
Assay a portion of this extract, and from the result thus obtained
adjust the weight of the finished Extract, by the addition of glucose, to
conform to the required biological standard.
Assay — Proceed as directed under Biological Assays (Part II).
Average dose — Metric, 0.01 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3-^ grain.
EXTRACTUM CASCAR.E SAGRAD.E
Extract of Cascara Sagrada
Ext. Case. Sagr.— Extractum Rhamni Purshianae, U.S.P. VIII
Powdered Extract of Cascara Sagrada
One gramme of the Extract represents three grammes of cascara sagrada.
Cascara Sagrada, in No. 20 powder, nine hundred grammes 900 Gm.
Magnesium Oxide, twenty-five grammes 25 Gm.
Starch, dried at 100° C.,
Boiling Water, each, a sufficient quantity,
To make three hundred grammes 300 Gm.
Mix the cascara sagrada with jour thousand mils of boiling water
and macerate the mixture during three hours. Then transfer it to a
metallic percolator, allow it to drain and pour on boiling water until
the percolate measures five thousand mils or the drug is exhausted.
Evaporate the percolate to drjTiess on a water bath or steam bath, reduce
the extract to a fine powder, weigh it, add the magnesium oxide and enough
of the dried starch to make the product weigh three hundred grammes.
Mix the powders thoroughly, pass the Extract through a fine sieve, trans-
fer it to small, wide-mouthed bottles and stopper them tightly.
A\'ERAGE dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
EXTRACTUM CIMICIFUG.E
Extract of Cimicifuga
Ext. Cimicif. — Powdered Extract of Cimicifuga
One gramme of the Extract represents four grammes of cimicifuga.
Cimicifuga, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Alcohol,
Starch, dried at 100° C, each, a sufficient quantity,
To make two hundred and fifty grammes 250 Gm.
148 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Moisten the drug with sufficient alcohol, pack it in a cylindrical
percolator, and add enough alcohol to saturate the powder and leave a
stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator,
close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator,
macerate for forty-eight hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed
slowly, adding alcohol as required until the drug is exhausted. Recover
the alcohol from the percolate by distillation and evaporate the
residue to dr^Tiess, with frequent stirring, at a temperature not exceed-
ing 70° C. Weigh the residue and add sufficient of the dried starch to
make the product weigh two hundred and fifty grammes. Reduce the
mixture to a fine powder, mix thoroughly, pass the Extract through a
fine sieve, transfer it to small, wide-mouthed bottles and stopper them
tightly.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
EXTRACTUM COLCHICI CORMI
Extract of Colchicum Corm
Ext. Colch. Corm. — Powdered Extract of Colchicum Corm
Extract of Colchicum Corm yields not less than 1.25 per cent, nor
more than 1.55 per cent, of colchicine. One gramme of the Extract
represents about four grammes of colchicum corm.
Colchicum Corm, in No. 60 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Alcohol,
Purified Petroleum Benzin,
Starch, dried at 100° C, each, a sufficient quaniily.
Moisten the drug with sufficient alcohol, pack it in a cylindrical
percolator and add enough alcohol to saturate the powder and leave a
stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator,
close the lower orifice, and,' having closely covered the percolator,
macerate for forty-eight hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed
slowly, adding alcohol as required, until the percolate measures two
thousand mils or until the drug is exhausted. Recover the alcohol
from the percolate by distillation at as low a temperature as prac-
ticable until a residue measuring about one hundred and fifty mils
remains in the still. Transfer this residue to a flask, using a little
warm alcohol to rinse the still, and add the rinsings to the flask. WTien
it hag cooled, add two hundred and fi,fty mils of purified petroleum
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 149
benzin and shake the mixture thoroughly for several minutes. Allow
the liquids to separate and decant the benzin layer as closely as possi-
ble; again add to the residue one hundred and fifty mils of purified
petroleum benzin, agitate and decant the bonzin layer as before, repeat
the washing with one hundred mils of purified petroleum benzin and
reject the benzin washings.
Transfer the residue to a shallow evaporating dish, rinse the flask
with a little warm alcohol, adding the rinsings to the residue in the
dish, and evaporate it on a water bath to a thick extract. To this
add fifty grammes of the dried starch, mix well, spread the mixture on
glass plates and continue the drying in an air bath at a temperature not
exceeding 70° C. until thoroughly dry. Reduce the product to a fine
powder and weigh it.
Assay a portion of this product as directed below, and, from the
alkaloidal content thus determined, ascertain by calculation the amount
of alkaloid in the remainder of the powder and add to this enough of
the dried starch to make the finished Extract contain 1.4 per cent, of
colchicine. Mix the powders thoroughly, pass the Extract through a
fine sieve, transfer it to small wide-mouthed bottles and stopper them
tightly.
Assay — Proceed as directed under Colchici Semen, page 120, modifying
the process there given b}^ using 6 Gm. of the Extract of Colchicum Corm
instead of 15 Gm. of colchicum seed. The final weight will be the amount of
colchicine from two grammes of Extract of Colchicum Corm.
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
EXTRACTUM COLOCYNTHIDIS
Extract of Colocyntli
Ext. Colocynth. — Powdered Extract of Colocynth
One gramme of the Extract represents four grammes of colocynth.
Colocynth, in No. 20 powder, one thousand gramines 1000 Gm.
Diluted Alcohol,
Starch, dried at 100° C., each, a sufficient quantity,
To make two hundred and fifty grainmes 250 Gm.
Moisten the drug with two thousand mils of diluted alcohol and
macerate it in a closed vessel for twenty-four hours, then transfer the
150 THE PHARMACOPGEIA OF THE
moist drug to a cylindrical percolator, shake it down evenly withiout
packing, and gradually pour diluted alcohol upon it, allowing the per-
colation to proceed slowly, until the percolate measures five thousand
mils. Recover the alcohol from the percolate by distillation and evapo-
rate the residue to dryness on a water bath or steam bath. Reduce
the extract to a fine powder, weigh it, and add sufficient of the dried
starch to make the product weigh two hundred and fifty grammes. Mix
the powders thoroughly, pass the Extract through a fine sieve, transfer
it to small, wide-mouthed bottles and stopper them tightly.
Preparation — Extractum Colocynthidis Compositum.
Average dose — Metric, 0.03 Gm. — Apothecaries, }/2 grain.
EXTRACTUM COLOCYNTHIDIS COMPOSITUM
Compound Extract of Colocynth
Ext. Colocynth. Co. — Powdered Compound Extract of Colocynth
Extract of Colocynth, 07ie hundred and sixty grammes . 160 Gm.
Aloes, five hundred grammes 500 Gm.
Cardamom Seed, in No. 60 powder, fifty grammes 50 Gm.
Resin of Scammony, in No. 60 powder, one hundred ar.d
forty grammes 140 Gm.
Soap, dried and in powder, one hundred and fifty grammes. . 150 Gm.
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Triturate the ingredients until the product is reduced to a No. 60
powder. Pass the Extract through a fine sieve, transfer it to small,
wide-mouthed bottles and stopper them tightly.
Preparation — Pilulae Catharticae Compositae.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
EXTRACTUM ERGOTS
Extract of Ergot
Ext. Ergot.
Ergot, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Hydrochloric Acid, ten milliliters 10 mils
Purified Petroleum Benzin,
Alcohol,
Water, each, a sufficient quantity.
■UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 151
Pack the ergot in a percolator and slowly percolate it with purified
petroleum benzin until a few drops of the percolate, evaporated on
filter paper, leave no greasy staui. Reject the benzin percolate, remove
the ergot from the percolator and dry it by exposure to the air. Mix
eight hundred and fifty mils of alcohol with one hundred and fifty mils
of water, add the hydrochloric acid to four hundred mils of this mixture,
and moisten the ergot with the acid mixture. Pack it in a cylindrical
percolator and macerate for six hours, then add enough of the men-
struum to saturate the powder and leave a stratum above it. When
the liquid begins to drop from the percolator, close the lower orifice,
and, having closely covered the percolator, macerate for forty-eight
hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed, gradually adding men-
struum, using the same proportion of alcohol and water as before, until
the drug is exhausted. Recover the alcohol from the percolate by distil-
lation and evaporate the residue with frequent stirring, at a temperature
not exceeding 70° C, to a pilular consistence.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — ^Apothecaries, 4 grauis.
EXTRACTUM FELLIS BOVIS
Extract of Oxgall
Ext. Fel. Bov.— Powdered Extract of Oxgall
One gramm,e of the Extract represents eight grammes of oxgall.
Oxgall, eight hundred grammes 800 Gm.
Alcohol, fifteen hundred milliliters 1500 mils
Starch, dried at 100° C., a sufficient quantity,
To make one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Add one thousand mils of alcohol slowly and with agitation to the
oxgall contained in a bottle of sufficient size. Allow the mixture to
stand for two days and then decant the liquid portion. Wash the
residue in the bottle with an additional five hundred mils of alcohol,
decant the liquid portion, mix it with the liquid first separated and filter
the mixture. Recover the alcohol from the filtrate by distillation,
transfer the residue to a shallow dish and evaporate it to a thick extract
at a temperature between 75° and 80° C. Spread this extract on glass
plates and continue the drying by exposure to warm air, at a tempera-
ture not exceeding 70° C, until thoroughly dry. Reduce the extract
152 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
to a fine powder, weigh it and add sufficient of the dried starch to make
the product weigh one hundred grammes. Mix the powders thoroughly,
pass the Extract through a fine sieve, transfer it to small, wide-mouthed
bottles and stopper them tightly.
Average dose — Metric, 0.1 Gm. — Apothecaries 1)^ grains.
EXTRACTUM GELSEMII
Extract of Gelsemium
Ext. Gelsem. — Powdei'ed Extract of Gelsemium
One gramme of the Extract represents four grammes of gelsemium.
Gelsemium, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes .... 1000 Gm.
Alcohol,
Magnesium Oxide,
Starch, dried at 100° C., each, a sufficient quantity,
To make two hundred and fifty grammes 250 Gm.
Moisten the drug with sufficient alcohol, pack it in a cylindrical
percolator and add enough alcohol to saturate the powder and leave a
stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator,
close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator,
macerate for forty-eight hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed
slowly, adding alcohol as required, until the drug is exhausted.
Recover the alcohol from the percolate, by distillation at as low a
temperature as practicable, until a residue measuring about Jive
hundred mils remains in the still. Transfer this residue to a shallow
dish, and evaporate it to a soft extract with frequent stirring, at a
temperature not exceeding 70° C. Then add fifty grammes of a mix-
ture of one part of magnesium oxide and three parts of the dried starch,
mix well, spread the mass in a thin layer on glass or tinned-metal
plates or in a porcelain dish and continue the drying in an air bath, at
a temperature not exceeding 70° C., until thoroughly dry. Reduce the
extract to a fine powder, weigh it, and add sufficient of the mixture of
magnesium oxide and dried starch, made in the same proportion as
before, to make the finished product weigh two hundred and fifty grammes.
Mix the powders thoroughly, pass the Extract through a fine sieve,
transfer it to small, wide-mouthed bottles and stopper them tightly.
Average dose — Metric, 0.01 Gm. — Apothecaries, }4 grain.
i
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 153
EXTRACTUM GENTIAN^E
Extract of Gentian
Ext Qentlan.
Gentian, in No. 20 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Water, o sufficient quantity.
Moisten the powder with sufficient water, and allow it to macerate
for twenty-four hours ; then pack it in a conical percolator, and gradually
pour water upon it until the drug is exhausted. Reduce the liquid
to two thousand mils by boiling, strain it, and then evaporate it to a
pilular consistence on a water bath.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
EXTRACTUM GLYCYRRHIZiE
Extract of Glycyrrhiza
Ext. Glycyrrh. — Extract of Licorice
The commercial Extract of Glycyrrhiza.
In flattened, cylindrical rolls or in masses, of a glossy black color externally;
fracture brittle, sharp, smooth, conchoidal; taste characteristic and sweet.
When pulverized it yields a brown powder. Not less than 60 per cent, of
Extract of GlycjTrhiza is soluble in cold water. The yield of ash does not
exceed 6 per cent.
Preparations — Trochisci Ammonii Chloridi Trochisci Cubebae.
EXTRACTUM GLYCYRRHIZA PURUM
Pure Extract of Glycyrrhiza
Ext. Glycyrrh. Pur.
Glycyrrhiza, in No. 20 powder, one thousand grammes. . . 1000 Gm.
Ammonia Water, one hundred and fifty milliliters 150 mils
Water,
Chloroform Water, each, a sufficient quantity.
IVIix the ammonia water with three thousand mils of water, and,
having moistened the powder with one thousand mils of the mixture,
allow it to macerate in a closed vessel for twenty-four hours. Then
pack it lightly in a cylindrical percolator, and gradually pour upon it,
first the remainder of the menstruum, and then chloroform water,
until the glycyrrhiza is exhausted. Evaporate the liquid in a porcelain
dish on a water bath, to a pilular consistence.
Preparation — Mistura Glycyrrhizae Composita.
154 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
EXTRACTUM HYDRASTIS
Extract of Hydrastis
Ext. Hydrast. — Extract of Golden Seal Powdered Extract of Hydrastis
Extract of Hydrastis yields not less than 9 per cent, nor more than
11 per cent, of the ether-soluble alkaloids of hydrastis. One gramme
of the Extract represents about four grammes of hydrastis.
Hydrastis, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Tartaric Acid, five grammes 5 Gm.
Alcohol,
Magnesium Oxide,
Starch, dried at 100° C., each, a sufficient quantity.
Dissolve the tartaric acid in one thousand mils of alcohol, moisten
the drug with sufficient of this solution and pack in a cylindrical perco-
lator; then add enough of the acidified alcohol, followed by alcohol
if necessary, to saturate the powder and leave a stratum above it. When
the liquid begins to drop from the percolator, close the lower orifice, and,
having closely covered the percolator, macerate for forty-eight hours.
Then allow the percolation to proceed slowly, adding alcohol as required,
until the drug is exhausted. Recover the alcohol from the percolate
by distillation, and evaporate the residue to a soft extract, with frequent
stirring, at a temperature not exceeding 70° C. Add fifty grammes of a
mixture of one part of magnesium oxide and three parts of the dried
starch, mix thoroughly and spread the mass in a thin layer on glass or
tinned-metal plates or in a porcelain dish and continue the drying in
an air bath at a temperature not exceeding 70° C., until thoroughly
dry. Then reduce the extract to a fine powder and weigh it.
Assay a portion of this product as directed below, and, from the
alkaloidal content thus determined, ascertain by calculation the amount
of alkaloids in the remainder of the powder and add to this enough of
the mixture of magnesium oxide and dried starch, made in the same
proportion as before, to make the finished Extract contain 10 per cent,
of the ether-soluble alkaloids of hydrastis. Mix the powders thoroughly,
pass the Extract through a fine sieve, transfer it to small, wide-mouthed
bottles and stopper them tightly.
Assay — Introduce 3 Gm. of Extract of Hydrastis into a 250 mil flask, add 10
Gm. of washed sand and mix thoroughly. Then add 150 mils of ether and 5 mils
of ammonia water. Shake the mixture vigorously every ten minutes during a
half hour, and when the dregs have settled decant 100 mils of the clear liquid,
representing two grammes of the Extract. Proceed as directed under Bellndoiinw
RnrttT, page 73, seventh line of the Assay, modifying the process there given
• UNITED STATES OF AMERICA l56
by using ether instead of chloroform for the final shaking out of the alkaloids,
and drying the residue to constant weight at 100° C, instead of titrating it.
The weight will be the amount of ether-soluble alkaloids from two grammes of
Extract of Hydrastis.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Cm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
EXTRACTUM HYOSCYA^II
Extract of Hyoscyamus
Ext. Hyosc.
Extract of Hyoscyamus yields not less than 0.22 per cent, nor more
than 0.28 per cent, of the alkaloids of hyoscyamus. One gramme of
the Extract represents about four grammes of hyoscyamus.
Hyoscyamus, in No. 40 powder, one tJwusand grammes. . . 1000 Gm.
Glucose,
Alcohol,
Water, each, a sufficient quantity.
^loisten the powder with sufficient of a mixture of three volumes
of alcohol and one volume of water, pack it firmly in a cylindrical
percolator and add enough menstruum, using the same proportion of
alcohol and water as before, to saturate the powder and leave a stratum
above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator, close the
lower orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator, macerate for
forty-eight hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed slowly,
gradually adding menstruum of the same strength until the drug is
exhausted. Recover the alcohol by distillation and evaporate the
residue, with frequent stirring, at a temperature not exceeding 70° C.,
until it is reduced to a pilular consistence. Mix the mass thoroughly
and weigh it.
Assay a portion of this extract as directed below, and, from the
alkaloidal content thus determined, ascertain by calculation the amount
of alkaloids in the remainder of the mass and to this add enough glucose
to make the finished Extract contain 0.25 per cent, of the alkaloids of
hyoscyamus. Mix thoroughly.
Assay — Proceed as directed under Extractum Belladonnas Foliorum (Pilular),
page 145, modifying the process there given by using 5 Gm. of Extract of
Hyoscyamus instead of 2 Gm. of extract of belladonna leaves.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 28.92
milligrammes of the alkaloids of hyoscyamus.
I Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
156 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE!
EXTRACTUM MALTI
Extract of Malt
Ext. Malt.
Malt, in coarse powder (not finer than No. 12), one thou-
sand grammes 1000 Gm.
Water, a sufficient quantity.
Pour one thousand mils of water upon the powder contained in a
suitable vessel and macerate for six hours, then add four thousand
mils of water, heated to 60° C, and digest the mixture for one hour
on a water bath at a temperature not exceeding 60° C. Strain the
mixture, express, filter the strained liquid, and, by means of a water bath
or vacuum apparatus, evaporate the liquid, at a temperature not
exceeding 60° C, until it has a specific gravity of not less than 1.350
nor more than 1.400 at 25° C.
Average dose — Metric, 15 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 drachms.
EXTRACTUM NUCIS VOMICAE
Extract of Nux Vomica
Ext. Nuc. Vom. — Powdered Extract of Nux Vomica NucIs vomicae extractum P. I.
Extract of Nux Vomica yields not less than 15.2 per cent, nor more
than 16.8 per cent, of the alkaloids of nux vomica.
Nux Vomica, in No. 20 powder, one thousand grammes. . . 1000 Gm.
Alcohol,
Water,
Purified Petroleum Benzin;
Diluted Sulphuric Acid,
Ammonia Water,
Chloroform,
Magnesium Oxide,
Starch, dried at 100° C., each, a sufficient quantity.
Moisten the drug with sufficient of a mixture of three volumes of alcohol
and one volume of water, pack it firmly in a cylindrical percolator, and
add enough of the menstruum, using the same proportion of alcohol
and water as before, to saturate the powder and leave a stratum above
it. When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator, close the lower
orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator, macerate for fort;^'-
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 157
eight hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed slowly, gradually
adding the menstruum as required, until the percolate passes but
faintly imbued with bitterness, and the drug is exhausted. Recover
the alcohol from the percolate by distillation at as low a tempera-
ture as practicable and concentrate the liquid until the residue
measures about two hundred mils. Transfer this residue to a flask or
separator, using a little warm menstruum made of the same proportion
of alcohol and water originally used, to rinse the still, and add the rinsing
to the separator. Then add one hundred and fifty mils of water and two
hundred mils of purified petroleum benzin and shake the mixture thor-
oughly for several minutes. Allow the liquids to separate and decant
the benzin layer as closely as possible; again add to the residue one
hundred mils of purified petroleum benzin, agitate, and decant the
benzin as before.
Wash the mixed benzin solutions, in a separator, with a mixture of
one hundred mils of water and ten mils of diluted sulphuric acid, separate
the aqueous layer and repeat the washing twice with fresh portions,
one hundred mils each, of water and acid made in the same proportion
as before. Collect the aqueous solutions in a separator, render the
liquid alkaline by the addition of ammonia water and shake it out
with three portions of chloroform, twenty mils, ten mils, and ten mils,
respectively. Add the combined chloroform solutions to the extract
and evaporate the mixture to dr^Tiess on a water bath with frequent
stirring.
Assay a portion of this product as directed below, and, from the
alkaloidal content thus determined, ascertain by calculation the amount
of alkaloids in the remainder of the product and add to this enough
of a mixture of magnesium oxide, one part, and of the dried starch, three
parts, to make the finished Extract contain 16 per cent, of the alka-
loids of nux vomica. Reduce the mixture to a fine powder, mix
thoroughly, pass the Extract through a fine sieve, transfer it to small,
wide-mouthed bottles and stopper them tightly.
Assay — Introduce 3 Gm. of Extract of Nux Vomica into a 250 mil flask, add
10 Gm. of washed sand and mix thoroughly. Then add 150 mils of a mixture
of ether, 2 volumes, and chloroform, 1 rohime, followed by 5 mils of ammonia
■water. Shake the mixture vigorously every ten minutes during half an hour,
and when the dregs have settled decant 100 mils of the clear liquid, repre-
senting two grammes of the Extract. Proceed as directed under BelladonncB
Radix, page 73, seventh Hue of the Assay, modifying the process there given by
dissolving the alkaloidal residue in 10 mils of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S.
instead of 5 mils.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 36.4
milligranunes of the alkaloids of nux vomica.
Average dose — Metric, 0.015 Gm. — Apothecaries, }i gram»
158 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
EXTRACTUM OPII
Extract of Opium
Ext, Opii- -Powdered Extract of Opium Opii extractum P. I.
Extract of Opium yields not less than 19.5 per cent, nor more than
20.5 per cent, of anhydrous morphine. One gramme of the Extract
represents about two grammes of opium.
Opium, cut in small pieces, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Starch, dried at 100° C,
Water, each, a sufficient quantity.
Macerate the opium with three hundred mils of hot water until softened,
then rub to a smooth paste. Add to this one hundred grammes of clean,
white sand and mix thoroughly. Transfer the mixture to a percolator
and allow the percolation to proceed, gradually adding water until the
opium is exhausted. Evaporate the percolate to dryness in a shallow
evaporating dish, on a water bath, reduce the product to a fine powder
and weigh it.
Assay a portion of this product as directed below, and, from the
alkaloidal content thus determined, ascertain by calculation the amount
of ajihydrous morphine in the remainder of the powder and add to
this enough of the dried starch to make the finished Extract contain
20 per cent, of anhydrous morphine. Mix the powders thoroughly, pass
the Extract through a fine sieve, transfer it to small, wide-mouthed
bottles and stopper them tightly.
Assay — Dissolve 4 Gm. of Extract of Opium in 5 mils of distilled water, add
gradually, with constant stirring, 25 mils of distilled water, filter, and wash
the filter and residue with sufficient distilled water to make the solution measure
exactly 50 mils. Then proceed as directed under Opium, page 30G, sixteenth
line of the Assay.
The morphine obtained represents two grammes of Extract of Opium.
Average dose — Metric, 0.03 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3^ grain.
EXTRACTUM PHYSOSTIGMATIS
Extract of Physostigma
Ext. Physostig. — Powdered Extract of Physostigma
Extract of Physostigma yields not less than 1.7 per cent, nor more
than 2.3 per cent, of the alkaloids of physostigma. One gramme of the
Extract represents about thirteen grammes of physostigma.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 159
Physostigma, in No. 60 powder, one thousand grammes. . 1000 Gm.
Tartaric Acid, five grammes 5 Gm.
Purified Petroleum Benzin,
Starch, dried at 100° C.,
Alcohol,
Water, each, a sufficient quantity.
Dissolve the tartaric acid in one thousand mils of a mixture of three
volumes of alcohol and one volume of water, moisten the drug with
sufficient of this solution, and pack it in a cylindrical percolator; then
add enough of the acidified alcohol to saturate the powder and leave
a stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator,
close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator,
macerate for forty-eight hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed
slowly, gradually adding the remainder of the prepared menstruum
and then a mixture of three volumes of alcohol and one volume of
water until the drug is exhausted. Recover the alcohol from the
percolate by distillation at as low a temperature as practicable and
concentrate the remaining liquid at a temperature not exceeding 70° C.
until the residue measures about two hundred mils. Transfer the residue
to a flask, using a little warm menstruum, made of the same propor-
tion of alcohol and water as before, to rinse the still, and add the
rinsing to the residue in the flask. Then add one hundred mils of water
and two hundred and fifty mils of purified petroleum benzin and shake
the mixture thoroughly for several minutes. Allow the liquids to sepa-
rate and decant the benzin layer as closely as possible; again add to
the residue two hundred mils of purified petroleum benzin, agitate, and,
after allowing the liquids to separate, decant the benzin layer as before
and reject the benzin solutions.
Transfer the residue to a shallow evaporating dish, rinse the separator
with a little of the warm menstruum, add the rinsings to the residue in
the dish and evaporate it to pilular consistence at a temperature not
exceeding 70° C. Now add twenty grammes of the dried starch, thoroughly
incorporate it, set the extract aside in a current of warm air until dry,
then reduce the product to a fine powder and weigh it.
Assay a portion of this product as directed below, and, from the
alkaloidal content thus determined, ascertain by calculation the amount
of alkaloids in the remainder of the powder and add to this enough of
the dried starch to make the finished Extract contain 2 per cent,
of the alkaloids of physostigma. Mix the powders thoroughly, pass the
160 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE ■
Extract through a fine sieve, transfer it to small, wide-mouthed bottles
and stopper them tightly.
Assny — Introduce 3 Grn. of Extract of Physostigma into a 250 mil flask, add
10 Gm. of washed sand and mix thoroughly. Then add 150 mils of ether and
proceed aa directed under Physostigma, page 320, second line of the Assay.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 27.52
milligrammes of the alkaloids of physostigma.
Average dose — Metric, 0.008 Gm. — Apothecaries, % grain.
EXTRACTUM RHEI
Extract of Rhubarb
Ext. Rhel— Powdered Extract of Rhubarb
One gramme of the Extract represents two grammes of rhubarb.
Rhubarb, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Magnesium Oxide, fifty grammes 50 Gm.
Starch, dried at 100° C.,
Alcohol,
Water, each, a sufficient quantity.
To make, five hundred grammes 500 Gm.
Moisten the drug with sufficient of a mixture oifour volumes of alcohol
and one volume of water, pack it in a cylindrical percolator and add
enough of this menstruum to saturate the powder and leave a stratum
above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator close
the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator, macerate
for forty-eight hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed slowly,
gradually adding menstruum of the same proportion of alcohol and
water as before until the drug is exhausted. Recover the alcohol from
the percolate by distillation at as low a temperature as practicable,
and continue distillation until a residue of syrupy consistence remains
in the still. Transfer this to a shallow dish, rinse the still with a little
warm menstruum, add the rinsings to the residue in the dish, and evap-
orate the mixture to dryness, with frequent stirring, at a temperature
not exceeding 70° C. Weigh the dry extract and add the magnesium
oxide and sufficient of the dried starch to make the product weigh five
hundred grammes. Reduce the mixture to a fine powder, mix thoroughly,
pass the Extract through a fine sieve, transfer it to small, wide-mouthed
bottles and stopper them tightly.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
tJNITED STATES OF AMERICA 161
EXTRACTUM STRAMONII
Extract of Stramonium
Ext. Stramon.
Extract of Stramonium yields not less than 0.9 per cent, nor more
than 1.1 per cent, of the alkaloids of stramonium. One gramme of
the Extract represents about Jour grammes of stramonium.
Pilular Extract of Stramonium
Stramonium, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes. . . . 1000 Gm.
Glucose,
Alcohol,
Water, each, a sufficient quantity.
Moisten the powder with sufficient of a mixture of three volumes of
alcohol and one volume of water and pack it in a cylindrical percolator;
then add enough of this menstruum to saturate the powder and leave
a stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator,
close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator,
macerate for forty-eight hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed
gradually adding menstruum of the same strength, until the drug is
exhausted. Recover the alcohol from the percolate by distillation,
and evaporate the residue with frequent stirring, at a temperature
not exceeding 70° C, to a pilular consistence. Mix the mass thoroughly
and weigh it.
Assay a portion of this extract as directed below, and, from the
alkaloidal content thus determined, ascertain by calculation the amount
of alkaloids in the remainder of the mass and to this add enough glucose
to make the finished Extract contain 1 per cent, of the alkaloids of
stramonium. Mix thoroughly.
Assay — Proceed as directed under Extractum Belladonnoe Foliorum (Pilular),
page 145, using 2 Gm. of Pilular Extract of Stramonium.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 28.92
milligrammes of the alkaloids of stramonium.
Powdered Extract of Stramonium
Stramonium, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes . . . 1000 Gm.
Magnesium Oxide, twenty grammes 20 Gm.
Starch, dried at 100° C,
Alcohol, each, a sufficient quantity.
Moisten the drug with sufficient alcohol and pack it in a cylindrical
percolator; then add enough alcohol to saturate the powder and leave
16
162 THE PHARMACOPOEIA OF THE
a stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator,
close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator, macer-
ate for forty-eight hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed very
slowly, adding alcohol as required. Reserve the first one thousand
mils of percolate and continue the percolation until the second per-
colate measures one thousand mils or until the drug is exhausted.
Transfer the second percolate to a suitable apparatus and distil off
the alcohol, at as low a temperature as practicable, until a residue
measuring about one hundred mils remains, then add the reserved
percolate and continue distillation until the residue in the still is of
syrupy consistence.
Transfer this residue to a shallow evaporating dish, rinse the flask
or still with a small quantity of warm alcohol, and add the rinsing to
the contents of the dish. Evaporate this to a soft extract, with frequent
stirring, at a temperature not exceeding 70° C. Then add fifty grammes
of the dried starch and continue the heating at the same temperature,
with frequent stirring, until the mass is nearly dry. Now add the mag-
nesium oxide, thoroughly incorporate it, and set the product aside in a
current of warm air, until thoroughly dry. Reduce the product to a
fine powder and weigh it.
Assay a portion of this product as directed below, and, from the
alkaloidal content thus determined, ascertain by calculation the amount
of alkaloids in the remainder of the powder and add to this enough
dried starch to make the finished Extract contain 1 per cent, of the
alkaloids of stramonium. IVIix the powders thoroughly, pass the
Extract through a fine sieve, transfer it to small, wide-mouthed bottles
and stopper them tightly.
Assay — Proceed as directed under Extractum Bdladonnce Foliorum (Powdered),
page 146, using 3 Gm. of Powdered Extract of Stramonium.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 28.92
milligrammes of the alkaloids of stramonium.
Preparation — Unguentum Stramonii (from Pilular Extract).
Average dose — Metric, 0.01 Gm. — Apothecaries, % grain.
EXTRACTUM SUMBUL
Extract of Sumbul
Ext. Sumbul
Sumbul, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Alcohol,
Water, each, a sufficient quantity.
XmiTED STATES OF AiMEIilCA 163
Moisten the powder with sufficient of a mixture of four volumes of
alcohol and one volume of water and pack it in a cylindrical percolator;
then add enough of this menstruum to saturate the powder and leave
a stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator,
close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator,
macerate for forty-eight hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed
slowly, gradually adding menstruum of the same strength until the
drug is exhausted. Recover the alcohol from the percolate by distillation
and evaporate the residue with frequent stirring, at a temperature not
exceeding 70° C, to a pilular consistence.
AVERA.GB DOSE — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
EXTRACTUM TARAXACI
Extract of Taraxacum
Ext. Tarax.
Taraxacum, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes. . . . 1000 Gm.
Alcohol,
Water, each, a su^cient quantity.
Mix one hundred and twenty-five mils of alcohol with eight hundred
and seventy-five mils of water, and, having moistened the powder
with a portion of the mixture, pack it in a cylindrical percolator, then
add enough of the menstruum to saturate the powder and leave a stratum
above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator, close the
lower orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator, macerate for
twenty-four hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed, gradually
adding menstruum of the same strength until the drug is exhausted.
Recover the alcohol from the percolate by distillation and evaporate the
residue with frequent stirring, on a water bath, to a pilular consistence.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
EXTRACTUM VIBURNI PRUNIFOLII
Extract of Viburnum Prunifolium
Ext. Viburn. Prun. — Powdered Extract of Viburnum Prunifolium
One gramme of the Extract represents^ye grammes of viburnum pruni-
folium.
164 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Viburnum Prunifolium, in No. 30 powder, one thousand
grammes 1000 Gm.
Magnesium Oxide, Hve grammes 5 Gm.
Starch, dried at 100° C.,
Diluted Alcohol, each, a sufficient quantity,
To make two hundred grammes 200 Gm.
Moisten the powder with sufficient diluted alcohol and pack it in a
cylindrical percolator; then add enough diluted alcohol to saturate the
powder and leave a stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop
from the percolator, close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered
the percolator, macerate for forty-eight hours. Then allow the percola-
tion to proceed slowly, adding diluted alcohol as required until the
viburnum prunifolium is exhausted. Recover the alcohol from the
percolate by distillation at as low a temperature as practicable and
evaporate the residue to a soft extract in a shallow dish on a water
bath, at a temperature not 'exceeding 70° C. Add the magnesium
oxide, incorporate it thoroughly, spread the extract on glass plates and
dry it by exposure to currents of warm air. Reduce the extract to a
fine powder, weigh it, and add sufficient of the dried starch to make the
finished product weigh two hundred grammes. Mix the powder thor-
oughly, pass the Extract through a fine sieve, transfer it to small, wide-
mouthed bottles and stopper them tightly.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
PEL BOVIS
Oxgall
The fresh bile of the ox, Bos taurus Linn^ (Fam. Bovidoe).
A brownish-green or dark green, somewhat viscid liquid, having a character-
istic odor, and a disagreeable, bitter taste.
When Oxgall is shaken with water a frothy mixture is produced.
Specific gravity: 1.015 to 1.025 at 25° C.
It is neutral or faintly alkaline to litmus.
A mixture of 2 drops of Oxgall and 10 mils of water, when treated, first with
a drop of a freshly prepared solution of 1 part of sugar in 4 parts of water, and
afterwards with sulphuric acid, cautiously added, until the precipitate first
formed is redissolved, gradually acquires a brownish-red color, changing suc-
cessively to carmine, purple, and violet.
Preparation — Extractum Fellis Bovis.
tJNITED STATES OF AMERICA 165
FERRI CARBONAS SACCIIARATUS
Saccharated Ferrous Carbonate
Ferr. Carb. Sacch.
Saccharated Ferrous Carbonate contains not less than 15 per cent, of
FeCOa (115,84). Preserve it in small, well-stoppered bottles, exposed
to light.
Ferrous Sulphate, fifty grammes 50 Gm.
Sodium Bicarbonate, thirty-five grammes 35 Gm.
Sugar of Milk, ten grammes 10 Gm.
Sugar, in fine powder,
Diluted Sulphuric Acid,
Distilled Water, each, a sufficient quantity,
To make one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Dissolve the ferrous sulphate in two hundred mils of hot distilled
water, add a few drops of diluted sulphuric acid and filter. Dissolve
the sodium bicarbonate in five hundred mils of distilled water at a
temperature not exceeding 50° C, and filter. To the solution of sodium
bicarbonate, contained in a flask having a capacity of about one thousand
mils, gradually add the solution of ferrous sulphate, and mix thoroughly
by rotating the flask. Fill the flask with boiling distilled water, cork
it loosely, and set the mixture aside. When the precipitate has sub-
sided, draw off the clear supernatant hquid by means of a siphon; fill
the flask again with hot distilled water and shake it. Again draw off
the clear liquid, and repeat the washing with hot distilled water, in the
same manner, until the decanted liquid gives merely a slight cloudiness
with barium chloride T.S. Drain the precipitate, and transfer it to
a porcelain dish containing seventy grammes of sugar and ten grammes
of sugar of milk and mix intimately. Evaporate the mixture to dryness
on a water bath, reduce it to powder, weigh, and mix intimately with
it, if necessary, enough well-dried sugar to make the product weigh
one hundred grammes. To minimize oxidation make this preparation in
the shortest possible time.
Saccharated Ferrous Carbonate is a greenish-brown powder, gradually be-
coming oxidized by contact with air; odorless, and having at first a sweetish,
afterwards slightly ferruginous, taste.
Saccharated Ferrous Carbonate is only partially soluble in water, but is
completely dissolved on the addition of hydrochloric acid, with copious evolu-
tion of carbon dioxide, forming a clear, greenish-yellow liquid.
Dissolve 1 Gm. of Saccharated Ferrous Carbonate in 5 mils of hydrochloric
acid, and dilute the solution with distilled water until it measures 100 mils.
166 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Portions of this solution yield a blue precipitate with either potassium ferro-
cyanide T.S. or potassium ferricyanide T.S.; another 10 mil portion of the
solution shows not more than a shght turbidity with barium chloride T.S.
{sulphate).
Assay — Dissolve about 2 Gm. of Saccharated Ferrous Carbonate, accurately
weighed, in 15 mils of diluted sulphuric acid, and dilute the solution with distilled
water to about 100 mils. Titrate immediately with tenth-normal potassium
dichromate V.S., potassium feiTicyanide T.S. being used as indicator. It shows
not less than 15 per cent, of FeCOa.
Each mil of tenth-normal potassium dichromate V.S. used corresponds to
0.011584 Gm. of FeCOa. Each gramme of Saccharated Ferrous Carbonate
corresponds to not less than 13 mils of tenth-normal potassium dichromate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
FERRI CHLORIDUM
Ferric Chloride
Ferr. Chlor. — Iron Perchloride Sesquichloride of Iron
It contains FeCla (162.22) in a hydrated form corresponding to not
less than 20 per cent, of Fe. Preserve it in well-closed glass containers.
Ferric Chloride occurs in orange-yellow, crystalline pieces, odorless, or with
a faint odor of hydrochloric acid, and having a strongly styptic taste. It is
very deliquescent in air.
One Gm. of FeiTic Chloride dissolves in 0.2 mil of water at 25° C; freely
soluble in alcohol and soluble in glycerin or ether.
At about 35.5° C. the salt fuses to a reddish-brown liquid. When strongly
heated, it decomposes, losing some ferric chloride, water and hydrochloric acid
and leaving a residue of ferric oxide.
An aqueous solution of Ferric Chloride, made by dissolving 10 Gm. of the salt
in 15 mils of distilled water, responds to the tests for identity and purity imder
Liquor Ferri Chloridi, omitting the test for hydrochloric acid.
Assay — Dissolve about 1 Gm. of Ferric Chloride, accurately weighed in a
stoppered weighing-bottle, in 25 mils of distilled water, add 3 mils of hydro-
chloric acid and 4 Gm. of potassium iodide, and allow the mixture to stand
in a glass-stoppered flask or bottle for thirty minutes at a temperature of 40° C.
Cool this solution, then dilute it with lOO mils of distilled water and titrate
with tenth-normal sodium tliiosulphate V.S., using starch T.S. as indicator.
It shows not less than 20 per cent, of Fe.
Each mil of tenth-normal sodiuip thiosulphate V.S. used corresponds to
0.005584 Gm. of Fe. Each gramme of Ferric Chloride corresponds to not less
than 35.8 mils of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
FERRI ET AMMONII CITRAS
Iron and Ammonium Citrate
Ferr. et Ammon, Cit. — Soluble Ferric Citrate Ammonio-ferric Citrate
Ferric citrate rendered more readily soluble by the presence of ammo-
nium citrate and containing not less than 16 per cent, nor more than
UNITED STATES OF AMEUICA 167
18 per cent, of Fe. Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected
from light.
Iron and Ammonium Citrate occurs as thin, transparent, garnet-red scales,
odorless and having a saUne, mildly ferruginous taste. It is deliquescent in
moist air.
Iron and Ammonium Citrate is readily and completely soluble in water;
insoluble in alcohol.
An aqueous solution (1 in 20) is neutral or but slightly acid or alkaUne to
litmus.
When strongly heated, it chars, and finally leaves a residue of ferric oxide.
Heat Iron and Ammonium Citrate with jiotassium hydroxide T.S.; it yields
a brownish-red precipitate, and ammonia is evolved.
Ammonia water, added to an aqueous solution, produces no precipitate, but
darkens the solution.
Remove the iron from 10 mils of an aqueous solution of Iron and Ammonium
Citrate (1 in 10) bj' boihng it with an excess of potas.sium hydroxide T.S., filter,
and then slightly acidulate the filtrate with acetic acid. A portion of the cooled
filtrate, when mixed with 2 mils of calcium chloride T.S., and again heated to
boiling, gradually deposits a white crystalline precipitate. Another portion of
the filtrate, when acidulated more strongly with acetic acid and allowed to stand
for twenty-four hours, does not j-ield a white crystalhne precipitate {tartrate).
An aqueous solution of Iron and Ammonium Citrate (1 in 100) does not jield
a blue precipitate with potassium ferrocyanide T.S. unless it is acidulated with
hydrochloric acid (difference from ferric citrate).
Assay — Dissolve about 1 Gm. of Iron and Ammoniimi Citrate, accurately
weighed, in 25 mils of distilled water and 7 mils of hydrochloric acid, in a glass-
stoppered flask or bottle, add 4 Gm. of pota.ssium iodide, stopper the bottle
securely and keep it at a temperature of 40° C. for thii-ty minutes. Then cool,
and titrate with tenth-normal sodium thiosulphato V.S., using starch T.S. as
indicator. It shows not less than 16 per cent, nor more than IS per cent of Fe.
Each mil of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. used corresponds to
0.005584 Gm. of Fe. Each gramme of Iron and Ammonium Citrate corre-
sponds to not less than 28.6 mils nor more than 32.2 mils of tenth-normal
sodium thiosulphate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
FERRI ET QUININiE CITRAS
Iron and Quinine Citrate
Ferr. et Quin. Cit. — Ferri ct Quininse Citras Solubilis, U.S.P. VIII
Soluble Iron and Quinine Citrate
Iron citrate and quinine citrate rendered more soluble by the pres-
ence of ammonium citrate and containing not less than 11.5 per cent,
of anhydrous quinine (C20H24O2X2) and not less than 13 per cent, of
Fe. Preserve it in amber-colored, well-stoppered bottles, protected from
light.
Iron and Quinine Citrate occurs as thin, transparent scales, of a greenish or
golden-yellow color, odorless, and having a bitter, mildly ferruginous taste.
It is deliquescent.
168 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Iron and Quinine Citrate is rapidly and completely soluble in cold water,
partly soluble in alcohol.
An aqueous solution (1 in 10) is acid to litmus.
When strongly heated, Iron and Quinine Citrate chars, and finally leaves a
residue of ferric oxide.
When heated with potassium hydroxide T.S., a brown precipitate is produced
and ammonia is evolved.
On the addition of a slight excess of ammonia water to an aqueous solution
of Iron and QuLaine Citrate (1 in 10), the color of the Mquid is deepened, and
a white, curdy precipitate is produced.
A portion of the filtrate from this precipitate does not yield a blue color or
precipitate with potassium ferrocyanide T.S. unless it is acidulated with hydro-
chloric acid.
Boil an aqueous solution of Iron and Quinine Citrate (1 in 10) with an excess
of potassium hydroxide T.S. until completely precipitated, and slightly acidulate
the filtrate with acetic acid. A portion of the cooled filtrate, mixed with 2 mils
of calcium chloride T.S. and again heated to boihng, gradually deposits a white,
crystalline precipitate. Another portion of the filtrate, more strongly acidulated
with acetic acid and allowed to stand for twenty-four hours, does not yield a
white, crystalline precipitate {tartrate).
Assay for Quinine — Dissolve about 1 Gm. of Iron and Quinine Citrate, accu-
rately weighed, in 20 mils of distilled water in a separator, add 5 mils of am-
monia water and 10 mils of chloroform, and shake the separator for one minute.
Allow the hquids to separate, draw off the chloroform layer through a small
filter moistened with chloroform, into a tared dish, and shake the residuary
hquid a second and a third time with portions of 10 mils each of chloroform,
passing the chloroform through the filter each time and finally washing the filter
with 5 mils of chloroform. Evaporate the combined chloroform solutions,
redissolve the residue in 3 mils of alcohol, again evaporate and then dry the
residue to constant weight at 100° C. This residue corresponds to not less
than 11.5 per cent, of the amount of Iron and Quinine Citrate taken for the
assay and conforms to the identity tests under Quinina.
Assay for Iron — Heat the aqueous hquid, from which the quinine has been
removed in the manner just described, on a water bath, until the odors of chloro-
form and of ammonia have disappeared, allow to cool and dilute with distilled
water to a volume of 25 mils. Transfer the hquid to a glass- stoppered bottle,
add 15 mils of hydrochloric acid and 3 Gm. of potassium iodide, and, after se-
curely closing the bottle, allow the mixture to stand for thirty minutes at
40° C. Then cool and titrate with sodium thiosulphate V.S., using starch T.S.
as indicator. It shows not less than 13 per cent, of Fe.
Each mil of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. used corresponds to
0.005584 Gm. of Fe. Each gramme of Iron and Quinine Citrate corresponds
to not less than 23.3 mils of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
FERRI IIYDROXIDUM CUM MAGNESII OXIDO
Ferric Hydroxide with Magnesium Oxide
Ferr. Hydrox. cum Mag. Oxid. — Arsenic Antidote Ferric Hydrate with Magnesia
Solution of Ferric Sulphate, forty milliliters 40 mils
Magnesium Oxide, ten grammes 10 Gm,
Water, a sufficient quantity.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 169
Mix the solution of ferric sulphate with one hundred and twenly-five
mils of water, and keep the hquid in a large, well-stoppered bottle. Rub
the magnesium oxide with cold water to a smooth and thin mixture,
transfer this to a bottle capable of holding about one thousand mils,
fill it with water to about three-fourths of its capacity, and keep it
tightly stoppered. When the preparation is wanted for use, shake the
magnesium oxide mixture until of a thin, creamy consistence, slowly
add to it the diluted solution of ferric sulphate, and shake them together
until a uniformly smooth mixture results.
Note — In this process the 10 Gm. of magnesium oxide may be
replaced by 300 mils of magnesia magma, diluting it with sufficient
water to make the required volume.
Always keep the diluted solution of ferric sulphate and the magnesia
mixture on hand in separate bottles, ready for immediate use, so that
the antidote may be quickly prepared.
Average dose — Metric, 120 mils — Apothecaries, 4 fluidounces.
FERRI PHOSPHAS
Ferric Phosphate
Ferr. Phos.— Ferri Phosphas Solubllis, U.S.P. VIII
Soluble Ferric Phosphate
Ferric Phosphate rendered soluble by the presence of sodium citrate.
It contains not less than 12 per cent, of Fe. Preserve it in amber-
colored, well-stoppered bottles, protected from light.
Ferric Phosphate occurs as thin, bright green, transparent scales, without
odor, and having an acidulous, slightly saline taste. The salt is permanent in
dry air when excluded from light, but when unprotected, soon becomes discolored.
Ferric Phosphate is freely and completely soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.
An aqueous solution of Ferric Phosphate (1 in 10) is sUghtly acid to htmus.
The addition of ammonia water to an aqueous solution of Ferric Phosphate
gives a reddish-brown color, but does not produce a precipitate.
Ferric Phosphate, when boiled with potassium hydroxide T.S., produces a
brownish-red precipitate without evolving ammonia.
Boil an aqueous solution of Ferric Phosphate (1 in 10) with an excess of
potassium hydroxide T.S. until deprived of its iron, strongly acidulate the
filtrate v.'ith hydrochloric acid and cool a portion of the hquid. When mixed
with an equal volume of magnesia mixture T.S., followed by a slight excess
of ammonia water, this liquid affords an abundant, white, crystaUine precipi-
tate. This precipitate turns yellow when washed and treated with a few drops
of silver nitrate T.S. (distinction from pyrophosphate).
Assay — Dissolve about 1 Gm. of Ferric Phosphate, accurately weighed, in
25 mils of distilled water and 15 mils of hydrochloric acid in a glass-stoppered
bottle, then add 3 Gm. of potassium iodide, securely stopper the bottle, keep
170 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
it at a temperature of 40° C. for thirty minutes, then cool and titrate with
tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S., using starch T.S. as indicator. It
shows not less than 12 per cent, of Fe.
Each mil of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. used corresponds to
0.005584 Gm. of Fe. Each gramme of Ferric Phosphate corresponds to not less
than 21.5 mils of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S.
A\t:rage dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
FERRI SULPHAS
Ferrous Sulphate
Ferr. Sulph. — Iron Protosulphate
It contains not less than 54.36 nor more than 57.07 per cent, of
anhydrous ferrous sulphate, corresponding to about 99.5 per cent, of the
crystallized salt [FeS04+7H20 = 278.02]. Preserve it m well-closed
containers.
Ferrous Sulphate occurs as pale bluish-green, monoclinic prisms, without
odor, and having a saline, styptic taste; efflorescent in dry air. On exposure
to moist air, the crystals rapidly oxidize, and become coated with browTiish-
yellow, basic ferric sulphate. When it has thus deteriorated the salt must not
be used for any official purpose.
One Gm. of Ferrous Sulphate dissolves in 1.4 mils of water at 25° C; in 0.4
mil of boiling water; insoluble in alcohol.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is acid to Utmus.
When slowly heated to 115° C, the crystals disintegrate, and the salt loses
the greater part of its water of crystalhzation.
An aqueous solution of the salt, even when higlily diluted, gives with potassium
ferricyanide T.S. a blue color or precipitate, and with baaium chloride T.S. a
white precipitate insoluble in hydrocliloric acid.
Di-ssolve 1 Gm. of the salt in about 50 mils of distilled water containing 1 mil
of diluted sulphuric acid, heat the solution to boiling, o.xidize it with nitric acid
and then mix it with a slight excess of ammonia water and filter. The filtrate
is colorless, and, after acidulating with hydrochloric acid, it does not respond
to the Test for heavy metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Agitate 1 Gm. of Ferrous Sulphate in small fragments during four or five
minutes, with 10 mils of alcohol, and filter the mixture; the filtrate does not
immediately redden moistened blue litmus paper {free acid).
Assay — Dissolve about 1 Gm. of Ferrous Sulphate, accurately weighed,
in about 25 mils of diluted sulphuric acid and titrate with tenth-normal potas-
sium permanganate V.S. until a permanent pink color is produced. It shows
not less than 54.3G per cent, nor more than 57.07 per cent, of FeS04.
Each mil of tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S. used corresponds to
0.015191 Gm. of FeS04. Each gramme of Ferrous Sulphate corresponds to not
less than 35.78 mils nor more than 37.57 mils of tenth-normal potassium perman-
ganate V.S.
Preparations — Ferri Sulphas Exsiccatus Ferri Sulphas Granulatus.
Average dose — Metric, 0.1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1)4. grains.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 171
FERRI SULPHAS EXSICCATUS
Exsiccated Ferrous Sulphate
Ferr. Sulph. Exsic— Dried Ferrous Sulphate
Exsiccated Ferrous Sulphate contains the equivalent of not less than
80 per cent, of the anhydrous salt [FeS04 = 151.91].
Ferrous Sulphate, in coarse powder, one hundred
grammes 100 Gm.
Allow the salt to effloresce at a temperature of about 40° C. in dry
air, and then heat it in a porcelain dish on a water bath, constantly
stirring, until the product weighs from sixty-four to sixty-five grammes.
Lastly, reduce the residue to a fine powder, and transfer it at once to
dry, well-stoppered bottles.
Exsiccated Ferrous Sulphate is a grayish-white powder, slowly soluble in
water. A solution of the salt (1 in 20) in distilled water which has been recently
boiled and cooled is not more than slightly tm-bid, and conforms to the reactions
and tests under Ferri Sulphas, except the test for free acid, when taken in
proportionate amount.
Assay — Dissolve about 0.8 Gm. of Exsiccated Ferrous Sulphate, accurately
weighed in a stoppered weighing-bottle, in about 25 mils of diluted sulphuric
acid and titrate with tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S. until a per-
manent pink color is produced. It shows not less than 80 per cent, of FeS04.
Each mil of tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S. used corresponds to
0.015191 Gm. of FeS04. Each gi-amme of Exsiccated Ferrous Sulphate corre-
sponds to not less than 52.7 mils of tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
FERRI SULPHAS GRANULATLS
Granulated Ferrous Sulphate
Ferr. Sulph. Gran. — ^Precipitated Ferrous Sulphate
Ferrous Sulphate, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Distilled Water, one hundred milliliters 100 mils
Diluted Sulphuric Acid, five milliliters 5 mils
Alcohol, twenty-five milliliters 25 mils
Dissolve the ferrous sulphate in the distilled water previously heated
to boiling, add the diluted sulphuric acid, and filter the solution while
hot. Evaporate the solution immediately in a tared porcelain dish on a
sand bath until it weighs one hundred and fifty grammes, and then cool
it quickly with constant stirring. Transfer the product to a glass funnel
stopped vnih. a plug of purified cotton, and, when it has thoroughly
drained, pour the alcohol upon it. When this has also drained spread
172 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF TH:fi
the crystalline powder on bibulous paper, dry it quickly at room tem-
perature, and transfer it at once to dry, well-stoppered bottles.
Granulated Ferrous Sulphate is a very pale bluish-green, crystalline powder,
which conforms in every respect to the reactions and tests for purity under
Ferri Sulphas.
Average dose — Metric, 0.1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 13^2 grains.
FERRUM
Iron
Ferr.
Metallic iron [Fe = 55.84] in the form of fine, bright wire.
FERRUM REDUCTUM
Reduced Iron
Ferr. Reduct. — Ferrum Redactum Iron by Hydrogen Quevenne's Iron
Iron reduced to the metallic state by the action of hydrogen upon
ferric oxide. It contains not less than 90 per cent, of metallic iron
[Fe = 55.84]. Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Reduced Iron occiu's as a very fine, grayish-black, lusterless powder, without
odor or taste; permanent in dry air.
Reduced Iron is insoluble in water or alcohol.
When ignited in contact with air, it glows and is converted into black ferroso-
ferric oxide.
Shake 1 Gm. of Reduced Iron with 5 mils of distilled water and filter; the
hquid does not change the color of litmus. •
One Gm. of Reduced Iron, when treated with 20 mils of diluted sulphuric
acid in a flask, causes the evolution of nearly odorless hydrogen gas, which
does not affect paper moistened with lead acetate T.S. within two minutes
(sulphide), and, on applying a gentle heat, the Iron dissolves in the acid without
leaving more than 1 per cent, of residue.
Add 20 mils of diluted sulphuric acid to 0.5 Gm. of Reduced Iron contained
in a small, covered beaker, and, after the reaction has somewhat subsided, warm
the liquid on a water bath until the reaction ceases. Collect any minute, un-
dissolved residue upon a very small filter, rinse the beaker with distilled water,
add the rinsings to the filter, and then wash the residue with distilled water
until free from acid reaction. Transfer the residue to the beaker by rinsing it
back, and, after adding about 0.25 Gm. of potassium chlorate and 5 mils of
hydrochloric acid, slowly evaporate the solution to dryness on a water bath.
Dis.solve the residue in sufficient distilled water to measure 50 mils, and add
5 mils of this solution to 5 mils of a saturated solution of sulphurous acid and
heat the liquid on a water bath for fifteen minutes, or until all traces of sulphur-
ous acid have been removed. The resulting solution meets the requirements
of the Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1).
Assay — Introduce into a 100 mil fla.sk about 1 Gm. of Reduced Iron, pre-
viously well triturated and accurately weighed, and add 10 Gm. of finely powd-
ered mercuric chloride and 50 mils of boiling distilled water. Boil the mixture
for five minutes, shying it frequently, then fill the flask to the 100 mil mark
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 173
with distilled water, recently boiled and cooled, and cool it to room temperature.
Again fill the flask to the mark with distilled water, stopper, agitate the con-
tents well, and allow it to stand for a few minutes. Now filter the contents of
the flask and immediately titrate 20 mils of the filtrate to which has been added
20 mils of diluted sulphuric acid, with tenth-normal potassium permanganate
V.S. until a permanent pink color is produced. It shows not less than 90 per
oent. of Fe when calculated from the original weight of Reduced Iron taken.
Each mil of tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S. used corresponds
to 0.005584 Gm. of Fe. Each gi-amme of Reduced Iron corresponds to not
less than 161.2 mils of tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
FLUIDEXTRACTA
Fluidextracts
Fluidextracts are concentrated liquid preparations of vegetable drugs,
containing alcohol either as a solvent or as a preservative, and bearing
a uniform relation to the drug used so that one mil of the fiuidextract
closely represents the activity of one gramme of the air-dried and
powdered drug of standard quality.
The fluidextracts of this Pharmacopoeia, with few exceptions, may be
classified according to the menstrua used in the extraction of the drugs
and the processes of manufacture employed. Several drugs require
special manipulation to obtain satisfactory fluidextracts, and for these
appropriate formulas have been devised and are printed in full in the
text. The following type processes are described, and in each formula
the process to be used is designated by reference to the type process:
Type Process A — In this class are included those fluidextracts that
are made with a menstruum of alcohol or a mixture of alcohol and water
by the usual process of percolation.
Type Process B — In this class are included those fluidextracts in which
glycerin or an acid is used in the extraction and two menstrua are suc-
cessively employed. Menstruum I contains the glycerin or acid in
definite proportion to the amount of the drug, and INIenstruum II, a
mixture of alcohol and water intended for completing the exhaustion
of the drug.
Type Process C — The process oi fractional or divided percolation. This
is especially recommended for drugs containing volatile ingredients
or constituents injured by exposure to heat. This process may like-
wise be used as an alternative process in the formulas in which Type
Process A is directed.
Type Process D — In this class are included those fluidextracts in
which extraction is effected by infusion and percolation with boiling
174 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
water, alcohol being added to the concentrated liquid as a preservative.
In the preparation of fluidextracts by either Process A, B, or C, the
rate of percolation must be carefully controlled and, for the quantities
directed in the formulas of the Pharmacopoeia, the flow should not
exceed ten drops per minute until the reserved percolate is collected,
and twenty drops per minute thereafter. As a rule one thousand grammes
of powdered drug may be exhausted by percolation with sufficient men-
struum to yield three thousand mils of percolate.
Fluidextracts should be kept in tightly-stoppered containers for one
month and then, if perfectly clear, they should be stored in amber-
colored bottles protected from sunlight and extremes of temperature.
If sedimentation has occurred the clear portion should be decanted,
the remainder filtered and the liquids thoroughly mixed before storing.
The percentage of alcohol in fluidextracts made by type processes
A, B, or C is variable and always less than that in the menstruum
employed, due, among other causes, to loss of alcohol by evaporation
during manufacture, to the presence of a variable proportion of water
in the air-dried drug, and to the extraction from the drug of its soluble
constituents, which also often vary greatly in different lots of the same
drug. The percentage of alcohol in the finished product can therefore
only be ascertained by an actual determination (see Determination of
Alcohol in Official Preparations, Part II, No. 14).
Type Processes
Type Pi'ocess A — Moisten one thousand grammes of the powdered
drug directed with a sufficient quantity of the prescribed menstruum
to render it evenly and distinctly damp and to maintain it so, after
macerating for six hours in a tightly-covered container. Then pack it
in a cylindrical percolator and add enough of the menstruum to saturate
the powder and leave a stratum above it. When the liquid begins to
drop from the percolator, close the lower orifice, and, having closely
covered the percolator, macerate for forty-eight hours. Then allow the
percolation to proceed slowly, gradually adding more menstruum until
the drug is exhausted. Reserve the first eight hundred and fifty mils of
the percolate (unless otherwise specified in the formula); recover the
alcohol from the remainder and concentrate the residue to a soft extract
at a temperature not exceeding 60° C; dissolve this in the reserved
portion, mix thoroughly, and finally add a sufficient quantity of the
menstruum to obtain one thousand mils or the volume determined by
calculation from the assay.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 175
Type Process B — Moisten one thousand grammes of the powdered
drug directed with a sufficient quantity of the prescribed Menstruum I,
to render it evenly and distinctly damp and to maintain it so after
macerating for six hours in a tightly-covered container. Then pack it
in a cylindrical percolator, add the remainder of Menstruum I, and,
when this has just disappeared from the surface, gradually add Men-
struum II, constantly maintaining a stratum of liquid above the drug.
When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator, close the lower
orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator, macerate for forty-
eight hours, and then allow the percolation to proceed slowly, gradually
adding Menstruum II until the drug is exhausted. Reserve the first
eight hundred and fifty mils of the percolate (unless otherwise specified
in the formula) ; recover the alcohol from the remainder and concentrate
the residue to a soft extract at a temperature not exceeding 60° C. ;
dissolve this in the reserved portion, mix thoroughly, and finally add a
sufficient quantity of Menstruum II to obtain one thousand mils, or the
volume determined by calculation from the assay.
Type Process C — Divide one thousand grammes of the powdered drug
directed into three portions of five hundred grammes, three hundred
grammes, and two hundred grammes, respectively. Moisten the first por-
tion of the drug (500 Gm.) with a sufficient quantity of the prescribed men-
struum to render it evenly and distinctly damp and to maintam it so after
macerating for six hours in a tightly-covered container. Then pack it in
a cylindrical percolator and add enough of the menstruum to saturate the
powder and leave a stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop
from the percolator, close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered
the percolator, macerate for forty-eight hours and then allow the perco-
lation to proceed slowly, gradually adding more of the menstruum.
Reserve the first two hundred mils of percolate and continue the process
until the additional percolate measures fifteen hundred mils, the latter
being collected in successive portions of three hundred mils each.
Moisten the second portion of the powdered drug (300 Gm.) with a
sufficient quantity of the percolate collected in the preceding operation
immediately after the reserved portion, to render it evenly and distinctly
damp and to maintain it so after macerating for six hours in a tightly-
covered container. Then pack it in a cylindrical percolator and macerate
and percolate as directed for the first part of the drug, using as menstruum
the several portions of percolate from the preceding operation in the
order in which they have been collected, and, if this be insufficient,
follow with some of the original menstruum. Reserve the first three
176 THE PHARMACOPOEIA OF THE
hundred mils of percolate and continue the process until the additional
percolate measures eight hundred mils, collecting the weaker percolate
in successive portions of two hundred mils each.
Moisten the third portion of the powdered drug (200 Gm.) with a
sufficient quantity of the percolate collected in the preceding opera-
tion immediately after the reserved portion, to render it evenly and
distinctly damp and to maintain it so after macerating for six hours in
a tightly-covered container. Then pack it in a cylindrical percolator
and macerate and percolate as before, using as menstruum the several
portions of percolate from the preceding operation in the order in which
they have been collected, and, if this be insufficient, follow with more
of the original menstruum. Collect five hundred mils of percolate and
mix this with the two portions previously reserved so as to make one
thousand mils of finished fluidextract.
When Type Process C is directed for fluidextracts which are adjusted
by assay to a definite alkaloidal standard, collect only Jour hundred and
twenty mils of percolate from the third portion of drug instead of the
five hundred mils directed above. Mix this percolate with the tAvo
portions previously reserved, assay a portion of the mixture and then
adjust its volmne, by the addition of the menstruum directed, so that
each one hundred mils of finished fluidextract will contain the prescribed
amount of alkaloid.
Type Process D — To one thousand grammes of the ground drug add
five thousand mils of boiling water, mix thoroughly and allow it to
macerate in a covered container for two hours in a warm place. Then
transfer the moist drug to a tinned or enameled metallic percolator
and allow percolation to proceed, gradually adding boiling water until
the drug is exhausted. Evaporate the percolate on a water bath or steam
bath to the volume specified and when cold add the alcohol directed and
mix thoroughly.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM ACONITI
Fluidextract of Aconite
FIdext. Aeon it.— Fluid Extract of Aconite
One hundred mils of Fluidextract of Aconite yields not less than 0.45
Gm. nor more than 0.55 Gm. of the ether-soluble alkaloids of aconite.
If assayed biologically the minimum lethal dose should not be greater
than 0.00004 mil for each gramme of body weight of guinea-pig.
Aconite, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
UNITED STATES OP AMERICA 177
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process C, as modified for alkaloidal
drugs (see page 175), using a mixture of three volumes of alcohol and
one volume of water as the menstruum and adjusting the volume of
the finished Fluidextract so that each one hundred mils contains 0.5 Gm.
of the ether-soluble alkaloids of aconite.
Assay — From a pipette drop 15 mils of Fluidextract of Aconite evenly over
the surface of 15 Gm. of purified sawdust (see page 546) and evaporate to dryness
at a temperature not exceeding 75° C. Transfer the mixture to a 250 mil flask,
add 150 mils of ether, and proceed as directed under BcUadonnce Radix, page 73,
third line of the Assay, modifying the process there given by using the ammonia
water with a small quantity of distilled water to rinse the dish in which the
mixture was evaporated, and ether only in the final shaking out of the alkaloids.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 64.539
milligrammes of the ether-soluble alkaloids of aconite.
For an alternative method of assaying Fluidextract of Aconite see Biological
Assays (Part II).
Average dose — Metric, 0.03 mil — Apothecaries, Y2 minim.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM AROMATICUM
Aromatic Fluidextract
FIdext. Aromat. — Aromatic Fluid Extract
Aromatic Powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process C (see page 175), using
alcohol as the menstruum.
A"\'ERAge dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM ASPIDOSPER^LATIS
Fluidextract of Aspidosperma
FIdext. Aspidosp. — Fluid Extract of Aspidosperma Fluidextract of Quebracho
Aspidosperma, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes. . 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Tj'pe Process B (see page 175), using a
mixture of one hundred and ten mils of gh'cerin, six hundred and seventy
mils of alcohol and two hundred and twenty mils of water as ]\Ienstruum I,
and a mixture of two volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as
Menstruum II.
Average dose — Metric, 4 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fiuidrachm,
17
178 THE PHARMACOPEIA OF THE
FLUIDEXTRACTUM AURANTII AMARI
Fluidextract of Bitter Orange Peel
FIdext. Aurant. Amar.— Fluid Extract of Bitter Orange Peel
Bitter Orange Peel, in No. 20 powder, one thousand
grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process C (see page 175), using a
mixture of three volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as the men-
struum.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM BELLADONNyE RADICIS
Fluidextract of Belladonna Root
FIdext. Bellad. Rad.— Fluid Extract of Belladonna Root
One hundred mils of Fluidextract of Belladonna Root yields not less
than 0.405 Gm. nor more than 0.495 Gm. of the alkaloids of belladonna
root.
Belladonna Root, in No. 40 powder, one thousand
grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using a
mixture of five volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as the men-
struum, and reserving the first eight hundred mils of the percolate.
After dissolving the soft extract in the reserve liquid, assay a portion
as directed below, and, from the result thus obtained, ascertain by
calculation the amount of alkaloids in the remainder of the liquid and
dilute this with enough menstruum to make each one hundred mils of
the finished Fluidextract contain 0.45 Gm. of the alkaloids of bella-
donna root.
Assay — Introduce 10 mils of Fluidextract of Belladonna Root into a separator
and add 10 mils of distilled water and 2 mils of ammonia water. Completely
extract the alkaloids by shaking out repeatedly witli chloroform and then extract
the alkaloids from the cliloroform solution by shaking out repeatedly with weak
sulphuric acid until the alkaloids are completely removed. Collect the acid
washings in a separator, add ammonia water until the solution is decidedly
alkaline to litmus, and completely extract the alkaloids by shaking out repeatedly
with chloroform. Evaporate the combined chloroform washings to dryness,
dissolve the alkaloids from the residue in exactly 5 mils of tenth-normal sul-
phuric acid V.S. and titrate the excess of acid with fiftieth-normal potassium
hydroxide V.S., using cochineal T.S. as indicator.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 28.92
milligrammes of the alkaloids of belladonna root (see Proximate Assays, Part II).
Preparation — Linimentum Belladonna'.
Average dose — Metric, 0.05 mil — Apothecaries, 1 minim.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 179
FLUIDEXTRACTUM BUCHU
Fluidextract of Bucliu
FIdext. Buchu— Fluid Extract of Buchu
BucHU, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using
alcohol as the menstruum.
Average dose— Metric, 2 mils— Apothecaries, 30 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM CANNABIS
Fluidextract of Cannabis
Fldext. Cannab.— Fluidextractum Cannabis Indict. U.S.P. VIII
Fluid Extract of Cannabis
When assayed biologically Fluidextract of Cannabis produces inco-
ordination when administered to dogs in a dose of not more than 0.03
mil per kilogramme of body weight.
Cannabis, hi No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using
alcohol as the menstruum.
After dissolving the soft extract in the reserve liquid, assay a portion
as directed below and from the result thus obtained adjust the volume
of the finished Fluidextract to conform to the above biological standard.
Assay — Proceed as directed under Biological Assays (Part II).
Average dose — Metric, 0.1 mil — Apothecaries, \]/2 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM CASCAR.^ SAGRAD.E
Fluidextract of Cascara Sagrada
Fldext. Case. Sagr. — Fluidextractum Rhamni Purshianae, U.S.P. VIII
Fluid Extract of Cascara Sagrada
Cascara Sagrada, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Alcohol, two hundred and fifty milliliters 250 mils
Prepare a Fluidextract by Tj'pe Process D (see page 176). Evaporate
the aqueous percolate to seven hundred and fifty mils and when cold
gradually add the alcohol and, if necessary, sufficient water to make
the product measure one thousand mils. -^
Average dose — ^Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims. Jlf
180 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
FLUIDEXTRACTUM CASCAR^ SAGRAD.E
AROMATICUM
Aromatic Fluidextract of Cascara Sagrada
FIdext. Case. Sagr. Arom. — Fluidextractum Rhamni Purshianse Aromaticum,
U.S.P. VIII Aromatic Fluid Extract of Cascara Sagrada
Cascara Sagrada, in No. 40 powder, one thousand
grammes 1000.0 Gm.
Magnesium Oxide, one hundred and twenty-five grammes 125.0 Gm.
Pure Extract of Glycyrrhiza, forty grammes 40.0 Gm.
Glycerin, two hundred milliliters 200.0 mils
Alcohol, two hundred and fifty milliliters 250.0 mils
Benzosulphinide, one gramme 1.0 Gm.
Oil of Anise, two and five-tenths milliliters 2.5 mils
Oil of Cinnamon, two-tenths of a milliliter 0.2 mil
Oil of Coriander, one-tenth of a milliliter 0.1 mil
Methyl Salicylate, two-tenths of a milliliter 0.2 mil
Boiling Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Thoroughly mix the cascara sagrada with the magnesium oxide,
moisten the mixture with two thousand mils of boiling water, set it
aside for two hours, stirring occasionally, and then pack it in a per-
colator. Now pour on boiling water and allow the percolation to pro-
ceed until the drug is exhausted. Evaporate the percolate to five hundred
mils and while yet warm dissolve in it the extract of glycyrrhiza. When
cold, add the glycerin, then the alcohol in which the benzosulphinide
and the oils have been dissolved, and finally sufficient water to make
the Fluidextract measure one thousand mils.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM CIMICIFUG^
Fluidextract of Cimicifuga
Fldext. Citnicif. — Fluid Extract of Cimicifuga Fluidextract of Black Cohosh
Fluidextract of Black Snakeroot
Cimicifuga, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using
alcohol as the menstruum.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
UNITED STATES OP AMERICA 181
FLUIDEXTRACTUM CINCHONyE
Fliiidextract of Cinchona
FIdext. Cinchon. — Fluid Extract of Cinchona Fluidextract of Calisaya Bark
One hundred mils of Fluidextract of Cinchona yields not less than
4 Gm. nor more than 5 Gm. of the alkaloids of cinchona.
Cinchona, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
■ Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process B (see page 175), using a
mixture of one hundred mils of glycerin, one hundred mils of diluted
hydrochloric acid and eight hundred mils of alcohol as Menstruum I
and a mixture of four volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as
Menstruum II.
After dissolving the soft extract in the reserve liquid, assay a portion
as directed below, and, from the result thus obtained, ascertain by
calculation the amount of alkaloids in the remainder of the liquid, and
dilute this with enough of Menstruum II to make each one hundred
mils of the finished Fluidextract contain 4.5 Gm. of the total alkaloids of
cinchona.
Assay — From a pipette drop 5 mils of Fluidextract of Cinchona evenly over
the surface of 10 Gm. of purified sawdust (see page 546) and evaporate it to
dryness at a temperature not exceeding 80° C. Transfer the mixture to a
500 mil flask, and proceed as directed under Cinchona, page 112, second line
of the Assay, modifying the process there given by increasing the amount
of ammonia water to 10 mils, using this in divided portions to rinse the dish in
which the mixture was evaporated, and adding the rinsings to the flask.
The weight of the residue is the amount of total alkaloids from 4 mils of
Fluidextract of Cinchona.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM COLCHICI SEMINIS
Fluidextract of Colchicum Seed
FIdext. Colch. Sem.— Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed
One hundred mils of Fluidextract of Colchicum Seed yields not less
than 0.36 Gm. nor more than 0.44 Gm. of colchicine.
Colchicum Seed, in No, 40 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Purified Petroleum Benzin, a sufficient quantity.
Pack the colchicum seed in a cylindrical percolator and slowly per-
colate with purified petroleum benzin until a few drops of the percolate
182 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
leave no greasy stain when evaporated on a piece of filter paper.
Reject the benzin solution, remove the powder from the percolator
and dry it by exposure to the air. Then proceed to make the Fluid-
extract by Type Process A (see page 174), using a mixture of two volumes
of alcohol and one volume of water as the menstruum.
After dissolving the soft extract in the reserve liquid, assay a portion
as directed below, and, from the result thus obtained, ascertain by
calculation the amount of alkaloids in the remainder of the liquid, and
dilute this with enough menstruum to make each one hundred mils of
the finished Fluidextract contain 0.4 Gm. of colchicine.
Assay — Introduce 15 mils of Fluidextract of Colchicum Seed into a 500 mil
flask, add 10 mils of solution of lead subacetate, previously diluted with 35 mils
of distilled water, shake the mixture thoroughly, then add 240 mils of distilled
water, again agitate the mixture and proceed as directed under Colchici Semen,
page 120, fifth line of the Assay.
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 mil — Apothecaries, 3 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM DIGITALIS
Fluidextract of Digitalis
Fldext. Digital.— Fluid Extract of Digitalis
If assayed biologically the minimum lethal dose should not be
greater than 0.0006 mil of the Fluidextract, or the equivalent in
Fluidextract of 0.0000005 Gm. of ouabain, for each gramme of body
weight of frog.
Digitalis, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using
a mixture of five volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as the
menstruum.
Assay — For a method of assaying Fluidextract of Digitalis see Biological
Assays (Part II).
Average dose — Metric, 0.05 mil — Apothecaries, 1 minim.
• FLUIDEXTRACTUM ERGOT.E
Fluidextract of Ergot
Fldext. Ergot. — Fluid Extract of Ergot Secalis cornuti extractum fluidum P.I.
Ergot, recently ground and in No. 40 powder, one thou-
sand grammes 1000 Gm.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 183
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process B (see page 175), using a
mixture of twenty mils of hydrochloric acid and nine hundred and eighty
mils of diluted alcohol as MeD«t,ruum I, and diluted alcohol as Men-
struum II.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM ERIODICTYI
Fluidextract of Eriodictyon
FIdext. Eriodlct. — Fluid Extract of Eriodictyon Fluidextract of Yerba Santa
Eriodictyon, in No. 30 powder, ojic thousand grammes. . . . 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using a
mixture of four volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as the men-
struum, and reserving the first eight hundred mils of percolate.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM EUCALYPTI
Fluidextract of Eucalyptus
FIdext. Eucalypt. — Fluid Extract of Eucalj-ptus
Eucalyptus, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes .... 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using a
mixture of three volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as the men-
struum, and reserving the first eight hundred mils of percolate.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM FRANGUL^
Fluidextract of Frangula
FIdext. Frangul. — Fluid Extract of Frangula Fluidextract of Buckthorn Bark
Frangula, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Alcohol, two hundred and fifty milliliters 250 mils
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process D (see page 176). Evaporate
the aqueous percolate to seven hundred and fifty 77iils and, when cold,
add the alcohol and, if necessary, sufficient water to make the product
measure one thousand mils.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
184 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
FLUIDEXTRACTUM GELSEMII
riuidextract of Gelsemium
FIdext. Qelsem. — Fluid Extract of Gelsemium
Gelsemium, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using a
mixture of four volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as the men-
struum.
Average dose — Metric, 0.03 mil — Apothecaries, ^ minim.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM GENTIANiE
Fluidextract of Gentian
Fldext. Gentian. — Fluid Extract of Gentian
Gentian, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using
diluted alcohol as the menstruum.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM GLYCYRRHIZ^
Fluidextract of Glycyrrhiza
Fldext. Qlycyrrh. — Fluid Extract of Glycyrrhiza Fluidextract of Licorice
Glycyrrhiza, in No. 20 powder, one thousand grammes . . . 1000 Gm.
Alcohol, two hundred and fifty 7nilliliters 250 mils
Ammonia Water,
Chloroform Water,
Water, each, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Mix three hundred mils of ammonia water with twenty-seven hundred
mils of chloroform water and moisten the glycyrrhiza with a sufficient
quantity of the mixture; pack it in a cylindrical percolator and add
enough of the menstruum to saturate the powder and leave a stratum
above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator, close
the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator, macerate
for forty-eight hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed slowly,
gradually adding more of the same menstruum until the glycyrrhiza is
exhausted. Reserve the first five hundred mils of the percolate and
evaporate the remainder on a water bath to a soft extract; dissolve
this in the reserve portion and add enough water to make the product
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 185
measure seven hundred and fifty mils. A few drops of ammonia water
may be added if necessary to facilitate solution. Now gradually add the
alcohol, allow the product to stand for seven days in a stoppered con-
tainer, then decant the clear liquid, filter the remainder and wash the
residue on the filter with enough of a mixture of one volume of alcohol and
three volumes of water to make the Fluidextract measure one thousand mils.
Preparation — Elixir GlycjTrhizae.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM GRANATI
Fluidextract of Pomegranate
FIdext. Qranat.— Fluid Extract of Pomegranate
Pomegranate, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes. . 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process B (see page 175), using a
mixture of one hundred mils of glycerin, five hundred mils of alcohol
and four hundred mils of water as Menstruum I, and diluted alcohol as
Menstruum II.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM GRINDELI^
Fluidextract of Grindelia
FIdext. Qrindel.— Fluid Extract of Grindelia
Grindelia, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using a
mixture of three volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as the men-
struum.
Average dose — Lletric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM GUARANyE
Fluidextract of Guarana
FIdext. Quaran. — Fluid Extract of Guarana
One hundred mils of Fluidextract of Guarana yields not less than 3.6
Gm. nor more than 4.4 Gm. of caffeine.
Guarana, in No. 60 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
186 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using a
mixture of three volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as the men-
struum, and reserving the first eight hundred mils of percolate.
After dissolving the soft extract in the reserve liquid, assay a portion
as directed below, and, from the result thus obtained, ascertain by
calculation the amount of alkaloid in the remainder of the liquid and
dilute this with enough menstruum to make each one hundred mils of
thg finished Fluidextract contain 4 Gm. of caffeine.
Assay — Introduce 5 mils of Fluidextract of Guarana into a separator, add
1 mil of ammonia water, and shake out the alkaloid with chloroform until com-
pletely extracted, as shown by testing with iodine T.S. Evaporate the com-
bined chloroform solutions to drj^ness and dissolve the residue in 20 mils of
distilled water with the aid of heat. Allow this to cool, filter it into a separator
and wash the container and filter with several small portions of distilled water,
adding the rinsings to the liquid in the separator. Then shake out the alkaloid
with chloroform until completely extracted, as shown by testing with iodine
T.S., evaporate the combined chloroform solutions and dry the residue to con-
stant weight at 80° C. The weight represents the alkaloid in 5 mils of Fluid-
extract of Guarana (see Proximate Assays, Part II).
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM HYDRASTIS
Fluidextract of Hydrastis
Fldext. Hydrast. — Fluid Extract of Hydrastis Fluidextract of Golden Seal
One hundred mils of Fluidextract of Hydrastis yields not less than
1.8 Gm. nor more than 2.2 Gm. of the ether-soluble alkaloids of hydrastis.
Hydrastis, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process B (see page 175), using a
mixture of one hundred mils of glycerin, six hundred mils of alcohol
and two hundred mils of water as Menstruum I, and a mixture of two
volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as Menstruum II. Reserve
the first seven hundred and fifty mils of percolate.
After dissolving the soft extract in the reserve liquid, assay a portion
as directed below, and, from the result thus obtained, ascertain by
calculation the amount of alkaloids in the remainder of the liquid and
dilute this with enough of Menstruum II to make each one hundred
mils of the finished Fluidextract contain 2 Gm. of the ether-soluble
alkaloids of hydrastis.
Assay — Proceed as directed under Fluidextradum BelladonruB Radicis, page 178,
modifying the process there given by using .5 mils of Fluidextract of Hydrastis
instead of 10 mils of the fluidextract of lielladonna root and using only ether
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 187
as the immiscible solvent throughout the assay. Dry the residue to constant
weight at 100° C, instead of titrating it. The weiglit represents the amount of
ether-soluble alkaloids in 5 mils of the Fluidextract of Hydrastis.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM HYOSCYA]VII
Fluidextract of Hyoscyamus
FIdext. Hyosc. — Fluid Extract of Hyoscyamus Fluidextract of Henbane
One hundred mils of Fluidextract of Hyoscyamus yields not less than
0.055 Gm. nor more than 0.075 Gm. of the alkaloids of hyoscyamus.
Hyoscyamus, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes. . . . 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using a
mixture of three volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as the
menstruum.
After dissolving the soft extract in the reserve liquid, assay a portion
as directed below, and, from the result thus obtained, ascertain by
calculation the amount of alkaloids in the remainder of the liquid and
dilute this with enough menstruum to make each one hundred mils
of the finished Fluidextract contain 0.065 Gm. of the alkaloids of
hyoscyamus.
Assay — Proceed as directed under Fluidextractiim Belladonnte Radicis, page
178, modifying the process there given by using 25 mils of the Fluidextract
of Hyoscyamus in place of 10 mils of fluidextract of belladonna root, and before
titrating treating the residue twice with 5 mils of ether and evaporating to
dryness each time.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 28.92
miUigrammes of the total alkaloids of hyoscyamus.
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 mil — Apothecaries, 3 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM IPECACUANHA
Fluidextract of Ipecac
Fldext. Ipecac. — Fluid Extract of Ipecac
One hundred mils of Fluidextract of Ipecac yields not less than 1.8
Gm. nor more than 2.2 Gm. of the ether-soluble alkaloids of ipecac.
Ipecac, in No. 60 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
188 THE PHABMACOPCEIA OF THE
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process B (see page 175), using a
mixture of one hundred mils of diluted hydrochloric acid, two hundred
mils of alcohol and two hundred mils of water as Menstruum I, and a
mixture of two volumes of alcohol and three volumes of water as Men-
struum II. Reserve the first eight hundred mils of percolate.
After dissolving the soft extract in the reserve liquid, assay a portion
as directed below, and, from the result thus obtained, ascertain by
calculation the amount of alkaloids m the remainder of the liquid and
dilute this with enough of Menstruum II to make each one hundred
mils of the finished Fluidextract contain 2 Gm. of the ether-soluble
alkaloids of ipecac.
Assay — From a pipette drop 10 mils of Fluidextract of Ipecac evenly over
the smiace of 10 Gm. of purified sawdust (see page 546), and evaporate it to
dryness at a temperature not exceeding 80° C. Transfer the impregnated
sawdust to a 250 mil flask and add 100 mils of ether. Rinse the dish in which
the mixture was evaporated with 6 mils of ammonia water, previously diluted
with an equal volume of water, used in several portions, and add the rinsings
to the flask. Stopper the flask and shake it vigorously every few minutes,
during two hours. Now add 15 mils of distilled water, again shake the flask
well, and when the sawdust has subsided decant 50 mils of the ether solution,
representing 5 mils of the Fluidextract. Completely extract the alkaloids from
this solution by shaking out with weak sulphuric acid. Collect the acid washings
in a separator; add ammonia water until the solution is decidedly alkahne to
litmus, and completely extract the alkaloids by shaking out repeatedly with
ether. Evaporate the combined ether washings to dryness, dissolve the alka-
loid from the residue in exactly 10 mils of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S.
and titrate the excess of acid with fiftieth-normal potassium hydroxide V.S.,
cochineal T.S. being used as indicator (see Proximate Assays, Part II).
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 24
milligrammes of the ether-soluble alkaloids of ipecac.
Preparation — Syrupus Ipecacuanhae.
Average dose — Expectorant, Metric, 0.05 mil — Apothecaries,
1 minim.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM LOBELIiE
Fluidextract of Lobelia
FIdext. Lobel.— Fluid Extract of Lobelia
Lobelia, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process B (see page 175), using a
mixture of fifty mils of acetic acid, five hundred mils of alcohol and four
hundred and fifty mils of water as Menstruum I, and diluted alcohol as
Menstruum II.
Average dose — Metric, 0.15 mil — Apothecaries, 23^ minims.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 189
FLUIDEXTRACTUM NUCIS VOMICA
Fluidextract of Nux Vomica
FIdext. Nuc. Vom.— Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica
One hundred mils of Fluidextract of Nux Vomica yields not less than
2.37 Gm. nor more than 2.63 Gm. of the alkaloids of nux vomica.
Nux Vomica, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes . . . 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using a
mixture of three volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as the men-
struum, and reserving the first eight hundred mils of percolate.
After dissolving the soft extract in the reserve liquid, assay a portion
as directed below, and, from the result thus obtained, ascertain by
calculation the amount of alkaloids in the remainder of the liquid and
dilute this with enough menstruum to make each one hundred mils of
the finished Fluidextract contain 2.5 Gm. of the alkaloids of nux
vomica.
Assay — Proceed as directed under Fluidexlraclum BelladonncB Radicis, page
178, using 10 mils of Fluidextract of Nux Vomica, modifying the process there
given by dissolving the alkaloidal residue in 10 mils of tenth-normal sulphuric
acid V.S. instead of 5 mils.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 36.42
milligrammes of the alkaloids of nux vomica.
Average dose — Metric, 0.05 mil — Apothecaries, 1 minim.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM PILOCARPI
Fluidextract of Pilocarpus
FIdext. Pilocarp.— Fluid Extract of Pilocarpus Fluidextract of Jaborandi
One hundred mils of Fluidextract of Pilocarpus yields not less than
0.55 Gm. nor more than 0.65 Gm. of the alkaloids of pilocarpus.
Pilocarpus, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes. . . . 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using a
mixture of two volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as the men-
struum, and reserving the first eight hundred mils of percolate.
After dissolving the soft extract in the reserve liquid, assay a portion
as directed below, and from the result thus obtained, ascertain by calcu-
lation the amount of alkaloids in the remainder of the liquid and dilute
this with enough menstruum to make each one hundred mils of the
finished Fluidextract contain 0.6 Gm. of the alkaloids of pilocarpus.
190 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Assay — From a pipette drop 15 mils of Fluidextract of Pilocarpus evenly
over the surface of 15 Gm. of purified sawdust (see page 546), and evaporate
it to dryness on a water bath. Transfer the mixture to a 250 mil flask, add 150
mils of chloroform, and proceed as directed under Belladonnce Radix, page 73,
third line of the Assay, beginning with the word " Stopper, " modifying the
process there given by increasing the amoimt of ammonia water to 6 mils,
mixed with 5 mils of distilled water, which is to be used, in divided portions,
to rinse the dish in which the mixture was evaporated, the rinsings being added
to the mixture in the flask; the 100 mils of chloroform solution must be drawn
off' from the bottom of the flask.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. corresponds to 20.815 milli-
grammes of the alkaloids of pilocarpus.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM PODOPHYLLI
Fluidextract of Podophyllum
Fldext. Podophyll.— Fluid Extract of Podophyllum
Podophyllum, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes.. . 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using
alcohol as the menstruum.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 mil — Apothecaries, 8 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM RHEI
Fluidextract of Rhubarb
Fldext. Rhei— Fluid Extract of Rhubarb
Rhubarb, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using a
mixture of four volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as the men-
struum.
Preparation — Syrupus Rhei.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM ROS.E
Fluidextract of Rose
Fldext. Rosae— Fluid Extract of Rose
Red Rose, in No. 20 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process B (see page 175), using a mix-
ture of one hundxed mils of glycerin, five hundred mils of alcohol and
four hundred mils of water as Menstruum I, and diluted alcohol as
Menstruum II.
Preparation — Mel Rosae.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 191
FLUIDEXTRACTUM SABAL
Fluidextract of Sabal
Fldext. Sabal— Fluid Extract of Sabal Fluidextract of Saw Palmetto
Sabal, in No. 20 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using a
mixture of four volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as the men-
struum.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM SARSAPARILL.E
Fluidextract of Sarsaparilla
Fldext. Sarsap. — Fluid Extract of Sarsaparilla
Sarsaparilla, in No. 20 powder, one thousand grammes. . . 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using
diluted alcohol as the menstruum.
Preparation — Syrupus SarsaparillfiB Compositus.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM SARSAPARILLA
COMPOSITUM
Compound Fluidextract of Sarsaparilla
Fldext. Sarsap. Co. — Compound Fluid Extract of Sarsaparilla
Sarsaparilla, in No. 20 powder, seven hundred and fifty
grammes 750 Gm.
Glycyrrhiza, in No. 20 powder, one hundred and twenty
grammes 120 Gm.
Sassafras, in No. 30 powder, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Mezereum, in No. 30 powder, thirty grammes 30 Gm.
Mix the powders and prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process B (see
page 175), using a mixture of one hundred mils of glycerin, five hundred
m,ils of alcohol and four hundred mils of water as Menstruum I, and
diluted alcohol as Menstruum II.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
192 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
FLUIDEXTRACTUM SCILL.E
Fluidextract of Squill
FIdext. Sclll.— Fluid Extract of Squill
If assayed biologically the minimum lethal dose should not be greater
than 0.0006 mil of Fluidextract, or the equivalent in Fluidextract of
0.0000005 Gm. of ouabain, for each gramme of body weight of frog.
Squill, in No. 20 powder, 07ie thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Diluted Alcohol,
Alcohol,
Water, each, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Mix two thousand mils of alcohol with one thousand mils of water,
moisten the squill thoroughly with sufficient of the mixture and allow
it to macerate for two hours in a tightly-covered container. Then
transfer it to a percolator, shake it do^vn evenly without packing, and
pour on enough of the menstruum to saturate the powder and leave
a stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator,
close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator,
macerate for forty-eight hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed
slowly, gradually adding more menstruum composed of two volumes of
alcohol and one volume of water. When the percolate measures one
thousand mils, close the lower orifice and macerate the drug twelve
hours before continuing the percolation. Then collect a second one
thousand mils of percolate, again interrupt the percolation, macerate
for twelve hours and then continue the percolation until the total per-
colate measures five thousand mils. Recover the alcohol from the
percolate at as low a temperature as possible and then concentrate the
residue to a volume measuring eight hundred mils. When the residue
is cold, add slowly, with continuous agitation, two thousand mils of
alcohol and set the mixture aside in a tightly-stoppered container for
twelve hours. Decant the supernatant liquid from the syrupy layer,
filter the decanted liquid and wash the syrupy residue with two por-
tions of three hundred mils each of a mixture of four volumes of alcohol
and one volume of water, passing the washings through the filter into
the previously collected alcoholic liquid. Reduce the combined alcoholic
liquids to eight hundred mils by distillation and .finally add enough
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 193
diluted alcohol to make the finished Fluidextract measure one thousand
mils.
Assay — For a method of assaying Fluidextract of Squill see Biological Assays
(Part II).
Preparation — SyTupus Scillae Compositus.
Average dose — Metric, 0.1 mil — Apothecaries, 1^ minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM SENEGA
Fluidextract of Senega
Fldext. Seneg.— Fluid Extract of Senega
Senega, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Ammonia Water,
Alcohol,
Water, each, o sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Mix two thousand mils of alcohol with one thousand mils of water,
and, having moistened the powder with sufficient of this mixture, pack
it in a cylindrical percolator and add enough menstruum to saturate
the powder and leave a stratum above it. When the liquid begins
to drop from the percolator, close the lower orifice, and, having closely
covered the percolator, macerate for forty-eight hours. Then allow
the percolation to proceed slowly, gradually adding menstruum, com-
posed of a mixture of two volumes of alcohol and one volwne of water,
until the drug is exhausted. Reserve the first eight hundred mils of
the percolate and evaporate the remainder to a soft extract; dissolve
this in the reserved liquid and then gradually add ammonia water until
the product is faintly alkaline and possesses a slight odor of ammonia.
Finally add enough of the menstruum to make the Fluidextract
measure one thousand mils.
Preparations — SyTupus Scillae Compositus Syrupus Senegae.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM SENN^E
Fluidextract of Senna
Fldext. Senn.— Fluid Extract of Senna
Alexandria Senna, in No. 40 powder, one thousand
grammes 1000 Gm.
18
194 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using a
mixture of one volume of alcohol and two volumes of water as the men-
struum, and reserving the first eight hundred mils of percolate.
Preparations — SjTupus Sarsaparillse Compositus SjTupus Sennae.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM SPIGELLE
Fluidextract of Spigelia
FIdext. Spigel.— Fluid Extract of Spigelia Fluidextract of Pink Root
Spigelia, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using
diluted alcohol as the menstruum.
Average dose — Metric, 5 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fluidrachm.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM STAPHISAGRI^
Fluidextract of Staphisagria
Fldext. Staphisag. — Fluid Extract of Staphisagria Fluidextract of Stavesacre
Staphisagria, in No. 20 powder, one thousand grammes. . . 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using
alcohol as the menstruum.
The oil which separates in the freshly prepared Fluidextract may be
removed by chilling and filtering the cold Fluidextract through a filter
moistened with alcohol.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM STILLINGI.E
Fluidextract of Stillingia
FIdext. Stilling.— Fluid Extract of Stillingia
Stillingia, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using
diluted alcohol as the menstruum.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 195
FLUIDEXTRACTUM SUMBUL
Fluidextract of Sumbul
Fldext. Sumbul — Fluid Extract of Sumbul Fluidextract of Musk Root
Sumbul, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using a
mixture of four volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as the men-
struum.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM TARAXACI
Fluidextract of Taraxacum
Fldext. Tarax. — Fluid Extract of Taraxacum Fluidextract of Dandelion
Taraxacum, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes .... 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process B (see page 175), using a
mixture of one hundred mils of glycerin, five hundred mils of alcohol
and four hundred mils of water as Menstruum I, and diluted alcohol as
Menstruum II.
Average dose — Metric, 10 mils — Apothecaries, 23/2 fluidrachms.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM TRITICI
Fluidextract of Triticum
Fldext. Trltic. — Fluid Extract of Triticum Fluidextract of Couch Grass
Triticum, finely cut, one thousand graynmes 1000 Gm.
Alcohol, two hundred milliliters 200 mils
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process D (see page 176), evaporate
the aqueous percolate to eight hundred mils and when cold add the
alcohol and, if necessary, sufficient water to make the product measure
one thousand mils.
Average dose — Metric, 10 mils — Apothecaries, 23^2 fluidrachms.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM UV^E URSI
Fluidextract of Uva Ursi
Fldext. Uvse Ursi — Fluid Extract of Uva Ursi
TJvA Ursi, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process B (see page 175), using a
mixture of one hundred mils of glycerin, three hundred miU of alcohol
196 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
and five hundred mils of water as Menstruum I, and a mixture of one
volume of alcohol and two volumes of water as Menstruum 11. Reserve
the first eight hundred mils of percolate.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM VERATRI MRIDIS
Fluidextract of Veratruin Virlde
FIdext. Verat. Vir. — Fluid Extract of Veratrum Viride Fluidextract of Green Hellebore
Veratrum Viride, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using
alcohol as the menstruum.
Average dose — Metric, 0.1 mil — Apothecaries, 13^ minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM VIBURNI PRUNIFOLII
Fluidextract of Viburnum Prunifolium
FIdext. Viburn. Prun. — Fluid Extract of Viburnum Prunifolium Fluidextract of
Black Haw
Viburnum Prunifolium, in No. 30 powder, one thousand
grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using a
mixture of two volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as the
menstruum.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM XANTHOXYLI
Fluidextract of Xanthoxylum
FIdext. Xanthox. — Fluid Extract of Xanthoxylum Fluidextract of Prickly Ash
Xanthoxylum, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes. . 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using a
mixture of three volumes of alcohol and 07ie volume of water as the men-
struum.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minima.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 197
FLUIDEXTRACTUIVI ZIXGIBERIS
Fluidextract of Ginger
Fldext. Zingib.— Fluid Extract of Gmger
Jamaica Ginger, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes . 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using
alcohol as the menstruum.
Preparation — Syrupus Zingiberis.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
FCENICULUM
Fennel
Foenic— Fennel Seed
The dried, ripe fruit of cultivated varieties of Foeniculum vulgare
Miller (Fam. Umhelliferm), without the presence or admixture of more
than 4 per cent, of foreign matter.
Mericarps usually separate, each being broadly elliptical, more or less curved,
from 4 to 10 mm. in length and from 1 to 3.5 mm. in breadth, some having a
slender stalk from 2 to 10 mm. in length; dorsal surface convex, yellowish-green to
grayish-brown, with tliree prominent, longitudinal primary ribs and at the
summit a short, conical stylopodium; commissural surface with three narrow,
light brown, longitudinal areas separated by two dark brown or brownish-
black areas containing the vittse or oil-tubes; odor and taste aromatic and
characteristic.
Under the microscope, transverse sections of Fennel show a pentagonal meri-
carp, four of the edges being nearly equal and slightly concave, the other or com-
missural surface being much longer and more or less undulate ; cells of the seed-
coat closel}' united with those of the pericarp, giving the section two very distinct
areas, the inner and larger portion (endosperm) more or less rounded-pentagonal
and somewhat reniform, composed of polygonal cells, filled with aleurone grains
containing rosette aggregates of calcium oxalate and a thin protoplasmic layer
enclosing a fixed oil; the outer or pericarp laj-er distinguished by large elliptical
vittae with thick, brown walls, occurring singly and alternating with the primary
ribs, and two vittae on the dorsal surface, making usually six vitta; in all, there
sometimes being, however, one or two vittse additional; in the central portion of
each of the ribs occurs a nearly circular, fibro-vascular bundle with a few traches
and numerous thin-walled, strongly lignified sclerenchymatous fibers.
The powder is yellowish-brown consisting of irregular angular fragments;
tissues of endosperm, colorless, the cells filled with aleurone grains, each containing
a rosette aggregate of calcium oxalate, about 0.002 mm. in diameter; fragments
containing yellowish-browTi vittse, from 0.1 to 0.2 mm. in width; sclerenchy-
matous fibers few, strongly hgnified and with numerous, obhque, simple pores;
parenchjTna cells with more or less thick walls and simple pores and occasionally
reticulately thickened; tracheae few and either spiral or annular; in mounts made
with hydrated chloral T.S., numerous globules of a fixed oil separate.
Fennel jields not more than 9 per cent, of ash.
Preparation — Infusum Sennae Compositum,
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
198 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THii
FRANGULA
Frangula
Frang.— Buckthorn Bark
The dried bark of Rhamnus Frangula Linne (Fam. RhamnacecB).
In quills varying in length, frequently flattened or crushed; from 0.5 to 1 mm.
in thickness; outer surface grayish-brown or purplish-black, with numerous, promi-
nent, lighter-colored, transverse lenticels and occasional patches of foliaceous
lichens bearing small, blackish apothecia; inner surface smooth, dark brown with
occasional purplish blotches, longitudinally striate, becoming red when moistened
with solutions of the alkahes; fracture short, slightly fibrous in the irmer layer;
odor distinctive; taste slightly bitter.
Under the microscope, transverse sections of Frangula show a distinctly undu-
late corky layer, composed of about 12 rows of reddish-brown cells; parenchyma
cells of the primary cortex with numerous rosette aggregates of calcium oxalate,
from 0.01 to 0.025 mm. in diameter; inner bark with bast-fibers in narrow,
interrupted rows, the groups of fibers being separated radially by the medullary
rays; bast-fibers with thick, strongly lignified, yellowish walls and narrow lumina
and each group surrounded by a layer of crystal fibers, the prismatic crystals
of calcium oxalate varying from 0.007 to 0.015 mm. in diameter, medullary
rays one to two cells in width, occasionally three; cells of the parenchyma and
medullary rays with numerous starch grains, 0.003 mm. in diameter.
The powder is yellowish-brown; stone cells absent (distinguishing it from the
powder of Cascara Sagrada).
Add 0.1 Gm. of powdered Frangula to 10 mils of hot distilled water, shake
the mixture occasionally until cold and filter; on the addition of a few drops of
ammonia water, the filtrate is colored a deep red.
Macerate 0.1 Gm. of powdered Frangula with 10 drops of alcohol, boil
with 10 mils of distilled water and filter when cold. Shake this filtrate with
10 mils of ether; a yellow, ethereal solution separates, and 3 mils of this ethereal
solution, when shaken with 3 mils of ammonia water, yields an alkaline solu-
tion, which, on being diluted with 20 mils of distilled water, still possesses a
distinct cherry-red color.
Frangula yields not more than 6 per cent, of ash.
Preparation — Fluidextractum Franguls.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
GALLA
Nutgall
Qall. — Aleppo Galls Smyrna Galls
Excrescences on the young twigs of Quercus infedoria Olivier and
other alUed species of Quercus (Fam. Fagaceoe), induced by the punctures
on the leaf-buds and by the deposited ova of Cynips tinctoria Hartig
(Order HymenopteroB). Not more than 5 per cent, of Galls float in water.
Nearly globular, from 0.8 to 2.2 cm. in diameter; externally blackish-olive-
green or blackish-gray, more or less tuberculated on the upper portion, the basal
portion being nearly smooth and contracted into a short stalk; heavy, sinking
in water, excepting the smaller galls; fracture short-horny; internally grayish
or dark brown, consisting of a central portion sUghtly radiating and resinous,
occasionally hollow and traversed by a narrow radial canal extending to
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 199
the exterior as shown by the perforation in the whole gall; odor slight; taste
strongly astringent.
The powder consists of numerous fragments of thick-walled starch-bearing
parenchyma; starch grains numerous; more or less free in the powder and vary-
ing in 8ha,pe from spherical or ellipsoidal to polygonal, and from 0.005 to 0.03
mm. in diameter; stone-cells few, resembling those found in fruits and seeds,
varying considerably in shape and size, and from 0.025 to 0.3 mm. in length;
occasional fragments with spiral or reticulate trachea^; fragments mounted in
dilute ferric chloride T.S. assume a deep blue or greeni.sh-blue color.
Macerate 0.5 Gm. of the powdered Nutgall with 2 mils of alcohol for a few
minutes, add 500 mils of water, stir the mixture well for five minutes and filter.
Take 1 mil of the light yellowish-brown solution, and dilute it with 10 mils of
water; it shows a distinct blue or violet-blue color upon the addition of a drop
of ferric chloride T.S.
Preparation — Unguentum Gallse.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
GAMBIR
Gambir
Pale Catechu
A dried extract prepared from decoctions of the leaves and twigs of
Ouroupana Gambir (Hunter) Baillon (Fam. Ruhiacece).
Usually in cubical or rectangular pieces from 20 to 30 mm. in diameter;
externally pale grayish-brown to reddish-brown, more or less dull and porous;
friable; internally of a light brown or dull earthy color; inodorous; taste bitterish
and very astringent.
Upon scraping a piece of Gambir and mounting the separated fragments in
hydrated chloral T.S. and examining them under the microscope, numerous
acicular crystals, from 0.01 to 0.03 mm. in length, seixirate at the edges of the
fragments and gradually dissolve, lea\ang a few, thick-wallcd, non-glandular hairs
which, when entire, may be 0.35 mm. in length; a few fragments of leaves may
also be present showing either epidermal cells or small narrow tracheae with
spiral or annular markings; a few starch grains either single or compound, of
variable shapes and from 0.005 to 0.015 mm. in diameter; a number of bacteria
may also be present.
Macerate 1 Gm. of Gambir with 50 mils of water, and filter; the pale yellowish-
brown solution obtained gives an intense, green color with dilute ferric chloride
T.S. ; but yields no precipitate with copper sulphate T.S.
Not less than 65 per cent, of Gambir is soluble in water and not less than 60
per cent, is soluble in alcohol.
Gambir j'ields not more than 9 per cent, of ash.
Preparation — Tinctura Gambir Composita.
Average dose — IMetric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
GELATINUM
Gelatin
Gelat.
The purified product obtained from animal tissues, as skin, ligaments,
and bones, by treatment with boiling water.
200 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OP THE
An amorphous solid, in sheets or flakes or in ground, powdered or shredded form,
colorless or slightly yellowish, and having a very slight, characteristic odor and
taste; unalterable in the air when dry, but decomposing when moist or in solution.
Gelatin is insoluble in cold water but swells and softens when immersed in it,
gradually absorbing from 5 to 10 times its own weight of water; soluble in hot
water, acetic acid or glycerin; insoluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, benzene,
carbon disulphide or fixed or volatile oils.
An aqueous solution of Gelatin (1 in 5000) is at once rendered turbid by the
addition of tannic acid T.S.
A hot solution of Gelatin in distilled water (1 in 40) is free from putrid odor,
and is not more than slightly acid to litmus; it appears not more than slightly
opalescent in a stratum 2 cm. in thickness, and, on cooling to 6° C. and standing
for several hours, it forms a firm, transparent or translucent jelly.
Incinerate about 0.5 Gm. of Gelatin; not more than 2 per cent, of ash remains.
A solution of the ash in 25 nails of distilled water, made with the aid of heat
and a few drops of hydrochloric acid, does not respond to the Test for heavy
metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Heat 1.5 Gm. of Gelatin with 30 mils of hydrochloric acid (1 in 4) in a 150 mil
Erlenmeyer flask on a water bath, and, when the Gelatin has dissolved, add 3
mils of saturated bromine water and heat it on a water bath for fifteen minutes,
shaking the flask occasionally. Then add 0.5 Gm. of potassium iodide and follow
it immediately with 0.5 mil of a 25 per cent, solution of stannous chloride. Heat
the solution for five minutes on a water bath, cool and subject it to the Test for
arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1). The .stain produced, if any, is not greater than
that produced in a test made with the same quantities of the reagents to which
2 mils of the standard arsenic test solution (see Part II, Test No. 1) has been
added.
Dissolve 20 Gm. of Gelatin in 150 mils of hot distilled water in a flask having
a round bottom and a long neck, add 5 mils of phosphoric acid and 1 Gm. of
sodium bicarbonate, and at once connect the flask with a condenser. Distil
50 mils, receiving the distillate under the surface of 50 mils of tenth-normal
iodine V.S. Acidulate the distillate with a few drops of hydrochloric acid, add
2 mils of barium chloride T.S., and heat on a water bath until the hquid is nearly
colorless. The precipitate of barium sulphate, if any, when filtered, washed
and ignited, weighs not more than 0.0015 Gm., corresponding to not more than
0.002 per cent, of sulphur dioxide in the Gelatin, correction being made for any
sulphate which may be present in 50 mils of the tenth-normal iodine V.S.
Note — Gelatin used for making capsules for medicines contains not more
than 0.15 per cent, of sulphur dioxide.
Preparation — Gelatinum Glycerinatum.
GELATINUM GLYCERINATUM
Glycerinated Gelatin
Qelat. Glycerin.
Gelatin", one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Glycerin, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make two hundred grammes 200 Gm.
Pour upon the gelatin sufficient water, which has been previously
boiled and cooled, to cover it; allow it to stand one hour; pour off the
water and allow the gelatin to drain for a few minutes; then transfer
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 201
it to a dish, add the glycerin, and heat it on a water bath until the
gelatin is dissolved. Strain the solution while hot, transfer to a tared
dish and continue the heat on the water bath until the product weighs
two hundred grammes. When cold, cut the mass into pieces, and preserve
them in well-closed containers.
GELSElSnUM
Gelsemium
Qelsem. — Yellow Jasmine Root Yellow Jessamine
The dried rhizome and roots of Gelsemium sempervirens (Linne) Alton
filius (Fam. Loganiacece).
Rhizome cylindrical, usually in pieces from 3 to 20 cm. in length and from 3
to 30 mm. in diameter; externally light yellowish-brown, longitudinally wrinkled,
with purplish-brown longitudinal lines and transverse fissures ; the upper surface
with a few stem-scars, the under and side portions with numerous roots and root-
scars; fracture tough, splintery; internally light brown or pale yellow, bark thin,
wood distinctly radiate, excentral, pith disintegrated; odor slight; taste bitter.
Roots light brown; fracture one-half transverse, the other oblique or splintery.
Under the microscope, sections of the rhizome of Gelsemium show a strong
development of cork, the walls being grayish or yellowish-brown and more or
less lignified; a cortex made up chiefly of parenchyma containing starch and
having in the outer portion small scattered groups of stone cells or sclerenchy-
matous fibers, and in the inner portion in the region of the medullary ray prisms
of calcium oxalate; woody portion made up of broad wedges consisting of large
tracheae and fiber-tracheids separated by starch-bearing medullary rays, the
innermost cells, or those nearer the pith, being strongly lignified, while the outer-
most layers, or those nearer the cortex, are non-lignified and may contain prisms
of calcium oxalate ; an internal phloem or sieve, the cells forming distinct, more
or less rounded groups, the latter being partly surrounded by a thin-walled starch-
bearing pith.
The powder is dark yellow, tracheae with bordered pores numerous and con-
spicuous- spiral tracheae few; bast-fibers and fiber-tracheids long and narrow,
strongly lignified; starch grains spherical, from 0.004 to 0.008 mm. in diameter-
calcium oxalate in monochnic prisms from 0.015 to 0.03 mm. in length; occasional
groups of stone cells or sclerenchymatous fibers, the walls being very thick,
porous, and strongly lignified.
Preparations — Extractum Gelsemii Fluidextractum Gelsemii Tinctura
Gelsemii.
Average dose — Metric, 0.03 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3^ grain.
GENTIANA
Gentian
Gentian. — Yellow Gentian Root
The dried rhizome and roots of Gentiana lutea Linn^ (Fam. Genti
anacece).
202 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
In nearly cylindrical, sometimes branching pieces, of variable length, from 5
to 35 mm. in thickness; externally yellowish-brown, the rhizome portion annulate,
the roots longitudinally wrinkled; fracture short and uneven when dry, but
tough and flexible when damp; internally yellowish-brown, the bark from 0.5
to 2 mm. in thickness, separated from the somewhat spongy woody portion by
a dark brown cambium zone; odor strong, characteristic; taste slightly sweetish,
then strongly and persistently bitter.
The powder is light brown or yellowish-brown, consisting chiefly of paren-
ch>Tnatous cells with fragments of scalariform or reticulate tracheae; starch
grains few or none. Stone cells and sclerenchymatous fibers are absent.
Gentian yields not more than 6 per cent, of ash.
Preparations — Extractum Gentianae Fluidextractum Gentianae TincturaGen-
tianae Composita.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
GLUCOSUM
Glucose
QIucos. — Syrupy Glucose Liquid Glucose
A syrupy product obtained by the incomplete hydrolysis of starch,
consisting chiefly of dextrose (d-glucose)[C6Hi206 = 180.10] and dextrins.
Glucose occurs as a colorless or slightly colored, thick, syrupy liquid. It is
odorless or nearly so and has a sweet taste.
It is very soluble in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol.
An aqueous solution of Glucose is neutral or slightly acid to litmus.
Add a few drops of an aqueous solution of Glucose (1 in 20) to 5 mils of hot
alkaline cupric tartrate T.S.; a copious red precipitate of cuprous oxide is pro-
duced {distinction from cane sugar).
Introduce about 0.5 Gm. of Glucose into a wide-mouthed, tared weighing-
bottle, weigh accurately, add 2 mils of distilled water, evaporate the water at
about 70° C. and dry the residue to constant weight at 90° C. The loss in weight
of the Glucose does not exceed 21 per cent, {water).
Incinerate Glucose at a temperature not exceeding a low red heat; not more
than 1 per cent, of ash remains.
A solution of 5 Gm. of Glucose in 15 mils of distilled water, mixed with 5 drops
of phenolphthalein T.S., requires not more than 0.6 mil of tenth-normal potas-
sium hydroxide V.S. to produce a pink color {free acid).
Dissolve about 2 Gm. of Glucose in 50 mils of distilled water, boil the solution
for one minute and cool; the addition of one drop of tenth-normal iodine V.S.
to this solution produces no blue color {starch). On now adding a few drops of
starch T.S. to the solution a blue color is produced {limit of sulphur dioxide).
An aqueous solution of Glucose does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3). If the solution of Glucose is not colorless, comparison
must be made with 10 mils of the same solution, to which a volume of distilled
water, equal to that of the hydrogen sulphide T.S., has been added.
Dissolve 1.5 Gm. of Glucose in 5 mils of distilled water; add 5 mils of diluted
sulphuric acid and 1 mil of bromine water and heat for five minutes on a water
bath. Then add 0.5 Gm. of potassium iodide, follow it with 5 drops of stannous
chloride T.S., cool and subject the solution to the Test for arsenic (see Part II,
Test No. 1). The stain produced, if any, is not greater than that produced
in a test made with the same quantities of the reagents to which 2 mils of the
standard arsenic teat solution (see Part II, Test No. 1) has been added.
tNlTED STATES OF AMERICA 203
m
GLYCERINUM
Glycerin
Glycerin.— Glycerol
A liquid obtained by the hydrolysis of vegetable or animal fats, or
fixed oils, purified by distillation, and containing not less than 95 per
cent, of the trihydric alcohol C3H5(0H)3 or CHzOH.CHOH.CHaOH
(92.06). Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Glycerin is a clear, colorless liquid, of a thick, syrupy consistence, having not
more than a slight,vcharacteristic odor which is neither harsh nor disagreeable,
sweet to the taste and producing a sensation of warmth in the mouth; when
exposed to the air, it absorbs moisture.
Glycerin is miscible with water or alcohol; in.soluble in chloroform, ether,
benzene, petroleum benzin, carbon disulphide or fixed or volatile oils.
An aqueous solution of Glycerin (1 in 20) is neutral to litmus.
Specific gravity: not below 1.249 at 25° C.
Glycerin does not appreciably volatilize from weak aqueous solutions. When of a
strength between 70 and 100 per cent., it rapidly volatilizes at boiling temperatures.
Heat a few drops of Glycerin with about 0.5' Gni. of potassium bisulphate;
pungent vapors of acrolein are evolved.
Glycerin is colorless when viewed transversely in a tube of colorless glass
about 30 mm. in diameter, held in a vertical position.
Heat 50 Gm. of Glycerin in an opeh, shallow, 100 mil porcelain or platinum
dish until it ignites, then allow it to burn without further application of heat in
a place free from draught; not more than 0.015 per cent, of carbonaceous and
mineral residue remains. Subject this residue to a low red heat, until com-
bustion is complete; not more than 0.007 per cent, of mineral ash remains. This
ash, when dissolved in 10 mils of distilled water and titrated with hundredth-
normal silver nitrate V.S., using potassium chromate T.S. as indicator, shows,
in the original 50 Gm. of Glycerin, not more than 0.001 per cent, of chlorides
calculated as sodium chloride. Each mil of hundredth-normal silver nitrate
V.S. consumed corresponds to 0.0005846 Gm. of NaCl.
Mix 5 mils of Glycerin by vigorous shaking with an equal volume of sulphuric
acid in a glass-stoppered cyhnder; the liquid does not become darker than yellow
on standing for one hour {readily carbonizable impurities).
Mix 50 Gm. of Glj^cerin with 50 mils of freshly boiled distilled water and 5 mils
of half-normal potassium hydroxide V.S. and boil the mixture for five minutes.
When cold, it requires not less than 4 mils of half-normal hydrochloric acid V.S.
for neutralization, using phenolphthalein T.S. as indicator (JcUly acids and esters).
An aqueous solution of Glycerin (1 in 10) remains clear on the addition of
calcium chloride T.S. (oxalic acid); another portion of the solution is not
affected by barium chloride T.S. after acidulation with a few drops of diluted
hydrochloric acid (sulphate).
An aqueous solution of Glycerin does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3).
An aqueous solution of Glycerin meets the requirements of the Test for
arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1).
A mixture of 5 mils of Glycerin and 5 mils of an aqueous solution of potassium
hydroxide d in 10) does not become yellow when kept for five minutes at 60° C.
(acrolein, glucose), nor emit an odor of ammonia (ammonium compounds).
Preparations — Gelatinum Glycerinatum Suppositoria Glycerini Glycerites.
Average dose — Metric, 4 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fiuidrachm.
204 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
GLYCERITUM ACIDI TANNICI
Glycerite of Tannic Acid
Qlycer. Acid. Tann. — Glycerite of Tannin
Tannic Acid, twenty grammes 20 Gm.
Glycerin, eighty grammes 80 Gm.
To make one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Weigh the glycerin into a tared, wide-mouthed bottle with a capacity
of about one hundred and twenty-five mils. Place the bottle and contents
in a water bath, heat the water until it boils, and continue the heat for
a few minutes; add the tannic acid to the hot glycerin in small, suc-
cessive portions, agitate the mixture until the tannic acid is dissolved
and strain the solution while warm through purified cotton.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
GLYCERITUM AMYLI
Glycerite of Starch
Qlycer. Amyl.
Starch, ten grammes 10 Gm.
Water, ten milliliters 10 mils
Glycerin, eighty grammes 80 Gm.
Triturate the starch with the water, until a homogeneous mixture is
produced. Then gradually add this to the glycerin, contained in a
porcelain dish, and heated to about 140° C. Continue the heat, with
constant stirring, keeping it below 144° C, until a translucent jelly is
formed. Transfer the product to suitable vessels, provided with well-
fitting covers.
GLYCERITUM BOROGLYCERINI
Glycerite of Boroglycerin
Qlycer. Boroglyc.
Boric Acid, in fine powder, three hundred and ten grammes 310 Gm.
Glycerin, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Heat four hundred and sixty grammes of glycerin, in a tared porcelain
dish on a sand bath, to a temperature between 140° C. and 150° C., and
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 205
add the boric acid in portions, constantly stirring. When all is added and
dissolved, continue the heat at the same temperature, frequently stir-
ring, and breaking up the film which forms on the surface until the mix-
ture has been reduced to the weight of five hundred grammes, then add
to it five hundred grammes of glycerin, mix thoroughly, and imme-
diately transfer it to bottles and stopper them tightly.
GLYCERITUM HYDRASTIS
Glycerite of Hydrastis
Glycer. Hydrast.— Glycerite of Golden Seal
One hundred mils of Glycerite of Hydrastis yields not less than
1.12 Gm. nor more than 1.37 Gm. of the ether-soluble alkaloids of
hydrastis.
Hydrastis, in No. 60 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Glycerin,
Alcohol,
Water, each, a sufficient quantity,
To make about one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Moisten the hydrastis with three hundred and fifty mils of alcohol,
pack it firmly in a cylindrical percolator, and add enough alcohol to
saturate the powder and leave a stratum above it. When the liquid
begins to drop from the percolator, close the lower orifice, and, having
closely covered the percolator, macerate for forty-eight hours. Then
allow the percolation to proceed slowly, gradually adding alcohol, until
the drug is exhausted. Remove nearly all of the alcohol by dis-
tillation or evaporation, pour the thick concentrated liquid into four
hundred and fifty mils of ice-cold water, and set it aside, in a cold
place, for twenty-four hours. Then filter and assay a portion of this
filtrate b}' the process given below, and, from the result thus obtained,
ascertain by calculation the amount of ether-soluble alkaloids in the re-
mainder of the liquid. Add to this enough cold water to make each one
hundred mils of the product contain 2.5 Gm. of the ether-soluble alkaloids
of hydrastis. Finally add an equal volume of glycerin, and mix.
Assay — Proceed as directed under Fluidextractum Belladonnoe Radicis, page
178, first line of the Assav, modifying the process there given by using 5 mils of
Glycerite of Hydrastis instead of 10 mils of fluidextract of belladonna root and
using only ether as the immiscible solvent throughout the assay. Wash the final
ether extractions with 10 mils of distilled water, draw off the water and discard it.
206 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Then filter the ether solution through a pledget of purified cotton, wash the cotton
with ether, evaporate the filtrate and washings, and dry the residue at 100° C. to
constant weight instead of titrating it. The weight represents the amount of
ether-soluble alkaloids in 5 mils of the Glycerite of Hydrastis.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
GLYCERITUM PHENOLIS
Glycerite of Phenol
Qlycer. Phenol.— Glycerite of Carbolic Acid
Liquefied Phenol, twenty milliliters 20 mils
Glycerin, eighty milliliters 80 mils
To make one hundred milliliters 100 mils
Add the liquefied phenol to the glycerin and thoroughly mix.
Average dose — Metric, 0.3 mil — Apothecaries, 5 minims.
GLYCYRRHIZA
Glycyrrhiza
Glycyrrh. — Licorice Liquorice Root
The dried rhizome and roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra typica Regel et
Herder, known in commerce as Spanish Licorice, or of Glycyrrhiza glabra
glandulifera Regel et Herder, known in commerce as Russian Licorice
(Fam. Leguminosoe) .
Preserve powdered and whole Glycyrrhiza in tightly-closed containers
to which a few drops of chloroform or carbon tetrachloride are added
from time to time to prevent attack by insects.
SpanishXicorice (also known as Italian, Levant, Persian, Turkish, or Arabian
Licorice) — Nearly cylindrical, upper portion more or less knotty; usually in
pieces from 14 to 20 cm. or more in length and from 5 to 20 mm. in thickness;
externally yellowish-brown or dark brown, longitudinally wrinkled, the thinner
rhizomes often having prominent alternate buds, the thicker rhizomes haying
distinct corky patches; fracture coarsely fibrous; internally lemon-yellow, radiate;
bark from 1 to 3 mm. in thickness; wood porous, in narrow wedges, rhizome with
small i)ith; odor distinctive; taste sweetish and slightly acrid.
Under the micros(!ope, transverse sections of pieces of the older rhizome of
Spanish Licorice show a periderm of numerous layers of yellowish-brown cork
cells, a phellogen and one or more rows of cells of the f)helloderm, the cells show-
ing a tendency to coUenchjTnatous thickenings and with occasional monoclinic
prisms of calcium oxalate ; a middle bark of starch-bearing parenchyma and whitish
groups of bast-fibers surrounded with crystal-fibers; inner bark with a very char-
acteristic radial arrangement of phloem and medullary rays, the phloem con-
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 207
sisting of wedges of small groups of bast-fibers and parenchyma, separated by an
almost continuous, obliterated sieve tissue, the cells of the latter being very irreg-
ular in outline anclwith thick, highly refracting walls; medullary rays from 1 to 8
cells wide; wood characterized by broad wedges consisting of large trache;e
with yellowish walls, small com])act grou])s of wood-fibers and starch-bearing
parenchyma alternating with the broad medullary rays; pith composed of j)aren-
chyma, the cells being large, more or less polj-gonal in outline and containing
numerous starch grains, or prisms of calcium oxalate. In sections of roots the
pith is absent.
Russian Licorice — Nearly cyhndrical, somewhat tapering, sometimes split
longitudinally, from 15 to 30 cm. in length and from 1 to 5 cm. in diameter; when
deprived of the outer corky layer, it is externally pale-yellow; fracture coarsely
fibrous; internally lemon-yellow; wood radially cleft; odor distinct; taste sweetish.
Under the microscope, transverse sections of the rhizome and roots of Russian
Licorice somewhat resemble those of Spanish Licorice, but the cork cells are
absent.
Powdered GlycjTrhiza is pale brownish-yellow (Spanish Licorice) or pale
yellow (Russian Licorice); starch grains numerous, mostly single and elliptical
or oval, and from 0.002 to 0.02 mm. in diameter; trachete mostly with bordered
pores; wood- and bast-fibers numerous, strongly hgnificd, very long, much
attenuated at the ends and about 0.01 mm. in width; crystal-fibers with mono-
chnic prisms of calcium oxalate, the latter from 0.01 to 0.02 mm. in diameter ;
occasional fragments of reddish-browTi cork cells occur in Spanish Licorice, but
are practically absent in the Russian Licorice.
Add 10 Gm. of powdered Glycyrrhiza to 100 mils of distilled water, allow the
mixture to macerate for fifteen minutes with occasional stirring; and then heat
it for one-half hour on a water bath. Filter the mixture and add through the
filter enough water to make the filtrate measure 100 mils; not less than 0.2 Gm. of
residue remains on evaporating 10 mils of this filtrate and drying it at 100° C.
Gl3-C3Trliiza yields not more than 7 per cent, of ash.
Preparations — Extractum Glycyrrhizae Purum Fluidextractum Glycyrrhizae
Elixir Glycyrrliizse (from Fluidextract) Mistura Glycyrrhizae Composita
(from Extract) Pulvis Glycyrrhizae Compositus.
Average dose — Metric, 2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 30 grains.
GLYCYRRHIZINUM AMMONIATUM
Ammoniated Glycyrrhizin
Glycyrrh. Ammon.
A sweet principle combined with ammonia obtained from glyc^Trhiza.
Ammoniated Glycyrrhizin occurs in dark brown or brownish-red scales, with-
out odor, and having a very sweet taste.
It is freely soluble in water and soluble in alcohol.
Its aqueous solution when heated with potassium hydroxide T.S. evolves
ammonia.
Supersaturate an aqueous solution of Ammoniated GlycjTrhizin with an acid;
a precipitate is produced (consisting essentiallj- of glycyrrhizin), which, when
dissolved in hot water, forms a jelly on cooling. This substance, after being
washed with diluted alcohol and dried, appears as an amorphous, yellow powder,
having a strong, bitter-sweet taste, and an acid reaction.
Incinerate 0.5 Gm. of Ammoniated Glycj-rrhizin; not more than 0.5'per cent,
of ash remains.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
208 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
GOSSYPIUM PURIFICATUM
Purified Cotton
Qossyp. Purif.— Absorbent Cotton
The hairs of the seed from one or mere of the cultivated varieties of
Gossypium herbaceum Liime (Fam. Malvaceoe), freed from adhering
impurities and linters and deprived of fatty matter.
Purified Cotton occurs in white, soft, fine filaments, appearing under the micro-
scope as hollow, flattened and twisted bands, spirally striate, and slightly thick-
ened at the edges; inodorous and almost tasteless; insoluble in ordinary solvents,
but soluble in an ammonia solution of cupric oxide.
When Purified Cotton, previously compressed in the hand, is thrown on the
surface of cold water, it readily absorbs the latter and sinks.
Incinerate 5 Gm. of Purified Cotton; not more than 0.2 per cent, of ash remains.
Thoroughly saturate about 10 Gm. of Purified Cotton with 100 mils of distilled
water, then with the aid of a glass rod press out two portions of the water, 25
mils each, into white porcelain dishes. Add to one portion 3 drops of phenol-
phthalein T.S. and to the other portion 1 drop of methyl orange T.S.; no pink
color develops in either portion {alkali or acid).
Extract 5 Gm. of Purified Cotton, tightly packed in a narrow percolator,
with ether, until the percolate measures 20 mils, and evaporate this to dryness; the
residue does not exceed 0.6 per cent, {falty matter).
Extract 10 Gm. of Purified Cotton, in a narrow percolator, with alcohol, until
the percolate measures 100 mils. When observed downward tlirough a column
20 cm. in depth, the percolate may show a yellowish color, but no blue or green
tint (dyes); and, on evaporating this percolate to dryness, the weight of the
residue does not exceed 0.5 per cent, (resins and soap).
GRANATUM
Pomegranate
Granat. — Pomegranate Bark
The dried bark of the stems and roots of Punica Granatum Linn(5
(Fam. PunicacecB) fVnihont the presence or admixture of more than 2 per
cent, of wood or other foreign matter. Preserve it in tightly-closed
containers.
The stem bark is mostly in somewhat flattened or transversely curved pieces, to
some extent in quills, from 2 to 8 cm. in length; bark from 0.5 to 3.5 mm. in
thickness; outer surface yellowish to grayish-brown, with grayish patches of
foliaceous lichens with their browni.sh-black apothecia, longitudinally wrinkled,
also marked with small, broadly elliptical lenticels and with more or less abraded
patches of cork; inner surface light yellow or yellowish-brown, finely striate;
fracture short, smooth, inner bark yellowish-green; odor slight; taste astringent,
somewhat bitter and nauseous.
The root bark is in transversely curved pieces; externally brownish-yellow to
dark brown with irregular patches of cork; internally dark yellow, the medullary
rays extending nearly to the outer surface.
The powder is yellowish-brown to dark brown: calcium oxalate crystals in
rosette aggregates, monoclinic prisms or crystal fibers, the individual crystals
from 0.01 to 0.018 mm. in diameter; starch grains numerous, spherical, ellip-
soidal biconvex, polygonal or irregular, and single or compound, from 0.002 to
0.01 mm. in diameter; fragments of whitish cork with strongly lignified walls;
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 209
stone cells mostly single, occasionally in small groups, the individual cells from
0.05 to 0.18 num. in length, the walls being very thick and strongly lamellated;
occasional fragments of wood with long wood-fibers from 0.015 to 0.02 mm. in
width, the walls being slightly lignified and from 0.003 to 0.008 mm. in thickness
and associated with tracheai possessing simple and bordered j)ores.
Mi.x 1 Gm. of powdered Pomegranate with 100 mils of distilled water, macerate
it with occasional agitation for about an hour and filter; a light yellow filtrate
is obtained. Upon the addition of a drop of ferric chloride T.S. to 10 mils of this
filtrate a bluish-black precipitate is produced, l^pon the addition of from 40 to
50 mils of lime water to another portion of 10 mils of the filtrate, an orange-
brown, flocculent precipitate is produced.
Pomegranate j-ields not more than IG per cent, of ash.
Preparation — Fluidextractum Granati.
Average dose — ]Metric, 2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 30 grains.
GRINDELIA
Grindelia
Qrindel.
The dried leaves and flowering tops of Grindelia camporum Greene,
or Grindelia cuneifolia Nuttall, or Griyidelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal
(Fam. Cotnpositw), without the presence or admixture of more than 10
per cent, of stems or other foreign matter.
Stems with attached branches and terminated with resinous fiower-buds;
stems cylindrical, not exceeding 2 mm. in diameter; light yellow or rose-colored,
with alternate leaf-scars, occasionally with basal portions of leaves, sometimes
more or less irregularly flexuous and coated with resin, especially at the nodes;
leaves usually separate and more or less broken and varying in shape when entire
from oblong and lanceolate to oblanceolate-spatulate and cuneate-spatulate,
from 1 to 7 cm. in length, mostly sessile or amplexicaul and more or less sharply
serrate or evenly spinosely-toothed, pale yellow to yellowish-green, very resin-
ous, somewhat coriaceous and brittle; bracts of flowering branches almost entire
and usually more or less spreading; heads more or less resinous, viscid, many-
flowered, either conical-urceolate or depressed-urceolate, involucres from 5 to
20 mm. in breadth, composed of numerous imbricated bracts with more or less re-
curved tips; ray flowers j-ellow, ligulate and pistillate; disk florets yellow, tubular
and perfect; pappus of two or tliree mostly unequal linear awns about the length
of the disk florets; disk achenes more or less ovoid or oblong; more or less com-
pressed or triquetrous, and either biauriculate or broadly imidentate or with a
broad truncate, corky, thickened summit; odor balsamic; taste aromatic and
bitter, resinous.
The powder is yellowish-brown; consisting of numerous fibrous fragments
made up of tissues of the stem, the most prominent being the traches with
annular and spiral thickenings or marked with simple or bordered pores, asso-
ciated with numerous, narrow, strongly lignified wood-fibers; pith cells more
or less tabular and containing a layer of protoplasm in which are embedded
numerous spheroidal granules; fragments of epidermis of leaves very characteris-
tic and showing more or less polygonal areas containing large chloroplastids,
and the large, colorless, basal cells of the multicellular glandular hairs; pollen
grains spherical, about 0.035 mm. in diameter, spinose, and in section showing
three pores.
Preparation — Fluidex tractum Grindeliae.
Average dose — Metric, 2 Gm. — ^Apothecaries, 30 grains.
19
210
THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
GUAIACOL
Guaiacol
The monomethyl ether [CHsOa or C6H4(0H)(0CH3) 1 : 2 = 124.06]
of ortho-dihydroxj^benzene, obtained from wood-tar creosote or pre-
pared synthetically. Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected
from light.
Guaiacol is a colorless or yellowish, strongly refractive liquid, or a colorless
or yellowish, crystalline sohd, having an agreeable, aromatic odor. It becomes
darker on exposure to light and air. The solid form when liquefied may remain
so for some time, even at a low temperature.
One Gm. of Guaiacol dissolves in 53 mils of water and in 0.8 mil of glycerin
at 25° C., but separates from the glycerin on the addition of water; miscible with
alcohol, chloroform, ether or acetic acid.
The specific gravity of Hquid Guaiacol is between 1.110 and 1.114 at25''C.
Solid Guaiacol melts at about 28° C.
Not less than 85 per cent, of Guaiacol distils between 200° and 210° C.
The addition of a drop of ferric chloride T.S. to 10 mils of an alcoholic solu-
tion of Guaiacol (1 in 100) produces an immediate blue color, changing to emerald-
green, and finally becoming yellowish.
Incinerate about 1 Gm. of Guaiacol; not more than 0.1 per cent, of ash remains.
Shake 2 mils of hquefied Guaiacol with 4 mils of purified petroleum benzin;
the mixture separates on standing into two distinct, clear layers. Permanent
turbidity or failure to separate into layers indicates the presence of impurities.
One mil of liquefied Guaiacol dissolves in 2 mils of potassium hydroxide solu-
tion (15 per cent.), when heated for one minute in boiling water; on cooling, it
congeals to a nearly white mass. Much coloration or failure to congeal indicates
the presence of impurities. The mass thus obtained forms a clear solution with
20 volumes of distilled water (turbidity indicates oily hydrocarbons).
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 mil — Apothecaries, 8 minims.
GUAIACOLIS CARBONAS
Guaiacol Carbonate
Quaiacol. Carb.
Aguaiacol derivative [(C7H70)2C03or(C6H4(OCH3)0)2.CO = 274.11].
Guaiacol Carbonate is a crystalline powder, odorless and tasteless or having
a slight, aromatic odor and taste.
Guaiacol Carbonate is insoluble in water; 1 Gm. dissolves in 60 mils of alcohol,
1 mil of chloroform, and in 18 mils of ether at 25° C. ; freely soluble in benzene and
slightly soluble in glycerin or fixed oils; freely soluble in boiling alcohol.
It melts between 83° and 87° C.
Incinerate 1 Gm. of Guaiacol Carbonate; not more than 0.1 per cent, of ash
remains. , , • ,
A saturated alcoholic solution of Guaiacol Carbonate yields no bluish-green
color on the addition of ferric chloride T.S. (free guaiacol), and is not acid to
litmus paper which has been previously moistened with distilled water.
One-tenth Gm. of Guaiacol Carbonate dissolves in 2 mils of sulphuric acid
without producing more than a faint yellow color [readily carbonizable impurities).
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 211
Heat about 0.5 Gra. of Guaiacol Carbonate for a few minutes with 10 mils of
alcoholic potassium hydroxide T.S. and cool the mixture; a crystalline precipitate
is formed, which effervesces with acids. If the alcohol is evaporated from the
filtered liquid, the residue supersaturated with diluted sulphuric acid and shaken
out with ether, the separated ether layer, upon spontaneous evaporation of the
ether, leaves a residue which responds to the tests for identity under Guaiacol.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
GUAIACUM
Guaiac
Quaiac. — Guaiac Resin
The resin of the wood of Guaiacum officinale Linnd, or of Guaiacum
sanctum Linne (Fam. ZygophyllaceoB) .
In irregular fragments or in large, nearly homogeneous masses, occasionally
in more or less rounded or ovoid tears, enclosing fragments of vegetable tissues;
externally brown, becoming greenish-gray-brown on exposure, the fractured sur-
face having a glassy luster, the thin pieces being translucent and varying in color
from reddish to yellowish-brown; odor balsamic; taste slightly acrid.
Guaiac melts between 85° and 90° C. It is readily soluble in alcohol, ether,
chloroform, creosote, and in solutions of the alkalies or in hydrated chloral
T.S. It is sparingly soluble in carbon disulphide or benzene and not more than
15 per cent, is insoluble in alcohol; the alcoholic solution, on the addition of an
excess of chlorine water or tincture of ferric chloride, becomes blue, changing
quickly to green, the color being best seen when the solutions are diluted with
an equal volume of water.
Macerate the crushed or powdered Guaiac with 4 or 5 times its weight of puri-
fied petroleum benzin for three hours and then filter; the filtrate is colorless,
and does not give a green color on the addition of an equal volume of cupric
acetate T.S. {rosin).
The powder is grajnsh, becoming green on exposure to the air.
Guaiac j-ields not more than 4 per cent, of ash.
Preparations — Tinctura Guaiaci Tinctura Guaiaci Ammoniata.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
GUARANA
Guarana
A dried paste consisting chiefly of the crushed seeds of Paullinia
Cupana Kunth (Fam, Sapindacea:) , yielding not less than 4 per cent, of
caffeine.
Usually in cylindrical sticks, about 3 to 5 cm. in diameter, externally dark
reddish-brown; hard and heavy; fracture uneven, often fissured in the center;
internally pale reddish-brown, showing more or less coarse fragments of seeds
and occasionally their blackish-brown integuments; odor slight; taste slightly
astringent and bitter.
The powder is hght pinkish-brown; consisting mostly of irregular massee of
parenchyma containing more or less altered starch grains; unaltered starch
grains occasional, varying from spherical and polygonal to elhpsoidal and broadly
ovoid, 0.01 to 0.025 mm. in diameter; occasional fragments with narrow, elon-
gated eclerenchymatous cells; the walls being thick, yellowish and non-Ugnified.
212 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Place on a slide a drop of hydrochloric acid, add about 0.001 Gm. of powdered
Guarana, then add a drop of gold chloride T.S. and allow the mixture to stand
for a few minutes; beginning at the edge of the mount, crj'stals of caffeine and
gold chloride separate in the form of orthorhombic plates and needles, the latter
usually occurring in spheroidal aggregates and finally forming branching groups.
Assay — Introduce 6 Gm. of Guarana, in No. 60 powder, into a flask and add
120 mils of chloroform and 6 mils of ammonia water. Stopper the flask, shake
it frequently for half an hour, then let it stand four hours. Again shake the
flask vigorously and when the drug has settled, filter the liquid rapidly through
a pledget of purified cotton and collect 100 mils of the filtrate, representing 5 Gm.
of Guarana. Evaporate the clear filtrate to dryness and dissolve the residue in
weak sulphuric acid with the aid of a gentle heat. When the hquid has cooled,
filter it into a separator and wash the container and filter with several small
portions of distilled water. Now add ammonia water until the hquid is dis-
tinctly alkaline to htmus and shake out the caffeine with chloroform until
completely extracted, as shown by testing with iodine T.S. in place of the usual
mercuric potassiimi iodide T.S. Evaporate the united chloroform solutions and
dry the residue to constant weight at 80° C. The weight is the amount of
caffeine from 5 Gm. of Guarana (see Proximate Assays, Part II).
Preparation — Fluidextractum Guaranse.
Average dose — Metric, 2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 30 grains.
HEXAMETHYLENAMINA
Hexamethylenamine
Hexam. — Hexamethylene-tetramine
A condensation product of ammonia and formaldehyde, hexamethyl-
ene-tetramine [(CH2) 6N4 = 140.14]. Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Hexamethylenamine occurs in colorless, lustrous, odorless crystals, or as a
white, crystalline powder.
One Gm. of Hexamethylenamine dissolves in 1.5 mils of water, 12.5 mils of
alcohol and in 320 mils of ether at 25° C. ; soluble in chloroform.
Its aqueous solution is alkaline to litmus.
At about 263° C. it sublimes without melting and with partial decomposition,
emitting a disagreeable odor.
Heat an aqueous solution (1 in 10) with diluted sulphuric acid; it decom-
poses with the liberation of formaldehyde (recognized by its odor or by its
darkening paper moistened with silver ammonium nitrate T.S.).
When an aqueous solution (1 in 10) is heated with diluted sulphuric acid
and then supersaturated with solution of sodium hydroxide, ammonia is
liberated.
Incinerate 2 Gm. of Hexamethylenamine; not more than 0.05 per cent, of
ash remains.
An aqueous solution of Hexamethylenamine (1 in 50) does not become
colored or turbid when mixed with an equal volume of hydrogen sulphide T.S.
(heavy metals). Separate portions of 10 mils each of an aqueous solution of
Hexamethylenamine (1 in 50), acitlulaled with 5 drops of nitric acid, are not
rendered turbid by a few drops of barium chloride T.S. {sulphate) nor more than
slightly opalescent by a few drops of silver nitrate T.S. (chloride).
Add 1 mil of alkaline mercuric potassium iodide T.S. to 10 mils of an aqueous
solution of Hexamethylenamine (1 in 20); no other color is produced tlian that
which results from the addition of the same amount of the reagent to 10 mils of
distilled water (ammonium salts).
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 213
HOMATROPINiE HYDROBROMIDUM
Homatropine Hydrobromide
Homatrop. Hydrobr.— Homatropine Bromide
The hydrobromide [Ci6H2i03N.HBr = 356.11] of homatropine, an
alkaloid obtained by the condensation of tropine and mandelic acid.
Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Homatropine Hydrobromide occurs as a white, odorless, crj^stallinc powder,
or in rhombic prisms. Great caution must be observed in tasting it, usitig only
very dilute solutions. Its solution when locally applied dilates the pupil of the eye.
One Gm. of Homatropine Hydrobromide dissolves in 6 mils of water, 40 mils
of alcohol, and in 420 mils of chloroform at 25° C; also in 12 mils of alcohol
at 60° C. ; insoluble in ether.
Its aqueoua solution (1 in 20) is neutral to litmus.
It melts at about 212° C. with partial decomposition.
Shake 2 mils of chloroform with 1 mil of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in
10) to which a few drops of chlorine water have been added; the chloroform
assumes a brownish color.
When added to solutions of Homatropine Hydrobromide, iodine T.S. produces
a brown precipitate; silver nitrate T.S. in similar solutions produces a yellowish-
white precipitate insoluble in nitric acid.
No weighable ash remains on incinerating 0.1 Gm. of Homatropine Hydro-
bromide.
Separate portions of 1 mil each of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20)
are not precipitated by tannic acid T.S.; or, after acidulation with hydrochloric
acid, by platinic chloride T.S. {foreign alkaloids).
Add a slight excess of ammonia water to 1 mil of an aqueous solution of the
salt (1 in 100), shake it out with chloroform and evaporate the chloroformic
solution to dryness on a water bath. The residue becomes yellow and finally
brick-red in color when warmed with about 1.5 mils of a solution made by
dissolving 1 Gm. of mercuric chloride in 50 mils of a mixture of 5 volumes of
alcohol and 3 volumes of distilled water (distinction from most other alkaloids
except atropine and hyoscyamine) .
Evaporate about 0.01 Gm. of Homatropine Hydrobromide, with 5 drops of
nitric acid, to dryness in a porcelain dish on a water bath; the residue acquires
no violet color on the addition of a few drops of alcohohc potassium hydroxide
T.S. {atropine, hyoscyamine, or hyoscine).
Average dose — Metric, 0.0005 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3^20 grain.
HUMULUS
Hops
Humul.
The carefully dried strobiles of Humulus Lupulus Linn^ (Fam.
Moracece) bearing their glandular trichomes and without the presence
or admixture of more than 2 per cent, of stems, leaves or other foreign
matter. Preserve it in tightly-closed containers, protected from light.
Strobile ovoid-cyhndrical, about 3 cm. in length, consisting of a narrow, hairy,
flexuous rachis and numerous, imbricated, yellowish-green to pale brown,
obliquely-ovate, membranous scales, the base of each with numerous, yellowish-
214 THE tHARMACOPCElA OF THE
brown glandular hairs, and frequently infolded on one side, enclosing a eub-
globular, light brown, very glandular achene; odor strong and characteristic,
becoming disagreeable and valerian-like on aging; taste aromatic and bitter.
Hops yield not more than 8 per cent, of ash.
Average dose — Metric, 2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 30 grains.
HYDRARGYRI CHLORIDUM CORROSRTFM
Corrosive Mercuric Chloride
Hydrarg. Chlor. Corr. — Bichloride of Mercury Corrosive Sublimate
Mercuric Chloride Perchloride of Mercury
It contains, when dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sul-
phuric acid, not less than 99.5 per cent, of HgCU (271.52). Preserve
it in well-closed containers.
Corrosive Mercuric Chloride occurs as heavy, colorless, rhombic crystals, or
crystalline masses, or as a white powder, odorless, permanent in the air, and
having a characteristic and persistent metaUic taste. Great caution should be used
in tasting it.
One Gm. of Corrosive Mercuric Chloride dissolves in 13.5 mils of water, 3.8
mils of alcohol, about 12 mils of glycerin, and in 22 mils of ether, at 25° C;
also in 2.1 mils of boiling water and 1.6 mils of boiling alcohol.
The salt fuses to a colorless liquid at 265° C. and at about 300' C. it
volatilizes in dense, white vapors, leaving not more than 0.1 per cent, of
residue.
An aqueous solution of Corrosive Mercuric Chloride (1 in 20) is acid to litmus,
but becomes neutral upon the addition of sodium chloride.
Separate portions of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) yield a white
precipitate with ammonia water; a black precipitate with an excess of hydrogen
sulphide; a red precipitate, soluble in an excess of the reagent, with potas-
sium iodide T.S.; and a white precipitate, insoluble in nitric acid, with silver
nitrate T.S.
Not more than 0.5 per cent, of residue remains on dissolving finely powdered
Corrosive Mercuric Chloride in ether or alcohol.
Assay — Dissolve about 0.5 Gm. of Corrosive Mercuric Chloride, previously
dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid and accurately
weighed, in 300 mils of cold distilled water to which 1 mil of hydrochloric acid
has been added. Pass hj'drogen sulphide through the cold solution until satu-
rated and the precipitate of mercuric sulphide readily subsides, leaving a clear
supernatant liquid. Collect the precipitate on counterpoised filters, wash it
well with cold distilled water and finally with three portions of about 10 mils
each of alcohol. Then close the tip of the funnel with a cork stopper, add
sufficient carbon tetrachloride to cover the precipitate, cover the funnel with
a watch-glass, and allow it to stand for about half an hour. Then drain off the
solvent and wash the precipitate with further portions of carbon tetrachloride
until after evaporating about 1 mil of the filtrate no visible residue remains.
Remove the adhering carbon tetrac^hloride by washing with several portions of
10 mils each of alcohol and, after drying in the air, transfer to an oven and dry
to constant weight at about 110° C. The weight of mercuric sulphide obtained,
when multiplied by 1.167, indicates its equivalent in IlgCla. which corresponds
in the dried salt to not less than 99.5 per cent, of HgCl2.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 215
Each gramme of Corrosive Mercuric Chloride, previously dried to constant
weight, corresponds to 0.8526 Cm. of mercuric sulphide.
Corrosive Mercuric Chloride, previously dried to constant weight, may also be
assayed by the Electrolytic method (see Part II, Test No. 4).
Preparation — Toxitabelte Hydrargyri Chloridi Corrosivi,
Average dose — Metric, 0.003 Gm. — Apothecaries, }^o grain.
HYDRARGYRI CHLORIDUM MITE
Mild Mercurous Chloride
flydrarg. Chlor. Mit. — Mercurous Chloride Calomel Protochloride of Mercury
Subchloride of Mercury
It contains, when dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sul-
phuric acid, not less than 99.6 per cent, of HgCl (236.06). Preserve it
in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Mild Mercurous Chloride is a white, impalpable powder, becoming yellowish-
white on being triturated with strong pressure, and showing only small, isolated
crystals when viewed under a lens having a magnifying power of one hundred
diameters. It is odorless and tasteless, and permanent in the air.
Mild Mercurous Chloride is insoluble in water, alcohol, ether or cold dilute
acids.
When strongly heated, Mild Mercurous Chloride isvolatihzed without fusion
or the evolution of brown vapors, leaving not more than O.I per cent, of residue.
The salt is blackened by contact with calcium hydroxide T.S., with solutions
of alkali hydroxides or with ammonia water.
When heated with an equal weight of dried sodium carbonate (free from
chloride) in a dry glass tube. Mild Mercurous Chloride j-ields a subUmate of
metallic mercury. Dissolve the residue in nitric acid and filter; silver nitrate
T.S. produces in the filtrate a white, curdy precipitate insolul)le in nitric acid.
Shak^^ 2 Gm. of the salt with 20 mils of ether, filter, evaf)orate the filtrate, and
add 10 mils of rlistilled water; not more than a slight opalescence results upon
the adilition of silver nitrate T.S. to 5 mils of the solution {mercuric chloride).
Heat 1 Gm. of the salt with potassium hydroxide T.S.; no ammonia is evolved
{ammoniated mercury).
Assay — Mix well about 1 Gm. of Mild ]Merc\irous Chloride, previously dried
to constant weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid and accurately Aveighed,
with 10 mils of distilled water, add 50 mils of tenth-normal iodine V.S. and 5 Gm.
of potassium iodide, dissolved in 10 mils of distilled water, stopper the flask,
allow the mixture to stand, with occasional agitation, until complete solution
has taken place and estimate the excess of iodine by titration with tenth-normal
sodium thiosulphate V.S., starch T.S. being used as indicator. It shows, in the
dried salt, not less than 99.6 per cent, of HgCl.
Each mil of tenth-normal iodine V.S. used corresponds to 0.023606 Gm.
of HgCl. Each gramme of Mild Mercurous Chloride, previously dried to con-
stant weight, corresponds to not le.'^s than 42.2 mils of tenth-normal iodine V.S.
Mild Mercurous Chloride, previously dried to constant weight, may also be
assayed by the Electrolytic method (see Part II, Test No. 4).
Preparation — Pilule Catharticse Compositae.
Metric Apothecaries
Average dose — Laxative, 0.15 Gm. — 23^^ grains.
Alterative, 0.015 Gm.— % grain.
216 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
HYDRARGYRI lODIDUM FLAVUM
Yellow Mercurous Iodide
tlydrarg. lod. Flav. — Mercurous Iodide Protoiodide of Mercury
Yellow Iodide of Mercury
It contains, when dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sul-
phuric acid, not less than 99 per cent, of Hgl (327.52). Preserve it in
well-closed containers, protected from light.
Yellow Mercurous Iodide is a bright yellow, amorphous powder, odorless
and tasteless. By exposure to light it becomes greenish in proportion as it
undergoes decomposition into metallic mercury and mercuric iodide.
Yellow Mercurous Iodide is almost insoluble in water and wholly insoluble
in alcohol or ether.
When slowly and moderately heated, it assumes at first an orange and then
a red color, becoming yellow again on cooling. When quickly and strongly
heated, it is at first partially decomposed into mercury and mercuric iodide,
and finally is volatilized, leaving not more than 0.2 per cent, of residue. When
heated with an equal weight of dried sodium carbonate, in a dry glass tube,
Yellow Mercurous Iodide yields a sublimate of metallic mercury.
When Yellow Mercurous Iodide is heated with sulphuric acid and a little
manganese dioxide, the vapor of iodine is evolved.
When 0.5 Gm. of the salt is thoroughly shaken with 10 mils of alcohol and
the mixture filtered, 5 mils of the perfectly clear filtrate is not affected by an
equal volume of hydrogen sulphide T.S. {jyiercuric iodide).
Assay — Transfer to a flask about 1 Gm. of Yellow Mercurous Iodide, pre-
viously dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid and accu-
rately weighed, add 50 mils of tenth-normal iodine V.S. and 5 Gm. of potassium
iodide, dissolved in 10 mils of distilled water, stopper the flask, and allow the
mixture to stand in the tightly-stoppered flask, with occasional agitation, until
complete solution has taken place. Then titrate with tenth-normal sodium
thiosulphate V.S., using starch T.S. as indicator. It shows, in the dried salt,
not less than 99 per cent, of Hgl.
Each mil of tenth-normal iodine V.S. used corresponds to 0.032752 Gm. of
Hgl. Each gramme of Yellow Mercurous Iodide, previously dried to constant
weight, corresponds to not less than 30.2 mils of tenth-normal iodine V.S.
Yellow Mercurous Iodide, previously dried to constant weight, may also be
assayed by the Electrolytic method (see Part II, Test No. 4).
Average dose — Metric, 0.01 Gm. — Apothecaries, % grain.
HYDRARGYRI lODIDUM RUBRUM
Red Mercuric Iodide
Hydrarg. lod. Rub. — Biniodide of Mercury Mercuric Iodide Red Iodide of
Mercury
It contains, when dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sul-
phuric acid, not less than 99 per cent, of Hgl2 (454.44). Preserve it
in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Red Mercuric Iodide is a scarlet-red, amorphous powder, odorless, nearly
tasteless, and permanent in the air.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 217
Red Mercuric Iodide is almost insoluble in water; 1 Gin. dissolves in 115 mils
of alcohol, 910 mils of chloroform, and in 120 mils of ether at 25° C; also in 20
mils of boiling alcohol; soluble in solutions of the soluble iodides, mercuric
chloride, sodium thiosulphate, and hot solutions of the alkali chlorides.
When heated to about 150° C, the salt becomes yellow, but again assumes
a red color on cooling; upon further heating, it fuses to a dark yellow liquid
which, on cooling, forms a yellow, crystalline mass; at higher temperatures it
is finally volatilized, leaving not more than 0.2 per cent, of residue.
Heat the salt with potassium hydroxide T.S., and add a little sugar of milk;
the compound is reduced and metallic mercury is precipitated.
Boil about 0.1 Gm. of the salt with 2 mils of potassium hydroxide T.S., filter
and supersaturate the filtrate with nitric acid. The liquid becomes yellow from
the liberation of iodine which produces a blue color upon the addition of a few
drops of starch T.S.
Agitate thoroughly about 0.^ Gm. of Red Mercuric Iodide with 10 mils of
distilled water and filter; the filtrate does not become more than slightly colored
by hydrogen sulphide T.S. {soluble vicrcurij salts).
Two Gm. of Red Mercuric Iodide di.ssolves quickly in 100 mils of distilled
water, containing 2 Gm. of potassium iodide, without leaving more than 0.004
Gm. of insoluble matter.
Assay — Red Mercuric Iodide, when previously dried to constant weight in a
desiccator over sulphuric acid and assayed by the Electrolytic method (see
Part II, Test No. 4) shows not less than 99 per cent, of Hgl2.
Preparation — Liquor Arseni et Hydrargyri lodidi.
Average dose — ^Metric, 0.003 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3'^o grain.
HYDRARGYRI OXIDLIM FLAVUM
Yellow Mercuric Oxide
Hydrarg. Oxid. Flav.
It contains, when dried to constant weight at 150° C, not less than
99.5 per cent, of HgO (216.60). Preserve it in well-closed containers,
protected from light.
Yellow Mercuric Oxide is a light orange-yellow, amorphous, heavy, impalpa-
ble powder; odorless, and having a somewhat metallic taste; permanent in the
air, but turning darker on exposure to light.
Yellow Mercuric Oxide is almost insoluble in water; insoluble m alcohol;
readily dissolved by diluted hydrochloric or nitric acid, forming colorless solutions.
When moistened with hot distilled water, Yellow Mercuric Oxide is not
alkaline to litmus.
When moderately heated, Yellow Mercuric Oxide assumes a red color. At
a red heat it is completely decomposed into oxygen and metallic mercury, and
is finallv volatihzed, leaving not more than 0.2 per cent, of residue.
A solution of 0.5 Gm. of Yellow Mercuric Oxide in 25 mils of either diluted
hydrochloric or diluted nitric acid is not more than slightly turbid.
Heat 0.5 Gm. of Yellow Mercuric Oxide for two hours in a test tube, on a
water bath, with a solution of 1 Gm. of oxalic acid in 10 mils of distilled water
and 1 mil of ammonia water, replacing from time to time the waterlost by evapo-
ration; it is converted into white or yellowish-white mercuric oxalate (distmctmn
irom red mercuric oxide). • r^ ■ , • , , ■ ,
Assay— Dissolve about 0.5 Gm. of Yellow Mercuric Oxide, previously dried
to constant weight at 150° C. and accurately weighed, in 10 mils of distilled
218 THE PHARMACOPOEIA OF THE
water, and 5 mik of nitric acid, and further dilute the solution with 150 mils of
distilled water. Then add 2 mils of ferric ammonium sulphate T.S., and titrate
with tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S. to the production of a per-
manent yellowish-red color. It shows, in the dried Oxide, not less than 99.5
per cent, of HgO.
Each mil of tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S. used corresponds
to 0.01083 Gm. of HgO. Each gramme of Yellow Mercuric Oxide, previously
dried to constant weight, corresponds to not less than 91.9 mils of tenth-normal
potassium sulphocyanate V.S.
Yellow Mercuric Oxide, previously dried to constant weight, may also be
assayed by the Electrolytic method (see Part II, Test No. 4).
Preparation — Unguentum Hydrargyri Oxidi Flavi.
HYDRARGYRI OXIDUM RUBRUM
Red INIercuric Oxide
Hydrarg. Oxid. Rub.— Red Precipitate
It contains, when dried to constant weight at 150° C, not less than
99.5 per cent, of HgO (216.60). Preserve it in well-closed containers,
protected from light.
Red Mercuric Oxide occurs as heavy, orange-red, crystalline scales, or as a
crystalline powder, acquiring a yellow color when finely divided; odorless and
having a somewhat metallic taste, permanent in the air.
Red Mercuric Oxide is almost insoluble in water; insoluble in alcohol; readily
dissolved by diluted nitric acid, or by hydrocldoric acid.
When heated to about 400° C, Red Mercuric Oxide becomes dark violet
or almost black, but assumes its original color on cooling. At a red heat it is
completely decomposed into oxygen and metallic mercury, and is finally vola-
tihzed without leaving more than 0.2 per cent, of residue.
A solution of 0.5 Gm. of Red Mercuric Oxide in 25 mils of either hydrochloric
or nitric acid is not more than slightly turbid.
Heat 0.5 Gm. of Red Mercuric Oxide for two hours, in a test tube on a water
bath, with a solution of 1 Gm. of oxalic acid in 10 mils of distilled water and 1
mil of ammonia water, replacing, from time to time, the water lost by evapora-
tion; it will not change color within two hours (distinction from ijellow mercuric
oxide) .
Mix 1 Gm. of Red Mercuric Oxide with 5 mils of distilled water, add 2 mils
of sulphuric acid, cool the mixture and carefully pour upon it 2 mils of ferrous
sulphate T.S.; no brown zone develops at the line of contact {nitrate).
Assay — Dissolve about 0.5 Gm. of Red Mercuric Oxide, previously dried to
constant weight at 150° C. and accurately weighed, in 10 mils of distilled water
and 5 mils of nitric acid, and further dilute the solution with 150 mils of distilled
water. Then add 2 mils of ferric ammonium sulphate T.S., and titrate with
tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S. to the production of a permanent
yellowish-red color. It shows, in the dried Oxide, not less than 99.5 per cent,
of HgO.
Each mil of tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S. u.sed corresponds
to 0.01083 Gm. of HgO. Each gramme of Red Mercuric Oxide, previously
dried to constant weight, corre.sponds to not less than 91.9 mils of tenth-normal
pota.ssium sulphocyanate V.S.
Red Mercuric Oxide, previously dried to constant weight, may also be assayed
by the Electrolytic method (see Part II, Test No. 4).
I
UNITED STATES OF AMEKICA 219
HYDRARGYRI SALICYLAS
Mercuric Salicylate
Hydrarg. Salicyl.— Mercuric Subsalicylate
A compound of mercury and salicylic acid containing not less than 54
per cent, nor more than 59.5 per cent, of Hg. Preserve it in well-closed
containers protected from light.
Mercuric Salicylate is a white, slightly yellowish or slightly pinkish powder;
odorless and tasteless.
Mercuric Salicylate is nearly insoluble in water or alcohol; dissolved by
solutions of the fixed alkalies or their carbonates; dissolved by warm solutions
of the alkali halides with the formation of double salts.
Heat about 1 Gm. of the salt with 10 mils of hydrochloric acid; a solution
is obtained from which salicylic acid separates on cooling. A piece of copper
foil added to a portion of the filtered solution, nearly neutralized with ammonia
water, immediately becomes coated with metalUc mercury. To another portion
of this solution add a few drops of ferric chloride T.S. ; a violet color is produced.
Incinerate about 0.5 Gm. of the salt in a porcelain crucible; not more than
0.2 per cent, of residue remains.
The salt does not redden moistened blue litmus paper {free salicylic acid).
No dark color results at once on shaking about 0.1 Gm. of the salt with 5 mils
of hydrogen sulphide T.S. {foreign mercury compounds). About 0.2 Gm. of the
salt dissolves completely in 4 mils of normal sodium hydroxide V.S.
Assay — Digest about 0.5 Gm. of Mercuric Sahcylate, accurately weighed,
in 15 mils of sulphuric acid and 10 mils of nitric acid on a water bath until
dissolved. Cool the solution, dilute it with 150 mils of distilled water, add 30
mils of solution of hydrogen dioxide and mix well. Now add gradually, with
constant stirring, 5 mils of diluted hypophosphorous acid, then 5 Gm. of sodium
chloride, dissolved in 20 mils of distilled water, stir thoroughly and allow the
mixture to stand until the precipitate has subsided. Filter and wash the pre-
cipitate with distilled water. Transfer the precipitate and filter to a flask, add
50 mils of tenth-normal iodine V.S. and 2 Gm. of potassium iodide, agitate the
mixture until all of the precipitate has dissolved and titrate the excess of tenth-
normal iodine V.S. with tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. It shows not
less than 54 per cent, nor more than 59.5 per cent, of Hg.
Each mil of tenth-normal iodine V.S. corresponds to 0.02006 Gm. of Hg.
Each Gm. of Mercuric Salicylate corresponds to not less than 26.9 mils nor more
than 29.7 mils of tenth-normal iodine V.S.
Mercuric Salicylate may also be assaj^ed by the Electrolytic method (see
Part II, Test No. 4).
Average dose — Metric, 0.004 Gm. — Apothecaries, K5 grain.
HYDRARGYRUM
Mercury
Hydrarg. — Quicksilver
It contains not less than 99.5 per cent, of Hg (200.6). Preserve it in
strong, well-closed containers.
Mercury is a shining, silver-white metal; liquid at ordinary temperatures
and easily divisible into spherical globules. When cooled to about — 40* C, it
forms a ductile, malleable maaa. It is without odor or taste.
220 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Specific gravity: about 13.5 at 25° C.
Mercury is insoluble in the ordinary solvents, also in concentrated hydro-
chloric acid and, at ordinary temperatures, in sulphuric acid, but it dissolves
in the latter when boiled with it, and is readily and completely dissolved by
nitric acid.
At ordinary temperatures Mercury volatilizes very slowly, but more rapidly as
the temperature increases, and at about 358° C. it boils and is volatihzed, yielding
not more than 0.02 per cent, of residue.
When globules of Mercury are dropped upon white paper, they roll about
freely, retaining their globular form, and leaving no streaks or traces.
Mercury must be perfectly dry and present a bright surface even after
agitation in contact with air.
Assay — Dissolve about 0.4 Gm. of Mercury, accurately weighed, in a mixture
of 10 mils of distilled water and 10 mils of nitric acid, warm the solution gently
imtil red fumes cease to be evolved and the solution is colorless, and add 150
mils of distilled water. Then add 2 mils of ferric ammonium sulphate T.S. and
titrate with tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S. to the production of a
permanent, yellowish-red color. It shows not less than 99.5 per cent, of Hg.
Each mil of tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S. used corresponds
to 0.01003 Gm. of Hg. Each gramme of Mercury corresponds to not less than
99.2 mila of tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S.
Mercury may also be assayed by the Electrolytic method (see Part II, Test
No. 4).
Preparations — Hydrargyrum cum Greta Massa Hydrargyri Unguentiun
Hydrargyri Unguentum Hydrargyri Dilutum (from Mercurial Ointment).
HYDRARGYRUM AMMONIATUM
Ammoniated Mercury
Hydrarg. Ammon.— White Precipitate
It contains mercurammonium chloride [HgNH2Cl = 252.09] corre-
sponding to not less than 78 per cent, nor more than 80 per cent, of Hg.
Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Ammoniated Mercury occurs as white, pulverulent pieces, or as a white,
amorphous powder, without odor, and having an earthy, afterwards styptic
and metallic taste; permanent in the air.
Ammoniated Mercury is insoluble in water or alcohol. By prolonged wash-
ing with water it is gradually decomposed, assuming a j^ellow color, and becom-
ing converted into a basic salt. Readily dissolved by warm hydrochloric, nitric,
or acetic acid, and by a cold solution of ammonium carbonate. Also completely
dissolved by a cold solution of sodium thiosulphate, with the evolution of
ammonia; when this solution is heated for a short time, red mercuric sulphide is
separated, which, on protracted boihng, turns black.
At a temperature below a red heat, Ammoniated Mercury is decomposed
without fusion, and at a red heat it is volatilized without leaving more than
0.2 per cent, of residue.
When heated with potassium hydroxide T.S., the salt turns yellow, and
evolves ammonia.
A solution of the salt in diluted nitric acid yields with potassium iodide T.S.
a red precipitate soluble in an excess of the reagent. With silver nitrate T.S.
its nitric acid solution yields a white precipitate.
The salt is completely soluble in hydrochloric acid (mercurous salts) with-
out effervescence {carbonates).
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 221
Assay — Dissolve about 0.5 Gm. of Ammoniated Mercury, accurately weighed,
in 2 mils of hydrochloric acid and 10 mils of distilled water, warming gently
until solution is effected, then dilute with 300 mils of distilled water and proceed
as directed under Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosinmi, page 214, beginning with
the word "Pass" on line 4 of the Assay. The weight of mercuric suli)hideol)-
tained when multiplied l)y 0.862 indicates its equivalent in mercury (Hg) which
corresponds to not less than 78 per cent, nor more than 80 per cent, of Hg.
Each gramme of Ammoniated Mercury corresponds to not less than 0.9047
Gm. nor more than 0.9279 Gm. of mercuric sul{)hide.
Ammoniated Mercury may also be assayed by the Electrolytic method (see
Part II, Test No. 4).
Preparation — Unguentum Hydrargyri Ammoniati.
HYDRARGYRUM CUM CRETA
Mercury with Chalk
Hydrarg. c. Cret. — Gray Powder
It contains not less than 37 per cent, nor more than 39 per cent, of Hg.
Mercury, thirty-eight grammes 38 Gm.
Clarified Honey, ten grammes 10 Gm.
Prepared Chalk, fifty-seven grammes 57 Gm.
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Weigh the mercury and clarified honey successively into a strong
bottle of the capacity of one hundred mils, and add two mils of water.
Cork the bottle, and shake it for about half an hour at a time, until the
aggregate time of shaking reaches ten hours, or until the globules of
mercury are no longer visible under a lens magnifying four diameters.
The shaking may be more conveniently performed by mechanical means.
Rub the prepared chalk with water in a mortar to a thick, creamy
paste, and, having added the contents of the bottle, wash out the last
portions with a little water, and triturate the whole to a uniform mixture.
Finally dry the mixture, first between ample layers of bibulous paper,
and afterwards, in a dish at the ordinary temperature, until it weighs
one hundred grammes. Then reduce it to a uniform powder, without
trituration, and keep it in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Mercury with Chalk is a light gray, rather damp powder, free from grittiness,
without odor, and having a slightly sweet taste.
Digest 0.1 Gm. of the powder with 20 mils of warm acetic acid; the chalk
dissolves with effervescence, and a residue of finely divided mercury is left.
On filtering tliis mixture, the filtrate becomes not more than shghtly opalescent
on the addition of a few drops of hydrochloric acid {mercurous oxide).
Digest 0.1 Gm. of the powder with 20 mils of warm diluted hydrochloric
acid and filter; the filtrate is not rendered more than slightly brown by hydrogen
sulphide T.S. {mercuric oxide).
222 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Assay — Dissolve about 1 Gm. of Mercury with Chalk, accurately weighed,
in a mixture of 10 mils of distilled water and 10 mils of nitric acid and heat it
on a water bath until red fumes cease to be evolved and the liquid becomes
colorless. Then add 150 mils of distilled water and 2 mils of ferric ammonium
sulphate T.S. and titrate the solution with tenth-normal potassium sulpho-
cyanate V.S. It shows not less than 37 per cent, nor more than 39 per cent.
ofHg.
Each mil of tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S. used corresponds
to 0.01003 Gm. of Hg. Each gramme of Mercury with Chalk corresponds to
not less than 36.9 mils nor more than 38.9 mils of tenth-normal potassium
sulphocyanate V.S.
Mercury with Chalk may also be assayed by the Electrolytic method (see
Part II, Test No. 4).
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
HYDRASTINA
Hydrastine
An alkaloid [C2iH2i06N = 383.18] obtained from Hydrastis or pre-
pared synthetically. Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected
from light.
Hydrastine occurs in white to creamy white, gUstening prisms or as a white,
micro-crystaUine powder ; permanent in the air.
Hydrastine is almost insoluble in water; 1 Gm. is soluble in 170 mils of alcohol,
1.4 mils of chloroform, and in 175 mils of ether at 25° C. ; also in 22 mils of alcohol
at 60° C. ; freely soluble in benzene.
Its saturated alcohohc solution is alkahne to htmus.
It melts at about 131° C.
Sulphuric acid produces a yellow color when added to Hydrastine; on heating
the mixture, a purple color develops.
Sulphuric acid containing 0.005 Gm. of molybdic acid in each mil gives with
Hydrastine a green color, changing to oUve-green and then to brown; nitric
acid yields a reddish-yellow color; sulphuric acid containing 0.005 Gm. of
eelenous acid in each mil gives a light green color, changing to brown.
No weighable ash remains on incinerating 0.1 Gm. of Hydrastine.
A solution of about 0.1 Gm. of Hydrastine in 10 mils of diluted sulphuric
acid shows no blue fluorescence (hydrastinine) , but, on the gradual addition of
potassium permanganate T.S., avoiding excess, a blue fluorescence develops.
An aqueous solution of Hydrastine (1 in 20), made with the aid of a slight
excess of diluted hydrochloric acid, is not reddened by chlorine water
{berberine).
Average dose — Metric, 0.01 Gm. — Apothecaries, }/q grain.
HYDRASTINE HYDROCHLORIDUM
Hydrastine Hydrochloride
Hydrastin. Hydrochl.— Hydrastine Chloride
The hydrochloride [CaJIsiOeN.HCU 419.65] of the alkaloid hydras-
tine. Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected from light.
tJNITED STATES OF AMERICA 223
Hydrastine Hydrochloride occurs as a white to creamy-white powder, odor-
less, and hygroscopic.
Hydrastine Hydrochloride is very soluble in water and in alcohol; slightly
soluble in chloroform; very slightly soluble in ether.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is neutral or only sUghtly acid to
litmus.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) yield.s with silver nitrate T.S. a
white precipitate, insoluble in nitric acid.
In other respects the salt responds to the tests for identity and purity under
Hydraslina, omitting the melting point.
Average dose — Metric, 0.01 Gm. — Apothecaries, ^^ grain.
HYDRASTININ.^ HYDROCHLORIDUM
Hydrastinine Hydrochloride
Hydrastinin. Hydrochl.— Hydrastinme Chloride
The hydrochloride [CiiHn02N.HCl = 225.57] of hydrastinine, an alka-
loid obtained by the oxidation of hydrastine. Preserve it in well-closed
containers, protected from light.
Hydrastinine Hj-drochloride occurs in hght yellowish needles, or as a yellowish-
white, crystalline powder without odor.
One Gm. of H3-drastinine Hydrochloride dissolves in 195 mils of chloroform,
and in 1820 mils of ether at 25° C; very soluble in water and alcohol.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 20) is neutral to htmus and shows a blue fluorescence,
especiallj- when liighly diluted.
It melts at about 210° C. with partial decomposition.
In an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20), potassium dichromate T.S. pro-
duces a precipitate which redissolves if gently heated, but on coohng the solu-
tion it separates again in gUstening needles.
Silver nitrate T.S. produces in an aqueous solution of the salt a white precipi-
tate, insoluble in nitric acid.
No weighable ash remains on incinerating 0.1 Gm. of Hydrastinine Hydro-
chloride.
In an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20), bromine T.S. produces a yellow
precipitate, which is completely soluble in ammonia water, producing an almost
colorless solution (hydrastine).
Add a few drops of ammonia water to 1 mil of an aqueous solution of Hydras-
tinine Hydrochloride (1 in 20); no turbidity is produced (foreign alkaloids).
Add slowly 4 or 5 drops of a solution of sodium hydroxide (1 in 7) to a solu-
tion of 0.2 Gm. of the salt in 3 mils of distilled water; each drop causes a
milky turbiditj-, which disappears again on shaking (foreign alkaloids). From
this solution, after standing for some time, pure white hydrastinine separates,
and the supernatant fluid is almost colorless.
Average dose — Metric, 0.03 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3^ grain.
HYDRASTIS
Hydrastis
Golden Seal
The dried rhizome and roots of Hydrastis canadensis Linn^ (Fam.
Ranunculacece) , without the presence or admixture of more than 2 per
224 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
cent, of the stems, leaves or other foreign matter and yielding not less
than 2.5 per cent, of the ether-soluble alkaloids of Hydrastis.
Rhizome horizontal or oblique, sub-cylindrical and usually more or less
flexuous, from 1 to 5 cm. in length and from 2 to 7 mm. in diameter, occasion-
ally with stem-bases; externally yellowish or grayish-brown, marked by numer-
ous stem-scars and more or less annulate from scars of bud-scales, otherwise
deeply longitudinally wrinkled; on the under and lateral portions arise numerous,
long, filiform roots which are easily detached; fracture short, waxy; internally
of a deep yellow color and consisting mostly of parenchyma enclosing an inter-
rupted circle of small fibro-vascular bundles; odor distinctive; taste bitter.
Macerate the drug for a short time in water until it is softened, then rnake
sections and mount them directly in sulphuric acid and examine under the micro-
scope; in a short time numerous acicular or rod-shaped crystals separate,
some attaining a length of 0.2 mm.
The powder is brownish-yellow; starch grains numerous, from 0.002 to 0.015
mm. in diameter, mostly single, nearly spherical, and either free or in the paren-
chyma cells; fragments with the tissues of the fibro-vascular bundles mostly
associated with starch-bearing parenchyma; tracheae with simple and bordered
pores and occasionally spiral thickenings, and associated with short sclerenchy-
matous fibers possessing thin walls with simple pores; occasional fragments of
tabular cork cells with reddish-brown walls.
Assay — Introduce 10 Gm. of Hydrastis, in No. 60 powder, into a 250 mil
flask and add 100 mils of ether and proceed as directed under Belladonnce Radix,
page 73, third line of the Assay, beginning with the word "Stopper." Modify
the process there given by using 50 mils of the ether solution, representing 5 Gm.
of Hydrastis, to complete the assay. Use ether instead of chloroform for the final
shaking out of the alkaloids, and dry the residue to constant weight at 100° C.
instead of titrating. The weight is the amount of ether-soluble alkaloids from
5 Gm. of Hydrastis.
Preparations — Extractum Hydrastis Fluidextractum Hydrastis Glyceritum
Hydrastis Tinctura Hydrastis.
Average dose — Metric, 2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 30 grains.
HYOSCYAMINiE HYDROBROMIDUM
Hyoscyamine Hydrobromide
Hyoscyamin. Hydrobr. — Hyoscyamine Bromide
The hydrobromide [Ci7H2303N.HBr = 370.12] of hyoscyamine, an
alkaloid obtained from hyoscyamus and other plants of the SolanaceoB.
Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Hyoscyamine Hydrobromide occurs in white, prismatic crystals without odor.
It is deliquescent on exposure to the air. Great caution must be observed in tasting
it, using only a very dilute solution. It dilate.'^ the pupil of the eye.
One Gm. of Hyoscyamine Hvdrobromide dissolves in 2.5 mils of alcohol, 1.7
mils of chloroform, and in 2260 mils of ether at 25° C; very soluble in water.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 20) is neutral to litmus, and is strongly laevorotatory.
It melts at about 152° C.
Silver nitrate T.S., when added to an aqueous solution of the salt, yields a
yellowish-white precipitate which is insoluble in nitric acid.
Shake 2 mils of chloroform with 1 mil of an aqueous solution of the salt
(1 in 10) to which a few drops of chlorine water have been added; the chloroform
assumes a brownish color.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 225
Add about 0.01 Gin. of the salt to 5 drops of nitric acid, and evaporate to
dryness in a porcelain dish; the residue yields a violet color upon the addition
of alcoholic potas.sium hydroxide T.S.
Gold chloride T.S., when added to an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20),
yields a precipitate wliich, when recry.stallizcd from a small quantity of boiling
distilled water, acidulated with hydrocliloric acid, is dcpo.^ited on cooling in
minute, lustrous, golden-yellow scales ((HfTorcnoe from atropine and scopolamine).
Platinic chloride T.8. does not form a precijiitate in aqueous solutions of
the salt (1 in 20) (difference from most alkaloids).
No weighable ash remains on incinerating 0.1 Gm. of Hyoscyamine Hydro-
bromide.
About 0.05 Gm. of the salt dissolved in 1 mil of sulphuric acid gives not more
than a faint yellow color [carhonizable impurities).
Average dose — Metric, 0.0003 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3'ioo grain.
HYOSCYAMUS
Hyoscyamus
Hyosc. — Henbane Hyoscyami folium P.I.
The dried leaves and flowering or fruiting tops of Hyoscyamus niger
Linne (Fam. Solanacece), yielding not less than 0.065 per cent, of the
alkaloids of Hyoscyamus.
Usually much wrinkled, with numerous stems and with the flowering or fruit-
ing tops intermixed; leaves when entire attaining a length of 25 cm., a breadth
of 10 cm., ovate or ovate-oblong, very inequilateral, the lower with short petioles,
the upper sessile, .summits acute, margins coarsely and angularly 1- to 4-toothed
or lobed; graj'ish-gi-een, glandular-hairy, particularly on the lower surfaces;
flowers nearly sessile with an urn-shaped, unequally 5-toothed calyx and a
campanulate corolla which in the fresh state is of a yellowish color; fruit a
2-locular pyxis, and enclosed in a large urn-shaped calyx with 5 acute teeth;
odor heavy, distinctive; taste somewhat bitter and acrid.
Stems from 3 to 10 cm. in length and from 2 to 5 mm. in thickness, nearly
cylindrical or somewhat compressed, longitudinally wrinkled and hairy.
The powder is grayish-green; under the microscope, it exliibits calcium
oxalate crystals usually in the form of 4- to 6-sided, isolated prisms, sometimes
in twins, from 0.015 to 0.025 mm. in length, also occurring in spherical aggre-
gates either isolated or attached to the prismatic crystals, sometimes in rosette
aggregates, 0.02 mm. in diameter, and occasionally in sphenoidal micro-crystals;
hairs numerous, of two kinds; the non-glandular from 2 to 10 cells in length, the
glandular with a 1- to many-celled head and a 1- to 4-cened stalk; fragments
of epidermis with broadly eUiptical stomata from 0.03 to 0.035 mm. in length
and with 3 to 4 neighboring cells; fragments of trachea? with .simple or bordered
pores and spiral or reticulate thickenings, also associated with sclerenchymatous
fibers having thin porous walls and showing little or no lignification; pollen
grains, nearly smooth and from 0.035 to 0.05 mm. in diameter.
The presence of the leaves of Hyoscyamus muticus Linne in either the crude or
powdered Hyoscyamus may be determined by the characteristic, branching,
non-glandular hairs occurring on both the stems and leaves of that species.
Hyoscyamus yields not more than 30 per cent, of ash.
Assay — Introduce 30 Gm. of Hyoscyamus, in No. 60 powder, into a 500 mil
flask and add 300 mils of a mixture of 1 volume of chloroform and 2 volumes of
ether. Stopper the flask, shake it well, and aUow it to stand for ten minutes;
then add 5 mils of ammonia water and shake the flask vigorously every ten
minutes during two hours. Now add 40 mils of distilled water, again shake the
20
226 The pharmacopceIa of the!
flask and when the drug has settled decant 200 mils of the solution, representing
20 Gm. of Hyoscyamus, and proceed as directed under Belladonnce Radix, page
73, beginning with the word "Filter" on hne 7 of the Assay. Before titration
treat the residue twice with 5 mils of ether and evaporate to dryness each time.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 28.92
miUigrammes of the total alkaloids of Hyoscyamus.
Preparations — Extractum Hyoscyami Fluidextractum Hyoscyami Tinctura
Hyoscyami.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
HYPOPHYSIS SICCA
Desiccated Hypophysis
Hypophysis Sic. — Desiccated Pituitary Body
The posterior lobe obtained from the pituitary body of cattle, cleaned,
dried, and powdered.
A yellowish or grayish, amorphous powder, having a characteristic odor.
It is only partially soluble in water.
Average dose — Metric, 0.03 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3^^ grain.
INFUSA
Infusions
Infusions must be freshly made from the drugs, and, when the strength
of Infusions is not otherwise directed, they are to be prepared by the
following general formula:
The Drug, coarsely comminuted, fifty grammes 50 Gm.
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Introduce the substance into a suitable vessel provided with a cover,
pour upon it one thousand mils of boiling water, cover the vessel tightly,
and allow it to stand for half an hour. Then strain with expression, and
pass enough water through the strainer to make the Infusion measure
one thousand mils. If the activity of the Infusion is affected by heat,
cold water only should be used.
Caution — The strength of Infusions of potent or very active drugs
should be specially directed by the physician.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 227
INFUSUM DIGITALIS
Infusion of Digitalis
Inf. Digit.
Digitalis, bruised, fifteen grammes 15 Gm.
Cinnamon Water, one hundred and fifty millililcrs 150 mils
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Pour five hundred mils of boiling water upon the digitalis, contained
in a suitable vessel, and allow it to macerate for one hour. Then strain,
add the cinnamon water to the strained liquid, and pass enough water
through the residue on the strainer to make the product measure one
thousand mils. Mix well.
Infusion of Digitalis must he freshly prepared from the leaves.
Average dose — Metric, 4 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fluidrachm.
INFUSUM SENN^ COMPOSITUM
Compound Infusion of Senna
Inf. Senn. Co.
Senna, sixty grammes 60 Gm.
Manna, one hundred and twenty grammes 120 Gm.
Magnesium Sulphate, one hundred and twenty grammes . 120 Gm.
Fennel, bruised, twenty grammes 20 Gm.
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Pour eight hundred mils of boiling water upon the senna, manna, and
fennel contained in a suitable vessel, and allow the mixture to macerate
for half an hour. Then strain, express and dissolve the magnesium
sulphate in the Infusion, and again strain. Lastly, add enough water
through the strainer to make the Infusion measure one thousand mils.
This preparation must not be dispensed unless it has been recently
prepared.
Average dose — Metric, 120 mils — Apothecaries, 4 fluidounces.
228 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
lODOFORMUM
Iodoform
lodof. '
Triiodomethane [CHl3 = 393.77] usually obtained by the action of
iodine upon alcohol or acetone, in the presence of an alkali or alkali
carbonate. Preserve it in well-closed containers, in a cool place, pro-
tected from light.
Iodoform occurs as a fine, lemon-yellow powder, or in lustrous crystals of
the hexagonal system, having a peculiar, very penetrating and persistent odor,
and an unpleasant, slightly sweetish taste suggestive of iodine.
It is nearly insoluble in water to which it, however, imparts its odor and taste.
One Gm. of Iodoform dissolves in 60 mils of alcohol, 80 mils of glycerin, 10 mils
of chloroform, 7.5 mils of ether, 2.8 mils of carbon disulphide, and in 34 mils of
olive oil at 25° C; also in about 16 mils of boihng alcohol.
Its solutions are neutral to litmus.
Iodoform is slightly volatile, even at ordinary temperatures, and in boiling
water distils slowly with the vapor of water. At about 115° C. it melts to a
brown Uquid, and at a higher temperature it decomposes, emitting vapors of
iodine.
Incinerate about 1 Gm. of Iodoform; not more than 0.2 per cent, of ash
remains.
Dry about 1 Gm. of Iodoform, accurately weighed, for twenty-four hours over
Bulphuric acid; the loss in weight does not exceed 1 per cent.
Shake about 2 Gm. of Iodoform for one minute with 5 mils of distilled water
and filter; the filtrate is colorless and free from bitter taste (soluble yellow coloring
matter, -picric acid), and does not affect the color of litmus {acids or alkalies).
Preparation — Unguentum lodoformi.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
lODUM
Iodine
It contains not less than 99.5 per cent, of I (126.92). Preserve it
in glass-stoppered bottles, in a cool place.
Iodine occurs as heavy, bluish-black, brittle, rhombic plates, having a metallic
luster, a distinctive odor, and a sharp and acrid taste.
Specific gravity: about 4.6G at 17° C.
Iodine imparts a deep brown, evanescent stain to the skin, and slowly destroys
vegetable colors.
One Gm. of Iodine dissolves in 2950 mils of water, 12.5 mils of alcohol, 80
mils of glycerin, and in 4 mils of carbon disulphide at 25° C; freely soluble in
chloroform, ether, or aqueous solutions of iodides; its .solution in alcohol or in
an aqueous solution of potassium iodide has a reddish-brown color; its diluted
solution in chloroform or carbon disulphide has a violet color.
Iodine volatilizes slowly at ordinary temperatures. When heated to about
• 114° C., it fuses and is gradually dissipated in the form of a purple vapor,
leaving not more than 0.05 per cent, of residue.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 229
Add starch T.S. to a saturated aqueous solution of Iodine; a blue color is
produced. On boiling the mixture the color is discharged but reappears as it
cools, unless it has been subjected to long continued boiling.
A solution of Iodine in cliloroform is transparent (moislure) .
To determine the presence of cyanogen, chlorine or bromine, proceed as
follows:
Triturate 0.5 Gm. of finely powdered Iodine with 20 mils of distilled water
and filter the solution. To one-half of the filtrate carefully add tenth-normal
sodium thicsulphate V.S. until the solution is ju.st decolorized. Then add a
few drops of ferrous sulpliate T.S., and subsequently a little sodium hydroxide
T.S., and heat the mixture gently. On now adding a slight excess of hydro-
chloric acid, the liquid does not become blue {cyanogen iodide).
To the other half of the aqueous filtrate, in a test tube, add a slight excess of
silver nitrate T.S., shake the liquid actively, allow the precipitate to subside,
and, having y)oured off the clear, supernatant liquid completely, shake the
precipitate with a mixture of 1 mil of ammonia water and 9 mils of distilled
water, and filter. On adding a slight excess of nitric acid to the filtrate, not
more than a slight opalescence makes its appearance (chlorine or bromine).
Assay — Introduce about 0.5 Gm. of powdered Iodine into a tared weigh-
ing-bottle, stopper, weigh accurately, and add 1 Gm. of potassium iodide
dissolved in 5 mils of distilled water. Dilute this solution with distilled water
to about 50 mils and titrate with tenth-normal sodium tliiosulphate V.S., starch
T.S. being used as indicator. It shows not less than 99.5 per cent, of I.
Each mil of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. used corresponds to
0.012692 Gm. of I. Each gramme of Iodine corresponds to not less than 78.4
mils of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S.
Preparations — Liquor lodi Compositus Tinctura lodi Unguentum lodi.
Average dose — Metric, 0.005 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3^12 grain.
IPECACUANHA
Ipecac
Ipecac. — Ipecacuanhae radix P.I.
The dried root of Cephaelis Ipecacuanha (Brotero) A. Richard, known
in commerce as Rio Ipecac, or of Cephaelis acuminata Karsten, known
in commerce as Cartagena Ipecac (Fam. Ruhiacea), without the pres-
ence or admixture of more than 5 per cent, of stems or other foreign
matter and yiekling not less than 1.75 per cent, of the ether-soluble
alkaloids of Ipecac.
Rio Ipecac — In cylindrical pieces, curved and sharply flexuous, occasionally
branched, from 3 to 15 cm. in length and from 2.4 to 4 mm. in thickness; ex-
ternally dark brown, closely annulated, with thickened, incomplete rmgs, and
usually exhibiting transverse fissures with vertical sides; fracture of bark short,
of wood tough, bark very thick, light brown, easily separable from the yellowish-
wliite wood; odor very slight, distinctive, the dust sternutatory; taste bitter and
nauseous, somewhat acrid. , , . , t n -• ^
Stems cvlindrical, attaining a length of 10 cm. and a thickness of 2 mm., aark
brown, finely longitudinally wrinkled and with a few elliptical scars.
Cartagena Ipecac— Cylindrical or slenderly fusiform, more or less tortuous,
from 3 to 12 cm. in length and from 4 to 6.5 mm. in thickness; externally grayish-
brown, the annulations usually not so numerous as in Rio Ipecac, occasionally
230 tHiJ PHARMACOPCEIA Ot THfi
transversely fissured and with circular scars of roots; bark 2 mm. in thickness,
dark brown, smooth, somewhat horny, and easily separable from the light brown
wood.
Stems attaining a length of 10 cm. and a thickness of from 2 to 3 mm., cylin-
drical, somewhat zigzag, due to the prominent nodes with their elliptical stem-
scars, grayish or dark brown and longitudinally wrinkled; bark thin.
The powder from both varieties of Ipecac is light brown; starch grains numer-
ous, single or from 2- to 4- or more compound, the individual grains spherical or
polygonal, from 0.003 to 0.017 mm. in diameter; calcium oxalate in raphides, from
0.015 to 0.04 mm. in length, few; tracheids with bordered pores and oblique slit-
hke pores. The stem bark shows a few, slightly elongated stone cells, from 0.03 to
0.045 mm. in length with thick hgnified walls and simple branching pores.
Ipecac yields not less than 1.8 per cent, nor more than 4.5 per cent, of ash.
Assay — Introduce 10 Gm. of Ipecac, in No. 80 powder, into a 250 mil flask,
add 100 mils of ether and proceed as directed under Belladonna; Radix, page 73,
third line of the Assay, beginning with the word "Stopper." Modify the proc-
ess there given by using 50 mils of the ether solution, representing 5 Gm. of
Ipecac, to complete the assay. U.se ether instead of chloroform for the final
shaking out of the alkaloid, and di.ssolve the alkaloid from the residue in 10 mils
of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 24
milligrammes of the ether-soluble alkaloids of Ipecac.
Preparations — Fluidextractum Ipecacuanhae Pulvis Ipecacuanhae et Opii
Syrupus Ipecacuanhae (from Fluidextract).
AVERA.GEDOSE — Emetic, Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15grains.
JALAPA
Jalap
Jalap.
The dried tuberous root of Exogonium Purga (Wenderoth) Bentham
(Fara. ConvolvulaceoB), yielding not less than 7 per cent, of the total
resins of Jalap.
Fusiform, irregularly ovoid or pyriform, upper end more or less rounded,
lower end slightly tapering, the large roots often incised or cut into pieces;
from 4 to 15 cm. in length and from 12 to 60 mm. in diameter; externally dark
brown, longitudinally wTuikled or furrowed and with numerous lenticels; hard,
compact, not fibrous; when broken, internally dark brown, mealy or waxy, bark
from 1 to 2 mm. in thickness, outer bundles separated from the outer cortical
layer by a distinct, brown cambium zone; odor shght but distinctive, smoky;
taste somewhat sweet and acrid.
The powder is light brown ; starch grains numerous, single or 2- to 3-compound,
and more or less swollen, ellipsoidal or ovoid with concentric or excentral lamellae
and radiating clefts or fissures, from 0.003 to 0.035 mm. in diameter; calcium
oxalate in rosette aggregates from 0.01 to 0.035 mm. in diameter; tracheae
short, wide, with simple or bordered pores; lactiferous vessels with yellowish-
brown, re-sinous maR.ses.
Jalap yields not more than 6.5 per cent, of ash.
Assay — Pack 10 Gm. of Jalap, in No. 60 powder, in a cylindrical percolator
and extract it with alcohol until the percolate measures 100 mils. Transfer
20 mils of the percolate to a separator, add 20 mils of chloroform, mix the liquids,
then add 20 mils of distilled water and shake the mixture thoroughly. When
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 231
the liquids have completely separated, draw off the chloroform into a tared
beaker, wash the contents of the separator by rotating with 5 mils of chloroform
and draw it off into the beaker. Evaporate the ciiloroform sokition on a water
bath, add about 2 mils of alcohol, again evaporate, and then dry the residue to
constant weight at 100° C. The weight will be the amount of total resins from
2 Gm. of Jalap.
Preparations — Pilulae Catharticae Compositae (from Resin) Pulvis Jalapae
Compositus Resina Jalapae.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
KINO
Kino
The spontaneously dried juice of Pterocarpus Marsupium Roxburgh
(Fam. Leguminosce) .
In small, brittle angular fragments, usually considerably less than 15 mm. in
diameter, varying in color from dark reddish-brown to reddish-black; when
crushed upon a slide and examined under the microscope the angular fragments
are more or less translucent with a glass-hke, conchoidal surface, the thinner
pieces having a yellowish-red or deep brownish-red color, the pieces often being
marked by nearly parallel, curved and straight lines; inodorous; taste very
astringent; when masticated it colors the sahva somewhat pink.
The powder is of a dark brick-red color; upon the addition of water, the sharp
angular fragments assume a deep rich-red color and become more or less rounded
and separate into innumerable, small, granular particles among wliich are
a large number of rod-shaped bacteria. On mounting powdered Kino in alcohol
the fragments at first assume a deep red color, then mostly dissolve, leaving a
number of small, colorless granules and indistinguishable, cellular fragments.
Kino is only partly soluble in cold water, and not less than 40 per cent, is
soluble in boiling water. The latter solution, when cooled and filtered, shows
a faintly acid reaction, gives a dark green precipitate with ferric chloride T.S.
and a reddish-violet color with alkalies.
The yield of alcoholic extractive is not less than 45 per cent.
Kino contains not more than 12 per cent, of moisture, and yields not more
than 3 per cent, of ash.
Preparation — Tinctura Kino.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
LACTUCARIUM
Lactucarium
Lactucar.
The dried milk-juice of Lactuca virosa Linne (Fam. Compositce).
Usually in quarter sections of hemispherical masses, or in irregular, angular
pieces; externally dull reddish- or grayish-brown; fracture tough, waxy; inter-
nally light brown or yellowish, somewhat porous; odor distinctive, opium-like;
tftste bitter.
232 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Lactucarium is partly soluble in alcohol and ether and, when triturated with
water, it yields a turbid mixture. Treat Lactucarium with boiling water and
filter; the filtrate is clear while hot; on coohng it becomes turbid but clears upon
the addition of ammonia water or alcohol; it is not colored blue by iodine T.S.
(starch). An alcohohc solution of Lactucarium gives not more than a faint
green color upon the addition of a drop of ferric chloride T.S. (tannin).
The powder is grayish-brown to dark brown, consisting almost entirely of
irregular fragments without any cellular structure; when mounted in hydrated
chloral T.S., the fragments become clear, showing granular fragments, and
from this deposit, numerous rod-shaped crystals and broad monoclinic prisms
as well as aggregates of these, all of which polarize light.
In the preparation of powdered Lactucarium, dry the crude drug at a tem-
perature not exceeding 70° C.
Lactucarium contains not more than 15 per cent, of moisture, and yields not
more than 10 per cent, of ash.
Preparations — Syrupus Lactucarii (from Tincture) Tinctura Lactucarii.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
LIMONIS CORTEX
Lemon Peel
Limon. Cort.
The outer rind of the fresh ripe fruit of Citrus medica Limonum
(Risso) Hooker fiUus (Fam. Rutacece).
The outer, lemon-yellow or dark yellow layer, recently separated by grating or
paring and consisting of an epidermal layer, numerous parenchyma cells containing
yellow chromoplastids, and large oil reservoirs with globules of the volatile oil;
odor highly fragrant, distinctive; taste pungent, aromatic.
Under the microscope, sections of the rind, mounted in a fixed oil, show an epi-
dermal layer composed of small tabular cells, a hypodermal layer containing numer-
ous plastids, a mesocarp with colorless, thin-walled parenchyma and large, ellipti-
cal oil reservoirs; parenchyma cells containing a layer of granular protoplasm
adhering to the walls and occasionally membrane crystals of calcium oxalate,
which are irregularly polygonal in shape, and from 0.015 to 0.025 mm. in
diameter.
LINIMENTUM AMMONITE
Ammonia Liniment
Lin. Ammon. — Volatile Liniment Hartshorn Linimeat
Ammonia Water, two hundred and fifty milliliters 250 mils
Sesame Oil, seven hundred and fifty milliliters 750 mils
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Agitate the ammonia water with the sesame oil until a uniform mix-
ture is obtained.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 233
LINIMENTUM BELLADONN^E
Belladonna Liniment
Lin. Bellad.
Camphor, jijty grammes 50 Gm.
Fluidextract of Belladonna Root, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Dissolve the camphor in about eight hundred mils of the fluidextract,
and then add enough of the latter to make the product measure one
thousand inils. Mix thoroughly.
LINIMENTUINI CALCIS
Lime Liniment
Lin. Calc— Carron OU
Solution of Calcium Hydroxide, five hundred milliliters. 500 mils
Linseed Oil, five hundred milliliters 500 mils
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Mix them by agitation.
LINIMENTUM CAMPHORiE
Camphor Liniment
Lin. Camph. — Camphorated Oil
Orie hundred grammes of Liniment of Camphor yields not less than
19.5 Gm. nor more than 20.5 Gm. of camphor. This preparation is
not intended for hypodermic use.
Camphor, in coarse powder, two hundred grammes 200 Gm.
Cottonseed Oil, eight hundred grammes 800 Gm.
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Introduce the cottonseed oil into a suitable flask or bottle, heat it
on a water bath, introduce the camphor and stopper the container
securely. Dissolve the camphor by agitation without the further appli-
cation of heat.
Assay — Weigh 25 Gm. of Camphor Liniment into a tared 150 mil flask and
connect this flask with a 500 mil distillation flask containing 275 mils of alcohol.
Adjust the tube from the distiUation flask so that it reaches to within 0.5 cm . of the
bottom of the flask containing the Liniment and connect the latter flask with a
condenser. Now heat both flasks on sand baths and regulate the temperature
234 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
SO that the alcohol vapors will pass rapidly through the Liniment without
condensing. Receive the distillate in a flask graduated to 250 mils and continue
the distillation until, at 25° C, the distillate measures 250 mils. Fill a 200 mm.
polariscope tube with the distillate and take the mean of four or more readings
of the rotation, beginning at zero each time. The temperature correction for
each degree is half a minute, additive if above, subtractive if below 25° C.
Place about 20 Gm. of the Camphor Liniment in an evaporating dish, 9 cm. in
diameter, and cover it with an inverted funnel 8 cm. in diameter. Place the
dish on wire gauze, 10 cm. above a Bunsen burner having a flame 4 cm. high.
When the camphor has all subhmed, dissolve 0.5 Gm. of the subhmate in suffi-
cient alcohol to make exactly 25 mils at 25° C. and take the mean of four or more
polariscope readings as before. The minutes of rotation of the distillate divided
by the minutes of rotation of the control test just made, and this multiphed
by 20, wiU give the number of grammes of camphor in 100 Gm. of Camphor
Laniment.
LINIMENTUM CHLOROFORMI
Chloroform Liniment
Lin. Chlorof.
Chloroform, three hundred milliliters 300 mils
Soap Liniment, seven hundred milliliters 700 mils
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Mix them by agitation.
LINIMENTUM SAPONIS
Soap Liniment
Lin. Sapon. — Liquid Opodeldoc
Soap, dried and granulated or powdered, sixty grammes. . . 60 Gm.
Camphor, in small pieces, forty-five grammes 45 Gm.
Oil of Rosemary, ten milliliters 10 mils
Alcohol, seven hundred milliliters 700 mils
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Dissolve the camphor and the oil of rosemary in the alcohol, add the
soap and sufficient water to make the product measure one thousand
mils. Agitate the mixture until the soap is dissolved, set it aside in a
cool place for twenty-four hours, and then filter.
Preparation — Linimentum Chlorof ormi.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ^35
LINIMENTUM SAPONIS MOLLIS
Liniment of Soft Soap
Lin. Sapon. Moll.— Tincture of Green Soap
Soft Soap, six hundred and fifhj (jrammcs 650 Gm.
Oil of Lavender, twenty milliliters 20 mils
Alcohol, a sufficient quantitij,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Mix the oil of lavender with three hundred mils of alcohol, dissolve
in this the soft soap by stirring or agitation, and set the solution aside
for twenty-four hours. Then j<er it through paper, adding sufficient
alcohol to make the product measure one thousand mils.
LINIMENTUM TEREBINTHINiE
Turpentine Liniment
Lin. Terebinth. — Kentish's Ointment
RosiN Cerate, six hundred and fifty grammes 650 Gm.
Oil of Turpentine, three hundred and fifty grammes 350 Gm.
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Dissolve the rosin cerate, previously melted in a dish on a water bath,
in the oil of turpentine, and mix them thoroughly.
LINUM
Linseed
Flaxseed
The ripe seeds of Linum usitatissimum Linn^ (Fam. LinacecE), with-
out the presence or admixture of more than 3 per cent, of other seeds
or foreign matter. Preserve it in tightly-closed containers and add a
few drops of carbon tetrachloride or chloroform from time to time to
prevent attack by insects.
Ovate or oblong-lanceolate, flattened, obliquely pointed at one end, from 3 to
5 mm. in length; externally chestnut-brown, very smooth and shiny, the raphe
extending as a distinct, light -yellow ridge along one edge; easily cut with the
finger-na3; internally olive-green; oily; odor slight; taste mucilaginous and oily.
236 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Under the microscope, transverse sections of Linseed when mounted in hydrated
chloral T.S. show an epidermis with a mucilaginous layer from 0.01 to 0.03
mm. in thickness, covered by a very thin layer of cutin which is often more or
less broken; two layers of parenchyma which overlie a continuous ring of stone
cells having yellowish, porous walls and rather large lumina; a pigment layer,
the cells having a reddish-brown content; an endosperm consisting of from 6 to
10 rows of cells surrounding the two large plano-convex cotyledons; the cells
of both the endosperm and the cotyledons contain a fixed oil and aleurone grains,
the latter being from 0.003 to 0.02 mm. in diameter.
The powder is lemon-yellow or light brown, consisting chiefly of large, oily
globules and irregular fragments of endosperm and seed-coat; the seed-coat is
characterized by the tabular pigment cells filled with a reddish-brown, insoluble
content and the somewhat elongated stone cells with yellowish walls; mounts
made from material from which the fixed oil has been removed show aleurone
grains from 0.003 to 0.02 mm. in diameter, both free and in the cells of the
endosperm and embryo.
Linseed Meal or Flaxseed Meal is light olive-brown with reddish-brown frag-
ments; the latter very coarse and the cellular tissues are the same as those of
the powder.
Powdered Linseed or Flaxseed and Linseed Meal or Flaxseed Meal must be
free from any unpleasant or rancid odor.
The powder, upon extraction with purified petroleum benzin, yields not less
than 30 per cent, of a fixed oil, at least 98 per cent, of which is saponifiable.
Boil 1 Gm. of the fat-free Linseed or Flaxseed Powder or Meal, with 50 mils
of water, cool and filter; the filtrate gives not more than a faint blue color, on
the addition of iodine T.S.
Linseed yields not more than 6 per cent, of ash.
LIQUOR ACIDI ARSENOSI
Solution of Arsenous Acid
Liq. Acid. Arsen. — Hydrochloric Solution of Arsenic Solution of Arsenic Chloride
An aqueous solution, containing arsenous acid equivalent to not less
than 0.975 per cent, nor more than 1.025 per cent, of AS2O3 (197.92).
Arsenic Trioxide, in fine powder, ten grammes 10 Gm.
Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, fifty grammes 50 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity, ,
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Mix the diluted hydrochloric acid with two hundred and fifty grammes
of distilled water in a tared flask, add the arsenic trioxide, and boil until
the arsenic trioxide is completely dissolved. Then allow it to cool, add
enough distilled water to make the product weigh one thousand grammes
and filter.
Solution of Arsenous Acid is a clear, colorless liquid, odorless, having an
acidulous taste and an acid reaction.
Hydrogen sulphide T.S., added to Solution of Arsenous Acid, produces a
lemon-yellow precipitate of arsenic trisulphide which is completely soluble in
ammonium carbonate T.S.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 237
Assay — Dilute about 20 mils of Solution of Arsenous Acid, accurately weighed,
with about 50 mils of distilled water, dissolve 2 Gm. of sodium bicarbonate in
this solution and titrate with tenth-normal iodine V.S., using starch T.S. as
indicator. It shows not less than 0.975 per cent, nor more than 1.025 per cent.
of AS2O3.
Each mil of tenth-normal iodine V.S. u.sed corresponds to 0.004948 Gm. of
AS2O3. Each gramme of Solution of Arsenous Acid corresponds to not less than
1.97 nor more than 2.07 mils of tenth-normal iodine V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 mil — Apothecaries, 3 minims.
LIQUOR AMMONII ACETATIS
Solution of Ammonium Acetate
Liq. Ammon. Acet. — Spirit of Mindererus
An aqueous solution containing not less than 7 per cent, of NH4C2H3O2
(77.07), with small amounts of acetic and carbonic acids.
Ammonium Carbonate, jive grammes 5 Gm.
Diluted Acetic Acid, one hundred milliliters 100 mils
Add the ammonium carbonate (which must be in hard, translu-
cent pieces) gradually to the cold diluted acetic acid, and stir until it is
dissolved.
This preparation must not be dispensed unless it has been recently
prepared.
Solution of Ammonium Acetate is a clear, colorless liquid, free from empy-
reumatic odor and having a mildly saUne, acidulous taste, and an acid reaction.
It is volatile when heated. Not more than 0.003 Gm. of ash remains on evap-
orating 20 mils of the Solution and igniting the residue.
When Solution of Ammonium Acetate is heated with potassium hydroxide
T.S., ammonia is evolved.
Add 1 mil each of sulphuric acid and alcohol to 5 mils of the Solution and
boil the mixture; ethyl acetate is formed, recognizable by its odor.
Assay — Dilute about 25 mils of Solution of Ammonium Acetate, accurately
weighed, with 100 mils of distilled water, transfer it to a distilling flask, render
it alkaline with potassium hj-droxide T.S. and distil the liquid until all of the
ammonia has been driven over (about 100 mils 
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